Cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins mediates resistance to radio- and chemotherapy by activating integrin signaling. In addition, mutual and cooperative interactions between integrin and growth factor receptor signaling contribute to the cellular radiation response. Here, we investigate to which extend the crosstalk between β1 integrins and growth factor receptor signaling determines the cellular radiation response of fibroblasts by assessing clonogenic survival and cell cycling. By utilizing growth factor signaling competent and either β1 integrin wildtype GD25β1A fibroblasts or β1 integrin mutant, signaling incompetent GD25β1B fibroblasts, we show basal clonogenic survival to depend on growth factor receptor but not integrin signaling. Our data further suggest the cooperation between β1 integrins and growth factor receptors to be critical for enhancing the radiation-induced G2/M cell cycle block leading to improved clonogenic radiation survival. By pharmacological inhibition of EGFR and PI3K, we additionally show that the essential contribution of EGFR signaling to radiogenic G2/M cell cycle arrest depends on the co-activation of the β1 integrin signaling axis, but occurs independent of PI3K. Taken together, elucidation of the signaling circuitry underlying the EGFR/β1 integrin crosstalk may support the development of advanced molecular targeted therapies for radiation oncology.

Introduction: Targeted pharmaceuticals for labelling with radio-isotopes for very specific imaging (and possibly later for targeted therapy) play a major role in Theranostics which is currently an important topic in Nuclear Medicine as well as personalised medicine. There was a need for a very specific lung cancer radiopharmaceutical that would specifically be uptaken in integrin 3 expression cells to image patients using a Positron Emission Tomography- Computed Tomography (PET-CT) scanner. Background and problem statement: Cold kits of c (RGDyK)–SCN-Bz-NOTA were kindly donated by Seoul National University (SNU) to help meet Steve Biko Hospital’s need for this type of imaging. These cold kits showed great results internationally in labelling with a 0.1 M 68Ge/68Ga generator (t1/2 of 68Ge and 68Ga are 270.8 days and 67.6 min, respectively). However the same cold kits failed to show reproducible radiolabeling with the 0.6 M generator manufactured under cGMP conditions at iThemba LABS, Cape Town and distributed by IDB Holland, the Netherlands. Materials and methods: There was therefore a need for producing an in-house NOTA-RGD kit that would enable production of clinical 68Ga-NOTA-RGD in high yields from the IDB Holland/iThemba LABS generator. Quality control included ITLC in citric acid to observe labelling efficiency as well as in sodium carbonate to evaluate colloid formation. HPLC was also performed at iThemba LABS as well as Necsa (South African Nuclear Energy Corporation). RGD was obtained from Futurechem, Korea. Kit mass integrity was determined by testing labelling efficiency of 10, 30 and 60 μg of RGD per cold kit. The RGD was buffered with sodium acetate trihydrate. The original kits were dried in a desiccator and in later studies only freeze dried. Manual labelling was also tested. The radiolabelled in-house kit’s ex vivo biodistribution in healthy versus tumour mice were examined by obtaining xenografts. The normal biodistribution was investigated in three vervet monkeys by doing PET-CT scans on a Siemens Biograph TP 40 slice scanner. Results: Cold kit formulation radiolabeling and purification methods were established successfully and SOPs (standard operating procedures) created. HPLC results showed highest radiochemical purity in 60 μg cold kit vials. 68Ga-NOTA-RGD showed increased uptake in tumours of tumour bearing mouse. The cold kit also showed normal distribution according to literature with fast blood clearance and excretion through kidneys into urine, therefore making it a suitable radiopharmaceutical for clinical studies. Conclusion: The in-house prepared cold kit with a 4 month shelf-life was successfully tested in mice and monkeys. / MSc (Pharmaceutics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Introduction: Targeted pharmaceuticals for labelling with radio-isotopes for very specific imaging (and possibly later for targeted therapy) play a major role in Theranostics which is currently an important topic in Nuclear Medicine as well as personalised medicine. There was a need for a very specific lung cancer radiopharmaceutical that would specifically be uptaken in integrin 3 expression cells to image patients using a Positron Emission Tomography- Computed Tomography (PET-CT) scanner. Background and problem statement: Cold kits of c (RGDyK)–SCN-Bz-NOTA were kindly donated by Seoul National University (SNU) to help meet Steve Biko Hospital’s need for this type of imaging. These cold kits showed great results internationally in labelling with a 0.1 M 68Ge/68Ga generator (t1/2 of 68Ge and 68Ga are 270.8 days and 67.6 min, respectively). However the same cold kits failed to show reproducible radiolabeling with the 0.6 M generator manufactured under cGMP conditions at iThemba LABS, Cape Town and distributed by IDB Holland, the Netherlands. Materials and methods: There was therefore a need for producing an in-house NOTA-RGD kit that would enable production of clinical 68Ga-NOTA-RGD in high yields from the IDB Holland/iThemba LABS generator. Quality control included ITLC in citric acid to observe labelling efficiency as well as in sodium carbonate to evaluate colloid formation. HPLC was also performed at iThemba LABS as well as Necsa (South African Nuclear Energy Corporation). RGD was obtained from Futurechem, Korea. Kit mass integrity was determined by testing labelling efficiency of 10, 30 and 60 μg of RGD per cold kit. The RGD was buffered with sodium acetate trihydrate. The original kits were dried in a desiccator and in later studies only freeze dried. Manual labelling was also tested. The radiolabelled in-house kit’s ex vivo biodistribution in healthy versus tumour mice were examined by obtaining xenografts. The normal biodistribution was investigated in three vervet monkeys by doing PET-CT scans on a Siemens Biograph TP 40 slice scanner. Results: Cold kit formulation radiolabeling and purification methods were established successfully and SOPs (standard operating procedures) created. HPLC results showed highest radiochemical purity in 60 μg cold kit vials. 68Ga-NOTA-RGD showed increased uptake in tumours of tumour bearing mouse. The cold kit also showed normal distribution according to literature with fast blood clearance and excretion through kidneys into urine, therefore making it a suitable radiopharmaceutical for clinical studies. Conclusion: The in-house prepared cold kit with a 4 month shelf-life was successfully tested in mice and monkeys. / MSc (Pharmaceutics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The neuropilin (Nrp) family consists of multifunctional cell surface receptors with critical roles in a number of different cell and tissue types. A core aspect of Nrp function is ligand-dependent cellular adhesion and migration, where it controls the multistep process of cellular motility through integration of ligand binding, receptor coupling and signaling via the coordinated action of its extracellular and intracellular domains. While Nrp regulates cellular adhesion and motility in the cardiovascular and nervous systems under physiological conditions, the emerging pathological role of Nrp in tumor cell migration and metastasis has been identified and provides motivation for continued efforts toward developing Nrp inhibitors. At the molecular level, the role of Nrp in adhesion and migration is intimately connected to the control of adhesive interactions and cytoskeletal reorganization. The adhesive “interactome” for Nrp draws much attention because of its lack of enzymatic activity and inability to transduce signals on its own. It is an active area of research and is still expanding dramatically. Nrp has been well defined as a co-receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling through enhancing receptor-ligand interaction in angiogenesis. Here, we contribute to this concept through characterization in more biochemical detail about Nrp-1/VEGF physical interactions. VEGF has been shown to compete with Sema3 for binding to Nrp-1 b1 ligand binding pocket. This competition fine-tunes VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Our data provides a molecular mechanism for high affinity Sema3F binding to Nrp-1 in the b1 domain. As to the VEGFR-independent function, Nrp/integrin association has been demonstrated. The functional integration has been shown for Nrp/integrin in angiogenic sprouting. Both proteins are highly expressed in endothelial tip cells to mediate endothelial cell migration during angiogenesis and knockdown of either one in mice leads to embryonic lethality due to similar defects in vascular development. To identify the structure and function correlation, we characterized in more detail about Nrp-1/integrin physical interactions with biochemical and cell-based assays. Through an integrated approach of biochemical, molecular and cellular methods, we defined the direct physical interactions between Nrp-1 and integrins. We have also extended this work to demonstrate the functional importance and contribution of the interactions in integrin-mediated cell adhesion on extracellular matrix (ECM) in angiogenesis and platelet function during wound healing and provide a molecular basis for the integration of Nrps/integrins in cell migration, adhesion to ECM, breast cancer initiation and breast cancer stem cell fate determination.

Η πλειοτροπίνη (PTN) αποτελεί έναν αυξητικό παράγοντα με ποικίλες δράσεις και σημαντικό ρόλο στην ανάπτυξη όγκων και την αγγειογένεση. Διάφοροι υποδοχείς αλληλεπιδρούν με την ΡΤΝ και διαμεσολαβούν τις βιολογικές της δράσεις, όπως η Ν-συνδεκάνη, ο ALK (κινάση αναπλαστικού λεμφώματος) και ο RPTPβ/ζ (υποδοχέας με δράση φωσφατάσης τυροσίνης β/ζ). Η ερευνητική μας ομάδα έχει δείξει σε προηγούμενη μελέτη ότι η ικανότητα της PTN να επάγει κυτταρική μετανάστευση εξαρτάται από το σχηματισμό ενός λειτουργικού συμπλόκου που αποτελείται από τον RPTPβ/ζ και την ιντεγκρίνη ανβ3. Η πολυ-λειτουργική πρωτεΐνη νουκλεολίνη (NCL), η οποία υπερεκφράζεται στην επιφάνεια ενεργοποιημένων ενδοθηλιακών και καρκινικών κυττάρων και διαμεσολαβεί τις διεγερτικές δράσεις διαφόρων αγγειογενετικών παραγόντων, έχει επίσης προταθεί ως υποδοχέας χαμηλής συγγένειας για την ΡΤΝ, με άγνωστες όμως λειτουργίες. Στην παρούσα μελέτη δείξαμε, με τη χρήση μεθόδων ανοσοκατακρήμνισης-ανοσοαποτυπώματος, διπλού ανοσοφθορισμού και προσδιορισμού αλληλεπίδρασης λόγω εγγύτητας, ότι η PTN αλληλεπιδρά άμεσα με τη NCL. Η αλληλεπίδραση αυτή περιλαμβάνει πρόσδεση της αμινοτελικής περιοχής της ΡΤΝ (αμινοξέα: 16-24) στην κεντρική περιοχή της NCL (αμινοξέα: 308-645). Μείωση της έκφρασης της NCL με siRNA ή λειτουργική αναστολή της μεμβρανικής NCL από το πεπτίδιο 5(KPR)TASP ανέστειλε πλήρως την επαγόμενη από ΡΤΝ μετανάστευση ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων. Με αφετηρία την παρατήρηση ότι ο εντοπισμός της NCL στην κυτταρική επιφάνεια ανιχνεύθηκε μόνο σε κύτταρα που εκφράζουν την ανβ3, και πραγματοποιώντας πειράματα ανοσοφθορισμού και βιοχημικές μελέτες σε κύτταρα με γενετικά τροποποιημένη έκφραση των υπό μελέτη μορίων, δείξαμε ότι ο εντοπισμός της NCL στην πλασματική μεμβράνη εξαρτάται από τη φωσφορυλίωση της β3 στην τυροσίνη 773 μέσω ενεργοποίησης του RPTPβ/ζ και της c-src. Καθοδικά της ανβ3, η PI3K συμμετέχει σε αυτή τη δράση. Ο VEGF165 που επίσης επάγει το μεμβρανικό εντοπισμό της NCL, δρα μέσω δέσμευσης στον RPTPβ/ζ και ενεργοποίησης του σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού RPTPβ/ζ/c-src/ανβ3. Η περιοχή δέσμευσης στους υποδοχείς VEGFR-1 και VEGFR-2 ή η περιοχή δέσμευσης στην ηπαρίνη στο μόριο του VEGF165 δεν εμπλέκονται στον επαγόμενο από VEGF165 εντοπισμό της NCL στην κυτταρική μεμβράνη. Εκτός από την PI3K, στη δράση του VEGF165 καθοδικά της ανβ3 εμπλέκεται και η κινάση p38, η ενεργοποίηση της οποίας είναι ανεξάρτητη από τον RPTPβ/ζ και τη φωσφορυλίωση της β3 στις τυροσίνες 773 ή 785, και φαίνεται να ανήκει σε μονοπάτι που ενεργοποιείται παράλληλα και που παραμένει αδιευκρίνιστο. Μηχανιστικά, η NCL βρέθηκε να αλληλεπιδρά άμεσα με την ανβ3, τον RPTPβ/ζ, τον VEGF165 και τον VEGFR-2, αλλά επηρεάζει τον ενδοκυτταρικό εντοπισμό μόνο του RPTPβ/ζ και της PTN. Θετική συσχέτιση παρατηρήθηκε ως προς την έκφραση της μεμβρανικής NCL και της ανβ3 σε μικροσυστοιχίες ιστών προερχόμενων από ανθρώπινα γλοιοβλαστώματα. Τέλος, βρέθηκε ότι το μονοκλωνικό αντίσωμα anti-C23 και τα πεπτίδια που στοχεύουν τη μεμβρανική NCL, 5(KPR)TASP, ΗΒ-19 και Nucant 6L, ανέστειλλαν σημαντικά τη μετανάστευση κυττάρων που εκφράζουν ανβ3, ενώ είχαν μικρή ή καθόλου δράση στη μετανάστευση κυττάρων που δεν εκφράζουν ανβ3 ή υπερεκφράζουν μετάλλαγμα της β3 με αντικατάσταση της κυτταροπλασματικής τυροσίνης 773 σε φαινυλαλανίνη. Συνολικά, από τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας διατριβής προκύπτει ότι η έκφραση της ανβ3 και η φωσφορυλίωση της β3 στην τυροσίνη 773 καθορίζουν τον εντοπισμό της NCL στην κυτταρική επιφάνεια, καθοδικά του σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού RPTPβ/ζ/c-src που συμμετέχει στην κυτταρική μετανάστευση που επάγεται τόσο από την ΡΤΝ, όσο και από τον VEGF165. Επίσης, φαίνεται ότι η έκφραση της ανβ3 θα μπορούσε να χρησιμοποιηθεί ως βιοδείκτης για τη χρήση ανταγωνιστών της μεμβρανικής NCL ως αντικαρκινικών παραγόντων. / Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a growth factor that plays a significant role on tumor growth and angiogenesis. Several receptors interact with PTN and mediate its biological actions, such as N-syndecan, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta (RPTPβ/ζ). Our group has previously shown that the ability of PTN to stimulate migratory responses depends on the formation of a functional complex consisting of RPTPβ/ζ and integrin ανβ3. The multifunctional protein nucleolin (NCL), which is over-expressed on the surface of activated endothelial and tumor cells and mediates the stimulatory actions of several angiogenic factors, has been also suggested as a low affinity receptor for PTN, however with unknown functions. In the present study, by using immunoprecipitation/Western blot analyses, double immunofluorescence and proximity ligation assays, we showed that PTN directly interacts with NCL. This interaction involves binding of the amino-terminal domain of PTN (amino acids: 16-24) to the central domain of NCL (amino acids: 308-645). Down-regulation of NCL by siRNA or blockage of cell surface NCL by its ligand 5(KPR)TASP completely abolished PTN-induced endothelial cell migration. Based on the observation that cell surface NCL localization was detected only in cells expressing ανβ3 and by performing immunofluorescence and biochemical studies in cells with genetically altered expression of the studied molecules, we demonstrated that cell surface NCL localization depends on the phosphorylation of β3 at Tyr773 through RPTPβ/ζ and c-src activation. Down-stream of ανβ3, PI3K activity is required for cell surface NCL localization. VEGF165 that also induces cell surface NCL localization acts through binding to RPTPβ/ζ and activation of the RPTPβ/ζ/c-src/ανβ3 signaling pathway. The receptor or the heparin binding sites on the VEGF165 molecule do not seem to be involved in this VEGF165 action. Apart from PI3K, in VEGF165-induced cell surface NCL localization, p38 that lays down-stream of ανβ3, is also involved. Activation of p38 is independent of RPTPβ/ζ and β3 Tyr773 or Tyr785 phosphorylation, and seems to belong to a parallel signaling pathway that remains unclear. Mechanistically, NCL was found to directly interact with ανβ3, RPTPβ/ζ, VEGF165 and VEGFR-2, but only affects the intracellular localization of RPTPβ/ζ and PTN. Positive correlation of cell surface NCL and ανβ3 expression was observed in human glioblastoma tissue arrays. Finally, the monoclonal antibody anti-C23 and the peptides targeting cell surface NCL, 5(KPR)TASP, HB-19 and Nucant 6L, significantly inhibited migration of cells expressing ανβ3 in the presence of serum, while they had a minor or no effect on cells lacking ανβ3 or over-expressing mutant β3 with replacement of cytoplasmic tyrosine 773 to phenylalanine. Collectively, these data suggest that ανβ3 expression and β3 phosphorylation at Tyr773 downstream of the RPTPβ/ζ/c-src signaling cascade determines the cell surface localization of NCL, which is required for cell migration induced by both PTN and VEGF165. Moreover, expression of ανβ3 could be used as a biomarker for the use of cell surface NCL antagonists as anticancer agents.

Bordetella pertussis is an important human pathogen that causes an infection disease called whooping cough. This gram-negative bacterium produces an adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) that recognizes an integrin receptor CD11b/CD18 present on the surface of myeloid phagocytes and delivers an adenylate cyclase (AC) domain into the cell cytosol. This thesis deals with the endocytic machinery of CyaA and its potential use as a specific marker for endocytosis of the CD11b/CD18 receptor molecule. Detoxified mutant of CyaA, CyaA-AC- , that has the capacity to promote calcium influx as well the potassium efflux, was shown to trigger activation of the integrin receptor CD11b/CD18 followed with endocytic uptake by clathrin-dependent pathway. On the other side, the inactive mutant CyaA-KP-AC- that is unable to provoke integrin activation was endocytosed by clathrin-independent pathway. These results suggest that the various endocytic pathways of the CD11b/CD18 are determined by different conformational states of the receptor molecule.

Ao longo da vida reprodutiva dos machos adultos, espermatozoides são formados pelas células-tronco espermatogoniais (SSCs, do inglês spermatogonial stem cells) por um processo conhecido como espermatogênese. O cultivo in vitro de SSCs abriu novas possibilidades para a transgenia, no entanto os protocolos requerem a adição de fatores de crescimento, o que encarece a manutenção dessas células por um tempo prolongado, fazendo da criopreservação de SSCs uma alternativa para esse problema. O fenótipo molecular de células-tronco espermatogoniais tem sido objeto de estudo nas últimas décadas. Uma das moléculas mais estudadas como marcador na caracterização de espermatogônias é a alfa-6 integrina. Baseado nestas informações, a seguinte hipótese foi proposta: SSCs que apresentam maior expressão de alfa-6 integrina são mais eficientes para modificações genéticas e colonização de túbulos seminíferos. Para testar essa hipótese, as SSCs murinas foram dissociadas de testículos de camundongos com 8 a 11 dias de idade. Essas células foram cultivadas in vitro, caracterizadas quanto sua morfologia, congeladas e incubadas com anticorpo anti-alfa-6 integrina para a purificação das SSCs por separação celular ativada por fluorescência (FACS). Células testiculares foram geneticamente modificadas com a inserção do gene marcador LacZ e o transplante através dos ductos eferentes foi padronizado. As Células germinativas testiculares foram dissociadas e cultivadas in vitro, porém a viabilidade foi aquém da desejada, inviabilizando as etapas de transformação, transplante e posterior avaliação histológica. Usando o marcador molecular alfa-6 integrina foi possível separar populações de células germinativas testiculares por FACS e a expressão gênica de ITGα6, GFRα1, Oct-4 e Thy-1 foi detectada por RT-PCR quantitativo. Em conclusão, não foi possível comprovar a eficiência de transdução e colonização em túbulos seminíferos por células-tronco espermatogoniais selecionadas com alfa-6 integrina. / Throughout the reproductive life of adult males, spermatozoa are formed from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) by a process known as spermatogenesis. The in vitro culture of SSCs created new possibilities for transgenesis, however the protocols require addition of growth factors, which increases the maintenance costs of these cells for a prolonged time, making of the cryopreservation of SSCs an alternative for this problem. The molecular phenotype of spermatogonial stem cells have been target of studies in recent decades. One of the most studied marker molecule in the characterization of spermatogonia is integrin alpha-6. Based on these informations, the following hypothesis was proposed: SSCs that show increased expression of integrin alpha-6 are more efficient for genetic modification and colonization of seminiferous tubules. In order to test this hypotesis, murine SSCs were dissociated from testes of 8 to 11 days old mice. These cells were in vitro cultured, characterized based on its morphology, frozen and incubated with anti-integrin alpha-6 antibody for the purification of SSCs by activated cell sorting fluorescence (FACS). Testicular cells were genetically modified with the insertion of the marker gene LacZ and transplantation through the efferent ducts was standardized. The testicular germ cells were dissociated and in vitro cultured, however viability was below expected, precluding the steps of transformation, transplantation and subsequent histological evaluation. Using molecular marker integrin alpha-6 it was possible to separate testicular germ cell populations by FACS and gene expression of ITGα6, GFRα1, Oct-4 and Thy-1was detected by quantitative RT-PCR. In conclusion, it was not possible to prove the efficiency of transduction and colonization in the seminiferous tubules by spermatogonial stem cells selected with alpha 6 integrin.

Background: Inadequate foetal growth cannot be remedied postnatally, leading to severe consequences for neonatal and adult development. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism in placental development has been suggested in humans although this remains poorly investigated in the pig. Hypotheses: Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) occurs due to aberrant conceptus attachment, which leads to alterations in angiogenesis and vascularity of the feto-maternal interface. Altered gene expression and vascularity will be observed at the feto-maternal interface in male foetuses compared to female foetuses. Increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation will be observed in the feto-maternal interface associated with the lightest foetuses compared to the closest to mean litter weight (CTMLW) foetuses. Aims: This thesis aimed to investigate the association between foetal size and sex and: integrin signalling; apoptotic and proliferation pathways; umbilical arterial (UA) blood flow; and angiogenesis and vascularity at the feto-maternal interface. This was performed by the collection of placental and endometrial samples associated with conceptuses or foetuses of different size (lightest and CTMLW) and sex at gestational day (GD) 18, 30, 45, 60 and 90. Conclusion This thesis has presented novel findings of associations between foetal size and sex, and placental and endometrial integrin signalling, apoptosis and proliferation, and angiogenesis and vascularity. Currently, this is the first suggestion in the literature that foetal size, and more intriguingly foetal sex, may have a strong influence on the activity of the endometrium. The mechanisms behind these findings warrant further investigation. Switches in the direction of differences at the feto-maternal interface between foetuses of different size were observed throughout gestation, notably between GD45 and 60, highlighting the dynamic nature of the feto-maternal interface and suggesting this as a potential window that could be manipulated by the industry to attempt to rescue the postnatal phenotype of IUGR piglets.

Ao longo da vida reprodutiva dos machos adultos, espermatozoides são formados pelas células-tronco espermatogoniais (SSCs, do inglês spermatogonial stem cells) por um processo conhecido como espermatogênese. O cultivo in vitro de SSCs abriu novas possibilidades para a transgenia, no entanto os protocolos requerem a adição de fatores de crescimento, o que encarece a manutenção dessas células por um tempo prolongado, fazendo da criopreservação de SSCs uma alternativa para esse problema. O fenótipo molecular de células-tronco espermatogoniais tem sido objeto de estudo nas últimas décadas. Uma das moléculas mais estudadas como marcador na caracterização de espermatogônias é a alfa-6 integrina. Baseado nestas informações, a seguinte hipótese foi proposta: SSCs que apresentam maior expressão de alfa-6 integrina são mais eficientes para modificações genéticas e colonização de túbulos seminíferos. Para testar essa hipótese, as SSCs murinas foram dissociadas de testículos de camundongos com 8 a 11 dias de idade. Essas células foram cultivadas in vitro, caracterizadas quanto sua morfologia, congeladas e incubadas com anticorpo anti-alfa-6 integrina para a purificação das SSCs por separação celular ativada por fluorescência (FACS). Células testiculares foram geneticamente modificadas com a inserção do gene marcador LacZ e o transplante através dos ductos eferentes foi padronizado. As Células germinativas testiculares foram dissociadas e cultivadas in vitro, porém a viabilidade foi aquém da desejada, inviabilizando as etapas de transformação, transplante e posterior avaliação histológica. Usando o marcador molecular alfa-6 integrina foi possível separar populações de células germinativas testiculares por FACS e a expressão gênica de ITGα6, GFRα1, Oct-4 e Thy-1 foi detectada por RT-PCR quantitativo. Em conclusão, não foi possível comprovar a eficiência de transdução e colonização em túbulos seminíferos por células-tronco espermatogoniais selecionadas com alfa-6 integrina. / Throughout the reproductive life of adult males, spermatozoa are formed from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) by a process known as spermatogenesis. The in vitro culture of SSCs created new possibilities for transgenesis, however the protocols require addition of growth factors, which increases the maintenance costs of these cells for a prolonged time, making of the cryopreservation of SSCs an alternative for this problem. The molecular phenotype of spermatogonial stem cells have been target of studies in recent decades. One of the most studied marker molecule in the characterization of spermatogonia is integrin alpha-6. Based on these informations, the following hypothesis was proposed: SSCs that show increased expression of integrin alpha-6 are more efficient for genetic modification and colonization of seminiferous tubules. In order to test this hypotesis, murine SSCs were dissociated from testes of 8 to 11 days old mice. These cells were in vitro cultured, characterized based on its morphology, frozen and incubated with anti-integrin alpha-6 antibody for the purification of SSCs by activated cell sorting fluorescence (FACS). Testicular cells were genetically modified with the insertion of the marker gene LacZ and transplantation through the efferent ducts was standardized. The testicular germ cells were dissociated and in vitro cultured, however viability was below expected, precluding the steps of transformation, transplantation and subsequent histological evaluation. Using molecular marker integrin alpha-6 it was possible to separate testicular germ cell populations by FACS and gene expression of ITGα6, GFRα1, Oct-4 and Thy-1was detected by quantitative RT-PCR. In conclusion, it was not possible to prove the efficiency of transduction and colonization in the seminiferous tubules by spermatogonial stem cells selected with alpha 6 integrin.

The interaction of materials with biological systems is of critical importance to a vast number of applications from medical implants, tissue engineering scaffolds, blood-contacting devices, cell-culture products, as well as many other products in industries as diverse as agriculture. This thesis describes a method for the modification of biomaterial surfaces and the generation of tissue engineering scaffolds that utilises the self assembly of poly (styrene)-block-poly (ethylene oxide) (PS-PEO) block copolymers. Block copolymers consist of alternating segments of two or more chemically distinct polymers. The salient feature of these materials is their ability to self organise into a wide range of micro-phase separated structures generating patterned surfaces that have domain sizes in the order of 10-100nm. Further, it is also possible to specifically functionalise only one segment of the block copolymer, providing a means to precisely locate specific biological signals within the 10-100nm domains of a nano-patterned surface, formed via the programmed micro-phase separation of the block copolymer system. The density and spatial location of signalling molecules can be controlled by altering several variables, such as block length, block asymmetry, as well as processing parameters, providing the potential to authentically emulate the cellular micro to nano-environment and thus greatly improving on existing biomaterial and tissue engineering technologies. This thesis achieved several aims as outlined below; Developed methods to control the self-assembly of PS-PEO block copolymers and generate nano-patterned surfaces and scaffolds with utility for biomaterials applications. PS-PEO diblock copolymers were blended with polystyrene (PS) homopolymer and spin cast, resulting in the rapid self-assembly of vertically oriented PEO cylinders in a matrix of PS. Due to the kinetically constrained phase-separation of the system, increasing addition of homopolymer is shown to reduce the diameter of the PEO domains. This outcome provides a simple method that requires the adjustment of a single variable to tune the size of vertically oriented PEO domains between 10-100nm. Polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering were manufactured via a method that combines macro-scale temperature induced phase separation with micro-phase separation of block copolymers. The phase behaviour of these polymer-solvent systems is described, and potential mechanisms leading to this spectacular structure formation are presented. The result is highly porous scaffolds with surfaces comprised of nano-scale self-assembled block copolymer domains, representing a significant advance in currently available technologies. Characterised the properties of these unique nano-structured materials as well as their interaction with proteinaceous fluids and cells. Nano-patterned PS-PEO self-assembled surfaces showed a significant reduction in protein adsorption compared to control PS surfaces. The adhesion of NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells was shown to be significantly affected by the surface coverage of PEO nano-domains formed by copolymer self-assembly. These nano-islands, when presented at high number density (almost 1000 domains per square micron), were shown to completely prevent cellular attachment, even though small amounts of protein were able to bind to the surface. In order to understand the mechanism by which these surfaces resisted protein and cellular adsorption we utilised neutron reflection to study their solvation and swelling properties. The results indicate that the PEO domains are highly solvated in water; however, the PEO chains do not extend into the solvent but remain in their isolated domains. The data supports growing evidence that the key mechanism by which PEO prevents protein adsorption is the blocking of protein adsorption sites. Control the nano-scale presentation of cellular adhesion and other biological molecules via the self-assembly of functionalised PS-PEO block copolymers Precise control over the nano-scale presentation of adhesion molecules and other biological factors represents a new frontier for biomaterials science. Recently, the control of integrin spacing and cellular shape has been shown to affect fundamental biological processes, including differentiation and apoptosis. We present the self-assembly of maleimide functionalised PS-PEO copolymers as a simple, yet highly precise method for controlling the position of cellular adhesion molecules. By controlling the phase separation of the functional PS-PEO block copolymer we alter the nano-scale (on PEO islands of 8-14 nm in size) presentation of the adhesion peptide, GRGDS, decreasing lateral spacing from 62 nm to 44 nm and increasing the number density from ~ 450 to ~ 900 islands per um2. The results indicate that the spreading of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts increases as the spacing between islands of RGD binding peptides decreases. Further, the same functional PS-PEO surfaces were utilised to immobilise poly-histidine tagged proteins and ECM fragments. The technologies developed in this thesis aim to improve on several weaknesses of existing biomaterials, in particular, directing cellular behaviour on surfaces, and within tissue engineering scaffolds, but also, on the prevention of fouling of biomaterials via non-specific protein adsorption. The application of block copolymer self-assembly for biomaterial and tissue engineering systems described in this thesis has great potential as a platform technology for the investigation of fundamental cell-surface and protein-surface interactions as well as for use in existing and emerging biomedical applications.