Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo se propôs verificar, o impacto da cultura e clima organizacional na gestão do Capital Intelectual no Brasil, comparativamente com o Canadá, Irã e Líbano. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva através de questionário, com escala Likert, com trabalhadores em empresas brasileiras e comparou-se com os dados obtidos, em outra pesquisa, para o Canadá, Irã e Líbano. Deste modo, o estudo procura analisar, comparativamente entre os países, os impactos dos componentes de Cultura e Clima e verifica, em quais deles, há impacto mais favorável ou desfavorável para a gestão do Capital Intelectual. Constatou-se que os níveis dos componentes culturais e de clima organizacional atingiram patamares mais elevados no Brasil que no Canadá, Irã e Líbano, indicando que as variáveis Cultura e Clima têm impacto mais favorável para a gestão do Capital Intelectual nas empresas brasileiras. Sugere-se que estudos posteriores possam verificar impactos e influência de outras variáveis como burocracia, educação, etc. / This study aimed to verify the impact of organizational culture and climate in the management of Intellectual Capital in Brazil, compared with Canada, Iran and Lebanon. For this, we carried out a descriptive survey using a questionnaire with Likert scale, with workers in Brazilian companies and compared with data obtained in other research, for Canada, Iran and Lebanon. Thus, this research study the impacts of the components of culture and climate and checks, which in them are more favorable or unfavorable impact for the management of Intellectual Capital. It was found that the levels of the components of culture and organizational climate reached higher levels in Brazil than in Canada, Iran and Lebanon, indicating that the variables Climate and Culture have more favorable impact for the management of Capital intellectual in the brazilian companies. It is suggested that further studies determine impacts and influence of other variables such as bureaucracy, education, etc.

Informations and Knowlege are getting very important and that is why it is in interest of every Organization to pernamently develop this Knowlege. Knowledge is becoming the most important parts of the capital and are also irreplaceable competitive advantage. The objective of the work is to become if the chosen company is Learning Organization. Evaluation the selected Company was used to study company materials, Analyses of 4E and questionnaire survey.

Esta tese tem como objetivo principal verificar a influência do Capital Intelectual na Capacidade Absortiva das empresas, bem como da Capacidade Absortiva (ACAP) na inovação. O argumento teórico desta tese tem como base a Visão Baseada em Recursos, onde pressupõe-se que conjuntos de recursos intangíveis, como o Capital Intelectual, são mobilizados pelas firmas através de capacidades dinâmicas, como a Capacidade Absortiva do conhecimento, levando as empresas a resultados, tais como inovação de produtos. O estudo justifica-se pelas contribuições teóricas, metodológicas e práticas que pretende aportar para as áreas de gestão do conhecimento e inovação, permitindo compreender melhor os conceitos, bem como as interrelações entre eles. Inicialmente realizou-se estudo exploratório com 12 empresas, a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, visando ampliar os conhecimentos sobre o ambiente pesquisado e proporcionar uma estruturação mais robusta do questionário. Posteriormente, o estudo quantitativo abrangeu 500 indústrias gaúchas de portes, intensidades tecnológicas e setores variados. A partir do método de modelagem de equações estruturais, o exame dos índices de ajustamento e sua significância estatística confirmaram a validade de todos os construtos e do modelo. Também serviu para a sustentação ou refutação das hipóteses do estudo. A partir das evidências, pode-se concluir que o Capital Intelectual influencia a Capacidade Absortiva, mas os elementos que o compõe refletem de modo diferente nas dimensões da ACAP. As capacidades de Aquisição, Assimilação e Exploração do conhecimento são influenciadas de forma mais contundente pelo Capital Organizacional, seguido pelo Capital Humano. A capacidade de Transformação do conhecimento é influenciada de forma equilibrada pelo Capital Organizacional e Humano, e de forma mais moderada pelo Capital Social. Por sua vez, a Capacidade Absortiva influencia a inovação, sendo que cada dimensão impacta de modo diverso. Aquisição e Exploração do conhecimento influenciam de modo mais intenso, e Transformação do conhecimento de forma mais moderada. A validação dos construtos apresenta-se como contribuição relevante, pois demonstra empiricamente a validade dos conceitos teóricos e apresenta avanços metodológicos para a mensuração dos mesmos a partir do desenvolvimento de escalas e de um modelo integrado, servindo a acadêmicos e gestores. Especificamente para o setor industrial, esta pesquisa contribui para traçar um perfil do desenvolvimento de seus recursos intangíveis, das capacidades relacionadas ao conhecimento, de suas atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, bem como dos resultados relacionados à inovação. Esta caracterização pode servir de parâmetro de comparação tanto para as empresas, como para os gestores públicos definirem políticas de incentivo à inovação. Novas pesquisas em diferentes setores e países poderão aprofundar as relações entre estes construtos, bem como incluir fatores externos e a relação específica com inovação incremental e radical. / This thesis aims to investigate the influence of Intellectual Capital on Absorptive Capacity of firms, as well as the influence of Absorptive Capacity on innovation. The theoretical argument of this thesis is based on the Resource Based View, which assumes that sets of intangible assets such as Intellectual Capital are mobilized by firms through dynamic capabilities such as knowledge Absorptive Capacity, leading to results such as product innovation. The study is justified by theoretical, methodological and practices in the areas of knowledge management and innovation, enabling a better understanding of concepts, as well as the interrelationships between them. Using the qualitative approach, an exploratory study was initially performed with 12 companies aiming to expand the knowledge about the environment researched and to provide a more robust structure to the questionnaire. Subsequently, the quantitative study covered 500 industries in southern Brazil of different sizes, sectors and technological intensities. Using the method of structural equation modeling, the examination of adjustment indexes and statistical significance confirmed the validity of all the constructs and model. It also served to support or refute the hypotheses of the study. Given the evidences, it can be concluded that the Intellectual Capital influences Absorptive Capacity, but the elements that compose the Intellectual Capital reflect differently on the dimensions of ACAP. The capabilities of Acquisition, Assimilation and Exploitation of knowledge are influenced more decisively by Organizational Capital, followed by Human Capital. The ability of Transformation of knowledge is influenced evenly by Organizational and Human Capital, and more moderately by Social Capital. In turn, the Absorptive Capacity influences innovation, and each of its dimension has a different impact. Knowledge Acquisition and Exploitation have a more intense influence, and knowledge Transformation has a moderate one. The validation of the constructs is presented as a relevant contribution, it empirically demonstrates the validity of the theoretical concepts and presents methodological advances in its measurement, from scales and development of an integrated model, serving to academics and managers. Primarily for the industrial sector, this research helps to draw a profile of the development of its intangible assets, related to the knowledge of their research and development, as well as results related to innovation capabilities. This characterization can serve as a benchmark both for businesses and for public administrators helping them to define policies to encourage innovation. New studies in different sectors and countries may deepen relations between these constructs, and include external factors and specific relationship to incremental and radical innovation.

Partindo da premissa de que o objetivo maior da empresa e de seus administradores consiste na maximização do capital nela investido, observa-se que os administradores devem se preocupar com a geração de riqueza dentro da empresa, buscando continuamente incrementar e otimizar a criação de valor pela organização e também mensurá-la. Outro forte motivo para mensuração do valor da empresa consiste no crescente aumento do número de fusões e aquisições entre empresas ocorridas no país, incluindo o setor sucroalcooleiro, o que torna sua avaliação necessária a fim de se determinar o valor de transação do negócio. Esta mensuração pode ser realizada a partir da análise do valor da empresa, que, por sua vez, pode ser obtido através do uso de modelos de avaliação de empresas. Por outro lado, nota-se que a importância e a participação dos ativos intangíveis dentro deste processo de criação de valor tem crescido ao longo dos anos. Neste contexto, e considerando a importância do setor sucroalcooleiro dentro da economia nacional, este trabalho apresenta um estudo exploratório realizado em dez usinas sucroalcooleiras instaladas no Estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de investigar a presença, os inter-relacionamentos e a importância dos ativos intangíveis, agrupados e estruturados sob o conceito de capital intelectual, no processo de criação de valor dentro destas empresas, assim como as decisões e atitudes dos gestores acerca destes elementos que constituem o capital intelectual da organização. Também é investigada a prática dos princípios delineadores do conceito de avaliação de empresas baseado no modelo de fluxo de caixa descontado pelos administradores na gestão das usinas, buscando-se identificar o conhecimento dos gestores acerca deste conceito e seu preparo para utilização desta ferramenta. Verificou-se, a partir da constatação da importância dos elementos formadores do capital intelectual para a criação de valor dentro das empresas, que, de forma geral, o nível do capital humano e estrutural das usinas pesquisadas se encontra aquém do necessário para um melhor desempenho destas, enquanto que seu capital de relacionamentos, ou seja, a qualidade de seus relacionamentos se encontra em um nível elevado e bastante próximo do adequado. Observou-se também que, embora não conheçam a fundo e nem se utilizem da prática de determinar o valor do negócio, os administradores praticam os princípios delineadores do conceito de avaliação de empresas na gestão das usinas, o que os prepara e credencia para a utilização do conceito tanto como ferramenta para a mensuração do desempenho econômico-financeiro da organização, como também por outros motivos tais como a participação em processos de fusões e aquisições entre usinas e uma futura participação destas em bolsas de valores / Based on the premise that the main objective of the company and its administrators consists in the maximization of the capital invested, it can be observed that the administrators should worry about the wealth generation inside the company, continually aiming to increase and improve the value creation inside the organization and also measuring it. Another great reason for measuring of company's value consists in the growing increase of the number of mergers and acquisitions among companies happened in the Brazil, including the sugarcane sector, what turns necessary the valuation to determine the transaction's value of the business. This measurement can be accomplished starting from the analysis of the company's value that, for its turn, can be obtained through the use of models of companies' valuation. On the other hand, it is noticed that the importance and the participation of the intangible assets inside of this process of value creation has been growing along the years. In this context and considering the importance of the sugarcane sector for the national economy, this work presents an exploratory study accomplished in ten sugarcane companies located in São Paulo State with the objective of investigating the presence, the inter-relationships and the importance of the intangible assets, contained and structured under the concept of intellectual capital, in the process of value creation inside of these companies. The decisions and the managers' attitudes concerning these elements that constitute the intellectual capital of the organization are also analysed. The principles of the concept of companies' valuation based on the cash flow model discounted practice by the administrators in the organization management is also investigated, seeking to identify the managers' knowledge concerning this concept and yours prepares for use this tool. It was verified, starting from the verification of the importance of the intellectual capital elements for the value creation inside of the organizations, that, in a general way, the level of the human and structural capital of the researched companies is below of the necessary for a better performance, while its relationships capital, that is to say, the quality of its relationships see in a high and quite close of the appropriate level. Although they do not thoroughly know and are not used of the practice of determining the business' value, it was also observed that the administrators practice the principles of the concept of valuation in the management of the companies, what prepares them for the utilization of the concept as tool for the measuring of the economic-financial organization performance, as well as for other reasons as the participation in processes of mergers and acquisitions or a future participation of the company in stocks exchange

Os elementos intangíveis no processo de criação de valor dentro das empresas vêm ganhando crescente importância nas discussões acadêmicas. Neste sentido, é importante que os administradores identifiquem e gerenciem estes elementos, que são agrupados sob o conceito de capital intelectual (CI) da organização. Este trabalho apresenta um survey realizado com cento e onze hotéis do estado de São Paulo, o qual evidenciou a presença dos elementos do CI conforme os portes dos hotéis (pequeno, médio e grande) e analisou as atitudes dos gestores acerca destes elementos. As informações e os dados foram coletados a partir da aplicação de um questionário estruturado disponível em um site. Os dados foram tratados e analisados estatisticamente e os resultados obtidos evidenciaram como principal diferença de gestão dos hotéis o fato dos hotéis de pequeno porte sustentarem o capital humano como componente de sua estrutura de CI mais consistente, enquanto que nos hotéis de médio porte toda a estrutura está em formação, ao contrário dos hotéis de grande porte, que possuem uma estrutura consistente. / The intangible elements in the process of organizational value creation are gaining increasing importance in the academic quarrels. In this direction, it is important that the administrators identify and manage these elements, which are classified under the concept of intellectual capital (IC) of the organization. This work presents a survey carried through with one hundred and eleven paulistans hotels, which evidenced the presence of the elements of the IC as the size of the hotels (small, medium and large) and to analyzed the attitudes of the managers about of these elements. The information and data had been collected from the application of a structuralized questionnaire available in a website. The data had been treated and analyzed statistically and the results found evidenced as main difference the fact of the small hotels support the capital human as component of its structure of IC more consistent, while that in the medium hotels have carried all the structure is in formation, in contrast of the great hotels, that keep a consistent structure.

Nos últimos anos, o capital intelectual vem assumindo importante posição de destaque junto as comunidades acadêmicas e empresarias, pois as formas mais modernas e eficazes de se mensurar os ativos intangíveis proporcionam para as organizações a gestão mais eficiente dos seus recursos. Na estrutura do capital intelectual existem ramificações de igual importância e representatividade, como o capital de relacionamento. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo evidenciar a importância do gerenciamento do capital de relacionamento, mostrando como a concorrência proporcionada pela globalização levou as empresas a deixarem o tradicional sistema de produção em massa para buscarem novas alternativas na gestão dos seus recursos. Partindo desse cenário esta pesquisa utiliza-se como base os resultados obtidos na fábrica de motores São Carlos, abordando as características estruturais e os elementos que constituem o capital de relacionamento na empresa, retratando sua importância na formação de novas parcerias e modelos gerenciais a fim de obter vantagem competitiva sobre seus concorrentes. / At the last years the intellectual capital is taking over important position to the academic highlight communities and enterprises, because the most modern and effective forms to measure the intangible active, provide to the organizations the most efficient administration of their resources. In the structure of the intellectual capital, there is an equal importance and representatives ramifications, like the relationship capital. This research has as goal evidence, the capital management importance of relationship, showing as the competition provided by the globalization, has taken the companies let the traditional production system to seek new options in the administration of their resources. Starting by scenery, this research uses as base, the results obtained at the São Carlos motors factory , boarding the structural characteristics and the elements that constitute the relationship capital in the company, showing its importance in the new partnerships formation and management models in order to obtain competitive advantage about their competitors.

The aim of this study was to develop a substantive theory for leading a change process towards achieving synergy between the business units of a globally diver-sified organisation. A modernist qualitative research methodology was followed. Casing was employed as research design. Grounded theory as proposed by Strauss and Corbin (1998) was applied as research strategy. Twenty seven employees were selected as research participants by means of purposive sampling. All the participants were selected on the basis of their in-volvement in synergy activities in the Company. In-depth interviews and re-quested essays were used as data collection methods to explore the twenty seven participants’ experiences with synergy. Two focus group interviews were addition-ally used as data collection methods. The nine participants in the first focus group interview were members of a regional synergy committee. The other focus group consisted of three executives of the Company. Participant observation was em-ployed as another data collection method during the focus group meetings as well as at one video conference on the establishment of a forum for recruitment and selection in the Company in which seven employees participated. The data was analysed by utilising the grounded theory methodology. After the conclusion of the data analysis phase, the first order constructs and re-lated concepts to synergy were further explored in the literature. A substantive theory for leading a change process towards achieving synergy was developed by aligning the conditional/ consequential matrix of Strauss & Corbin (1998) and the S-O-R theory of Partington (2000). Despite shortcomings the aim of the study was achieved. The study contributed to the development of theory, methodology and also contributed on a practical level. Recommendations for further research conclude the dissertation. / Prof. Willem Schurink Prof. Gert Roodt

In the new economy customers are becoming more demanding, therefore organizations should embrace services as excellent opportunities to differentiate themselves from their competitors. Internal marketing is a tool that service organizations can utilize to ensure that they build a sustainable competitive advantage in the marketplace. Organizations who successfully want to improve and implement internal marketing need to identify employees’ perceptions and expectations on the concepts of services, organizational capital, and communication within the organization. The internal marketing challenge is not an easy one. It is an ongoing process through which organizations have to change operational procedures and convince management and employees to alter their behaviour and beliefs. Organizations which succeed internally will excel externally. / Prof. C.J. Jooste

Background: Companies operate in a dynamic and challenging business environment with a constant battle to become and stay competitive and achieve sustainable growth. The business environment has transformed rapidly in the past decade due to major globalization and internationalization processes, which have created a demand for mapping and understanding business value and core competences. Parting from the traditional, the focus within companies and research is shifting from tangible assets to human capital, such as knowledge, as the primary competitive resource. Knowledge is a concept that is both complex and volatile. Knowledge emerges and develops through processes of each individual and also from individuals merging together into groups – making it hard to manage. Sadly, without proper management of such resources and processes, it is competitive advantage cannot be exerted. Nowadays, most companies can be identified as knowledge intensive firms, where competitive advantage is related to the ability to create and apply new knowledge through mergers and acquisitions. For about 3 decades, researchers, governments and companies have been trying to develop methods to evaluate and measure intangible assets, but there is a lack of research on how it is done in reality.                                                 Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate Swedish holding companies’ approach to working with intangible assets, primarily knowledge; investigating the way it is leveraged and used in the holding structure to create knowledge as a competitive resource across the entire corporation.   Method: A qualitative research is used with a sample of 10 Swedish holding companies varying in size, structure and sector in order to test a proposed integrative model formulated on theory. Purposive sampling is used for participant selection based on personal networks.   Conclusion: Firstly, we found that the majority of the Swedish holding companies do not have a method for evaluating intangible assets in general. In the event of mergers and acquisitions, on the other hand, human capital is emphasized as a main factor for decision making. From the managerial point of view, there is an elevating need for developing a systematic approach to assess human capital when acquiring new subsidiaries, primarily in order to understand the value and context of knowledge. Secondly, Swedish holding companies have internal structures and work-approaches to identify key persons within the newly acquired subsidiaries and transfer their knowledge to the mother company. Furthermore, they try to maintain and create knowledge by investing on education and leadership, but in general, knowledge management is done subconsciously. Therefore, the general finding of this research is that the concept of knowledge management is in the beginning of its lifetime and there is a clear need to put more managerial emphasis on restructuring processes.

This thesis reports on an exploratory study to see to what extent an instrument could be developed to measure the strategically innovative environment of life assurance organisations in Southern Africa. This instrument was applied to a number of life assurance organisations in Southern Africa and the results plotted on a four quadrant matrix, developed for this study, to illustrate to what extent certain variables could contribute in establishing a strategically innovative environment. The main contribution of this study is to explain the interaction between the knowledge economy, intellectual capital, the corporate curriculum, learning theory and strategic innovation. This study argues that the interaction between these components is key in developing human capital which in turn is an important component of strategic innovation. Furthermore, the instrument developed for this study can be used to evaluate other organisations, thus ultimately assisting them in becoming strategically innovative as well. It was found that life assurance organisations in Southern Africa could be regarded as moderately strategically innovative. The degree of strategic innovation varies according to the presence and integration of certain variables set out for the organisation. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Information Science / unrestricted