Plusieurs systématiques se côtoient aujourd'hui : la systématique typologique, d'inspiration linnéenne, qui repose sur l'examen morphologique de types porte-nom. Depuis plusieurs années, une systématique phylogénétique conduit également à la création de taxons nouveaux, de niveau spécifique, infra-spécifique et supra-spécifique. Dans ce travail, nous avons cherché une approche globale, qualifiée de taxonomie intégrative couplant les approches morphologiques traditionnelles, la systématique moléculaire et la geomorphométrie alaire, dans le but d'éclairer la notion d'espèce chez les Culicoides avec ses corollaires épidémiologiques, étant donnée l'importance de ces insectes dans des maladies majeures d'intérêt vétérinaire telles que la fièvre catarrhale ovine (FCO) et la maladie causée par le virus de Schmallenberg (SBV). Cette approche nous a permis de mettre en lumière la complexité systématique des espèces affines (C.clastrieri/C.festivipennis, les groupes Obsoletus, Pulicaris et Vexans). De plus, nous nous sommes intéressés aux préférences trophiques des Culicoides de la région Champagne-Ardenne. / Several systematic coexist today: typological systematic of Linnaean spirit, based on morphological examination of type specimens. For several years, a phylogenetic systematics also led to the creation of new taxa, at specific, sub-specific and supra-specific level.In this study, we have sought a comprehensive approach i.e. an integrative taxonomy that coupling traditional morphological approaches, molecular systematic and wing geometry morphometric in order to clarify the concept of species in the Culicoides with epidemiological corollaries, given the importance of these insects in major diseases of veterinary interest such as bluetongue (BT) and the disease caused by the Schmallenberg virus (SBV). This approach allowed us to highlight the systematic complexity of related species (C.clastrieri / C.festivipennis, the Obsoletus, Pulicaris and Vexans groups). In addition, we investigated the host preference of Culicoides of the Champagne-Ardenne region.

The tropics are host to incredible insect diversity. One of the most charismatic groups that exhibit this diversity are the butterflies. Despite the tropical butterfly fauna being heavily researched, there remains much hidden diversity in the form of undescribed life histories and cryptic species. This is especially true among the species rich Nymphalidae, the brush-footed butterflies. Species in the genus Adelpha are known to be “the most trying taxonomically of all nymphalids” DeVries (1987), and as such are fruitful ground for uncovering unknown diversity. About half of the species within Adelpha have undescribed life histories, while A. serpa stands out within the genus in having remarkably wide host breadth, and thus potentially harbors cryptic diversity. Here we describe the life histories of two species of Adelpha from Costa Rica, and use an integrative approach to clarify species level boundaries within the Adelpha serpa-group. We conclude that A. serpa does not show significant evidence of harboring cryptic species, and appears to be a geographically widespread species and a hostplant generalist. Three additional species within the serpa-group show strong evidence of harboring cryptic species, and further research should be done to clarify these species relationships.

Millipedes (class Diplopoda) are ubiquitous in forests worldwide, with about 12,000 described species and an estimated 30,000 undescribed species. The most species-rich order is the Polydesmida, the flat-backed millipedes, which encompasses about 3,500 species. Appalachia has an abundance of Polydesmida, and is a biodiversity hotspot for millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae. These diplopods are chemically defended with hydrogen cyanide and benzaldehyde, and sometimes form mimicry rings based on shared color. The evolutionary dynamics of model and mimic are incompletely known in these rings, so I investigated a mimicry ring in the central Appalachian Mountains to determine if the species Apheloria polychroma functions as a model for the genus Brachoria. I measured the size of the chemical gland to assess toxicity in 15 species, and reconstructed the ancestral dimensions of the gland to determine the direction of volume change over evolutionary time. Using a molecular phylogeny, I traced the miniaturization of chemical glands in the mimic genus Brachoria and found that in areas without Apheloria, Brachoria and related xystodesmids have larger chemical glands. Non-aposematic millipedes of the genus Nannaria have significantly smaller glands, and ostensibly rely on camouflage to avoid predation. This genus is known as the twisted claw millipedes and occur throughout eastern North America, but have their center of diversity in the Appalachian Mountains. About 22 species are described, but many undescribed species are known. To determine the diversity of this group, field collection and examination of museum specimens took place from 2015-2020. Examination of morphology, combined with molecular phylogenetics, revealed two distinct clades in the genus. One is distributed throughout the eastern United States, while the other is found only in the Appalachian Mountains. This Appalachian clade contains six described species, and I describe an additional 18 species, quadrupling the diversity of the group. Additionally, the phylogenetics of the polydesmid genus Pseudopolydesmus is investigated in an integrative taxonomic framework using five genes. I find that the genus is monophyletic, contains 8 species, and are related to one another in a hierarchical way according to a molecular phylogeny. I provide complete distributional records and live photographs of each species. / Doctor of Philosophy / Millipedes are common animals in forests. There are about 12,000 known species in the world, with an estimated 30,000 undescribed species still awaiting discovery and description. The largest group of millipedes are the flat-backed millipedes, with about 3,500 known species. They are some of the most common millipedes in North America, and many of these species defend themselves with poisons that are harmful to predators, but smell sweet like cherries to humans. Some of these millipedes have bright red or yellow spots against dark colors to warn predators of their toxins, and look similar to other species that live near them. I wanted to know if some of these species are more or less poisonous than others, and measured how large their poison reserves were. I found that one species, called Apheloria polychroma, is more poisonous than similar-looking species called Brachoria, which are less poisonous. If Brachoria doesn't live near Apheloria though, Brachoria is more poisonous. Not all of these millipedes are brightly colored, and a group called Nannaria, or the twisted claw millipedes, are camouflaged with brown colors on the forest floor. These millipedes only live in the eastern United States, especially the Appalachians, and aren't found anywhere else in the world. We know about 20 species of them, but based on specimens stored in scientific collections in museums and through discovery from fieldwork, we knew that more species existed. Each species of twisted-claw millipede only lives in a small area, sometimes only a few miles wide, and could be threatened by habitat loss and other dangers. So, to learn more about them, we need to find them in the forest and describe what they look like and most importantly, giving them a name. I did this by collecting them, illustrating their anatomy, and sequencing their DNA. I found two groups within Nannaria, and focused on the group that only lives in Appalachia. Scientists know 6 of these species, but I found 18 more species and describe them. A related group called Pseudopolydesmus lives throughout North America, and I studied their anatomy and DNA as well, finding 8 species.

Correct species identification is fundamental to all areas of biology, but particularly the policy related areas of conservation and fisheries management. To enable guidelines to be developed for environmental management and conservation, such identifications need links to studies of the evolutionary history, biological factors and environmental influences driving species divergence and population dynamics for the target species. This study concerns two genera of gadiform fish, Muraenolepis and Macrourus, found in southern temperate and Antarctic waters, with a single species, Macrourus berglax, present in the North Atlantic. With similar distribution patterns to toothfish species, Dissostichus eleginoides and D. mawsoni, they are a major food source and by-catch of the toothfish fishery. Both are slow growing and long lived, with different evolutionary histories, life expectancies and strategies for reproduction. For both genera, the accuracy of morphological keys, number of described species and their distribution is under debate. This study has identified specimens to species level using both morphological and genetic techniques, redefining the range for morphological features and taxonomic keys. For Muraenolepis, this has clarified confusion over Mu. marmoratus and Mu. microps being a single species, confirmed some mis-identification from sexual dimorphism and provided genetic evidence for the recently described species Mu. evseenkoi. For Macrourus, this work has identified a new species, now named Ma. caml, and found that Ma. holotrachys and Ma. berglax are genetically identical, raising the question of bipolar distribution or recent divergence. The low level of genetic variation within both species suggests a recent evolution and expansion into Antarctic waters. Similar geographic species limits imply common processes influencing divergence, with the oceanographic fronts as potential barriers. Further investigation of niche overlap and fine scale population structure are required to fully understand the processes driving speciation and provide the underlying data required for fisheries management.

Primary taxonomic research in neotropical ichthyology still suffers from limited integration between morphological and molecular tools, despite major recent advancements in both fields. Such tools, if used in an integrative manner, could help in solving long-standing taxonomic problems. The genus Pimelodella Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888 is a perfect case for an integrative and multidisciplinary approach in taxonomy. Pimelodella is a genus of the Heptapteridae broadly distributed throughout trans- and cis-Andean South America, and one of the main components of Neotropical Ichthyofauna. Nowadays is the most species-rich genus of the family, with 79 valid species. However, the validity and delimitation of those species is extremely problematic, due their broad geographic distribution, conserved morphology, and ancient and imprecise descriptions. Pimelodella is undoubtedly one of the most severe taxonomic bottlenecks in neotropical ichthyology. This project presents a taxonomic revision of Pimelodella using an integrative morphological-molecular approach. The traditional taxonomic revision covers the genus in its entirety, with all the components of this kind of study. All types were examined, and the number of valid species herein recognized was reduced to 55 species, for which full descriptions are presented. The molecular taxonomy was done for a circumscribed subset of the genus, with representation enough to understand the molecular divergences and compare them with the traditional taxonomy results, allowing an evaluation of the results of the revision. / A pesquisa taxonômica primária ainda apresenta pouca integração entre as ferramentas morfológicas e moleculares para o estudo de peixes neotropicais, apesar de grandes avanços recentes em ambos os campos. Tais ferramentas, se usadas de maneira integrativa, poderiam solucionar grupos reconhecidos por representarem problemas taxonômicos renitentes. O gênero Pimelodella Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888 se enquadra como um ótimo caso para a aplicação de uma estratégia integrativa e multidisciplinar. Pimelodella é um gênero da família Heptapteridae, distribuído amplamente por drenagens sul-americanas trans- e cis-andinas e compreende um dos principais componentes da ictiofauna neotropical. Atualmente é reconhecido como o maior gênero da família, com 79 espécies válidas descritas. Entretanto, a validade e delimitação dessas espécies é problemática, devido à elevada diversidade do gênero, aliada à ampla distribuição, morfologia conservada e descrições antigas e imprecisas. Trata-se de um dos grandes gargalos taxonômicos na sistemática e taxonomia de peixes neotropicais. Este projeto apresenta uma revisão taxonômica de Pimelodella utilizando uma abordagem integrativa morfológica-molecular. A revisão taxonômica clássica cobre a integridade da diversidade do gênero, com todos os componentes deste tipo de estudo. Todos os tipos foram examinados, e o número de espécies validas é aqui reduzido para 55 espécies, para as quais descrições completas são apresentadas. A parte molecular foi realizada em um subgrupo delimitado, com diversidade suficiente para que as estimativas de divergência molecular pudessem ser comparadas aos resultados da revisão morfológica, fornecendo um modelo de avaliação para o restante da revisão.

Cette thèse porte sur la taxonomie des acariens prédateurs de la famille des Phytoseiidae, dont certaines espèces sont utilisées en lutte biologique pour contrôler des acariens ravageurs et quelques petites espèces d’insectes. La taxonomie de ces organismes de petite taille (<500 μm), i.e. identification spécifique et relations entre les taxa, est essentiellement basée sur des caractères morphologiques. Ces caractères parfois difficiles à visualiser, à interpréter (variations intra et inter-taxa, analogies) et en faible nombre rendent l’identification des espèces et la classification actuelle sujette à certaines interrogations ; aucune analyse phylogénétique ne soutient en effet la taxonomie de cette famille. De plus les marqueurs moléculaires développés jusqu’à aujourd’hui ne permettent pas de définir de façon fiable les relations entre les taxa supraspécifiques. Ce travail présente deux objectifs: (i) caractériser via des outils moléculaires l’identité spécifique de deux taxa utiles en lutte biologique et établir des règles de décision moléculaire sur la base de plusieurs concepts analytiques et (ii) déterminer via le développement de nouveaux marqueurs moléculaires les relations supraspécifiques à l’intérieur de la tribu des Euseiini puis au niveau de l’ensemble de la famille. Concernant le diagnostic spécifique, ce travail a montré à travers l’exemple d’Amblyseius swirskii et Phytoseius finitimus l’utilité d’approches intégratives comprenant plusieurs marqueurs, du fait de la forte variation des marqueurs mitochondriaux au niveau intraspécifique. Les valeurs maximales des distances génétiques entre spécimens d’une même espèce (9%, 23% et 2.8 % pour 12S ARNr, CYTB ADN mt et ITSS) ont été établies. Concernant les relations supraspécifiques, des nouveaux marqueurs moléculaires ont été développés. La combinaison de six marqueurs moléculaires (12S ARNr, CYTB ADN mt, COI ADN mt, ITSS, 28S ARNr, HSP90) permet désormais de résoudre les différents rangs taxonomiques à investiguer. L’application de ces marqueurs à la tribu des Euseiini et à l’ensemble de la famille a permis de conclure quant à la validité de certains taxa. Par exemple, ce travail a montré la monophylie des Euseiini et des représentants des sous- tribus considérés. Le genre Iphiseius ne semble en revanche pas valide et inclus dans le genre Euseius. Des analyses morphologiques, biogéographiques et écologiques (plantes-hôtes) réalisées au niveau de l’ensemble de la tribu sur la base d’une compilation bibliographique, ont permis d’émettre des scénarios quant à l’origine ouest gondwanienne de ce taxon sur des plantes de Rosidées et quant à l’évolution de certains caractères morphologiques.Ce travail de thèse ouvre des perspectives d’étude des relations entre les genres de Phytoseiidae du fait des nouveaux marqueurs développés. Les études doivent se poursuivre pour (i) étendre le panel de marqueurs disponibles et surtout (ii) augmenter l’échantillonnage des espèces à inclure dans les analyses en lien avec leurs caractéristiques bioécologiques afin de déterminer comment les relations phylogénétiques peuvent constituer un outil de prédiction de ces caractéristiques utiles à connaître pour la mise en œuvre de la lutte biologique (proies, plantes, nourriture alternative). / This thesis deals with the taxonomy of predatory mites of the family Phytoseiidae, that contains several species used in biological control of pest mites and small insects. The taxonomy of these minute organisms (<500 μm), i.e. specific identification and phylogenetic relationships, is essentially based on morphological characters. These characters, which are sometimes difficult to visualize, interpret (variations in intra and inter-taxa, analogies) and in small numbers, make the identification of species and the current classification questionable. No phylogenetic analysis supports the taxonomy of this family. Moreover, the molecular markers developed up to now are not adapted to define reliable relations between supraspecific taxa. This work aims at: (i) characterizing using molecular markers the identity of two species useful in biological control and establishing molecular decision rules based on several analytical concepts and (ii) determining via the development of new markers the supraspecific relations within the Euseiini tribe and then at the level of the whole family. For the specific diagnosis, this work has shown through the example of Amblyseius swirskii and Phytoseius finitimus the usefulness of integrative approaches including several markers, due to the strong variation in mitochondrial markers at the intraspecific level. Maximum genetic distance values between specimens of the same species (9%, 23% and 2.8% for 12S rRNA, CYTB DNA mt and ITSS) were established. Concerning supraspecific relationships, new molecular markers have been developed. The combination of six molecular markers (12S rRNA, CYTB DNA mt, COI DNA mt, ITSS, 28S rRNA, and HSP90) now allows resolving different supraspecific ranks to be investigated. The application of these markers to the tribe Euseiini and to the family shows that certain taxa were valid. For example, this work emphasizes the monophyly of the Euseiini and representatives of the sub-tribes considered. The genus Iphiseius seems to not be valid and is included in the genus Euseius. Morphological, biogeographical and ecological analyses (host plants) carried out at the level of the whole tribe on the basis of a bibliographic compilation, emphasized the West Gondwanaland origin of this taxon on plants of Rosidae and the evolution of certain morphological characters. This thesis opens new insights for studying the relationships between the genera of Phytoseiidae due to the new markers developed. Studies should continue to (i) extend the panel of available markers and (ii) increase the sampling of species to be included in analyses related to their bio-ecological characteristics in order to determine how phylogenetic relationships can predict interesting life traits for biological control implementation (prey, plants, alternative food).

Phylogenetics is crucial in the study of evolutionary processes and the determination of appropriate conservation units, and often these efforts are complicated by hybridization and introgression. Aliciella subsection Subnuda consists of seven species of herbaceous plants occurring in Utah and the Four Corners region of North America. Previous molecular and morphological work left relationships in the subsection unresolved. Here, we use comparative DNA sequencing of ITS and cpDNA regions and RAD-seq data to clarify phylogenetic relationships and examine the role of hybridization in the subsection. We construct haplotype and nucleotype networks from the cpDNA and ITS sequence matrices and compare nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies to identify multiple putative chloroplast capture events. The RAD-seq maximum likelihood phylogeny robustly resolves relationships between six clades, supportive of merging of two species. We employ STRUCTURE and HyDe on the RAD-seq data to evaluate the influence of hybridization within the subsection. The HyDe results provide evidence of hybridization among and between all species in the subsection. Our study robustly resolves relationships in Aliciella subsection Subnuda and provides a framework for discussing its speciation despite a history of hybridization and introgression.

No description available.

There are two predominant sources of taxonomically useful morphological variability in the diverse tardigrade family Echiniscidae: the internal structure and surface sculpture of the cuticular plates covering the dorsum (sculpturing) and the arrangement and morphology of the trunk appendages (chaetotaxy). However, since the appendages often exhibit intraspecific variation (they can be reduced or can develop asymmetrically), sculpturing has been considered more stable at the species level and descriptions of new echiniscid species based solely on morphology are still being published. Here, we present a case study in which a detailed analysis of the morphology and multiple genetic markers of several species of the genus Viridiscus shows that cuticular sculpture may also exhibit considerable intraspecific variation and lead to false taxonomic conclusions. In a population collected from the eastern Nearctic, in the type locality of the recently described species V. miraviridis, individuals with transitional morphotypes between those reported for V. viridissimus and V. miraviridis were found. Importantly, all morphotypes within the viridissimus-miraviridis spectrum were grouped in a single monospecific clade according to rapidly evolving markers (ITS-1, ITS-2 and COI). Given the morphological and genetic evidence, we establish V. miraviridis as a junior synonym of V. viridissimus. This study explicitly demonstrates that a lack of DNA data associated with morphological descriptions of new taxa jeopardizes the efforts to unclutter tardigrade systematics. Additionally, V. perviridis and V. viridissimus are reported from Lâm Đồng Province in southern Vietnam, which considerably broadens their known geographic ranges.

Free-living marine nematodes are the most ubiquitous, abundant and diverse meiofaunal component of benthic communities. These are excellent model organisms, due to its short life span, wide availability and feasibility to cultivate with minimum laboratory facilities. In this study, a population of Diplolaimella dievengatensis Jacobs 1991 (Nematoda, Monhysteridae) from the relatively Pristine estuary of the Guaratuba River in São Paulo, Brazil was isolated and cultivated. The goals were; i- to apply an integrative taxonomic approach in order to compare this population from Brazil with another from the species type-locality in the Belgian Coast, with regard to morphological, life-cycle and the 18S gene of the rDNA molecular data; and ii- to compare, at the light of life history theory, the responses of life history parameters such as; fecundity, growth and survivorship of D. dievengatensis (here as a slower species) and Litoditis marina (Bastian, 1865) (Nematoda, Rhabditidae) (as a faster species) under sublethal exposition to the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant. The population from Brazil was similar to that from Belgium coast in all parameters. Although morphometric analyses considered the Brazilian D. dievengatensis isometrically larger than the Belgian population regarding some characters, the presence of all diagnostic characters confirmed the similarity of both species. The life-cycle, hatching time, final body length, and biomass parameters were similar in both populations, in which females were larger than males. The population growth, measured as intrinsic rate of natural increase was slightly higher for the D. dievengatensis from Brazil (rm=0.41), than the European population (rm =0.348). Molecular comparison on Genbank showed 99.4% of similarity between both populations, indicating therefore, that D. dievengatensis from Brazil is similar to those from Belgium. In the chapter ii, both species responded differently to SDS exposition. Growth and reproduction rate of D. dievengatensis surprisingly were enhanced at low and intermediate concentrations of SDS (0.001 and 0.003%), while for L. marina these parameters were reduced in all SDS concentrations tested (0.001, 0.003 and 0.006%). The SDS did not affect the survivorship of adults of the slower specie. On the other hand, survivorship of adults of the fast species was significantly affected by SDS and this effect was dependent on adult gender, with reduced rates of males exposed to 0.006% SDS. Although both species are located nearby along the fast-slow continuum, they responded distinctly to of the toxic SDS effect. Effects over L. marina met the trend of faster species in allocating fewer investments in defenses against physiological injuries and on their own somatic maintenance. We propose that the apparent lower resistance of this faster species under stress at the individual level is balanced by their higher reproductive rates, conferring higher resilience to this species at the population level. Finally, it was demonstrated that the marine nematode D. dievengatensis is an important native model organism which can be used in a wide range of studies and experimental tests. Identifying and understanding differential effects of stress in the context of life-history theory is an important aspect which enhanced our understanding about the threats posed by anthropogenic activities on natural communities / Nematodas marinhos de vida livre são o mais onipresentes, abundantes e diversos componentes da meiofauna em comunidades bênticas. São excelentes organismos modelo devido a seu curto ciclo de vida, ampla disponibilidade e viabilidade de cultivo com mínima estrutura laboratorial. Neste estudo, uma população de Diplolaimella dievengatensis Jacobs 1991 (Nematoda, Monhysteridae) do estuário relativamente prístino do rio Guaratuba, São Paulo, Brasil foi isolada e cultivada. Os objetivos foram: ii- aplicar uma abordagem taxonômica integrativa a fim de comparar esta população do Brasil com outra da localidade tipo dessa espécie, da costa da Bélgica, com relação à dados morfológicos, do ciclo de vida e molecular do gene 18S do rDNA; e ii-comparar, à luz da teoria da historia de vida, repostas de parâmetros do ciclo de vida tais como: fecundidade, crescimento e sobrevivência de D. dievengatensis (aqui como espécies mais lenta) e Litoditis marina (Bastian, 1865) (Nematoda, Rhabditidae) (como espécie rápida) sob exposição subletal ao surfactante dodecil sulfato de sódio (DSS) . A população do Brasil foi similar a da costa da Bélgica em todos os parâmetros. Embora analises morfométricas consideraram D. dievengatensis do Brasil isometricamente maior que a população belga em relação em algumas características, a presença de todos os caracteres diagnósticos confirmaram a similaridade de ambas as espécies. Os parâmetros de ciclo de vida, tempo de eclosão, comprimento corporal final e biomassa foram similares em ambas as populações, nas quais fêmeas foram maiores que machos. Crescimento populacional, mensurado como taxa intrínseca de crescimento natural foi ligeiramente mais alta para D. dievengatensisdo Brasil (rm=0.41), que para a população europeia (rm=0.348). Comparações moleculares no Genbank mostraram 99.4% de similaridade entre ambas populações, indicando portanto que a população do Brasil é similar a D. dievengatensis belga. No capítulo ii, ambas as espécies responderam distintamente a exposição ao SDS. Supreendentemente as taxas de crescimento e de reprodução de D. dievengatensis foram incrementadas sob concentrações mais baixas e intermediárias (0.001 e 0.003%), enquanto para L. marina esses parâmetros foram reduzidos em todas as concentrações de DSS testadas (0.001, 0.003 e 0.006%). O DSS não afetou a sobrevivência de adultos da espécie mais lenta. Por outro lado, a sobrevivência de adultos da espécie mais rápida foi significativamente afetada pelo SDS e esse efeito foi dependente do sexo, com taxas reduzidas em machos expostos a 0.006 % de DSS. Embora ambas as espécies estejam proximamente dispostas ao longo do gradiente \"rápido-lento\", elas responderam diferentemente ao efeito tóxico do DSS. Efeitos sobre L marina se enquadram no padrão de espécies mais rápidas ao alocar menores investimentos para as defesas contra danos fisiológicos e para sua própria manutenção somática. Nós propomos que a aparente menor resistência desta espécie rápida sob estresse ao nível individual é balanceada por suas altas taxas reprodutivas, conferindo mais alta resiliência a essa espécie ao nível populacional. Por fim, foi demonstrado que D. dievengatensis é um importante organismo modelo nativo que pode ser usado em uma ampla diversidade estudos e testes experimentais. Identificar e compreender diferentes efeitos do estresse dentro do contexto da teoria da história de vida é um aspecto importante, o qual tem aumentado nosso conhecimento sobre as ameaças de atividades antropogênicas sobre comunidades naturais