Twentieth-century environmentalist discourse often laid the blame for environmental degradation on Western civilization, and presented the religious traditions of the East as offering an ecocentric antidote to Western dualism and anthropocentrism. Gary Snyder has looked to Chinese and Japanese Buddhism to inform his environmentalist poetry and prose. While Snyder often writes in terms of a dualism of East and West, he synthesizes traditional forms of Buddhism with various Western traditions, and his green Buddhism ultimately undermines more simplistic oppositions of East and West. The first chapter reads Snyder's writing of the mid-1950s alongside several of his West Coast contemporaries - Kenneth Rexroth, Allen Ginsberg, Michael McClure, Philip Whalen and Jack Kerouac - showing that these writers evoked the natural world together with Buddhist themes before the advent of the modern environmental movement in order to mount a critique of Cold War American culture. Snyder's early interest in Buddhism was motivated largely by translations of Chinese poetry and Chapter Two examines his own translations of the Tang Dynasty poet Hanshan. In Snyder's translations and contemporaneous original poetry, Buddhist poetics mingle with American conceptions of wilderness. Chapter Three shows how Snyder's Buddhism was influenced by Anglophone writers such as D.T. Suzuki and Alan Watts, and argues that from the late 1960s Snyder aimed to Americanize Buddhism as ideas of localism became more central to his environmentalism. Chapter Four examines Snyder's synthesis of Hua-yen Buddhism and Western scientific ecology in the 1970s and 1980s. Chapter Five examines 'The Hokkaido Book,' an unfinished prose work on environmental attitudes in the Far East in which Snyder considers the relationship between the civilized and the primitive. Chapter Six examines the influence of Chinese landscape painting and Japanese No drama, two forms steeped in Buddhist ideas, on the poems of 'Mountains' and 'Rivers Without End'.

The late Ming artist and poet Xu Wei (1521-1593) is most well known for his self-representation as a cultured "mountain hermit" and "eccentric", pursuing the literary ideals of originality, simple language and direct emotional expression. His wild ink-brush paintings, mental instability, numerous suicide attempts and the murder of his third wife all helped to consolidate Xu's image as China's Van Gogh. However, later hagiographies of Xu as the "patron saint of eccentrics" have led to a one dimensional view of Xu. This thesis presents Xu as someone who explored and wrestled with different and sometimes contradictory self-representations against a thorny political and social backdrop. It moves away from Xu's "eccentric" persona, instead examining his writings within the political context of the 16th century. Against the backdrop of Mongol and pirate invasions, Xu's close friend Shen Lian was executed by the Chief Grand Secretary Yan Song and his clique. Yet only a month after his friend's execution, Xu switched sides and worked as a ghost-writer for Hu Zongxian, a protégé of Yan Song. Yet with the fall of Yan Song in 1562 and the arrest of Hu Zongxian, this became an embarrassment for Xu. Fearing that he would be implicated with the Yan Song clique, Xu distanced himself from his flattering ghost-written poems. Overwhelmed by feelings of guilt, he explored the complexities of loyalty and identity in his poetry. Xu's career is representative of many Ming scholars who were frustrated by examination failure and the inability to find an official post. His literary ideals contradicted with lived reality. Xu is unique among Ming literati in voicing these contradictions.

This thesis examines Ratnakarasanti's (ca. 970-1045 C.E.) explication of Prajnaparamita in his doxographical works and his Saratama. Based on extant Sanskrit and Tibetan primary sources, it argues that Ratnakarasanti's main teacher was Dharmakirtisri (late 10th C.E.) and that Ratnakarasanti's Saratama sought to replace his teacher's Yogacara-Madhyamika framework with a causal explanation of Prajnaparamita through redefining the term Prajnaparamita as the path to awakening, rather than its goal. By unpacking that causal explanation in light of his broader system, the thesis demonstrates the way that Ratnakarasanti's own version of Nirakaravadin-Yogacara-Madhyamika refutes cognitive images (akara) as unreal ultimately, but claims they are still perceived by buddhas out of compassion. This conclusion debunks the long-standing theory that Ratnakarasanti was an Indian proponent of the controversial Tibetan gZhan-stong despite later gZhan-stong propon-ents' attempts to claim him as their own. There are two parts to the study. The first part introduces Ratnakarasanti's life, philosophy and doxography based upon evidence from a Tibetan colophon to his Madhyamika commentary and the Tibetan hagiography of his student Adhisa (a.k.a. Atisa) and upon a comparative analysis of his doxographical works that are prerequisites for reading his Saratama. The second part consists of an annotated translation of the Saratama's introductory section, contrasted with the prior standard interpretation by Haribhadra's (9th century C.E.). In the two appendices are included a Tibetan critical edition and a separate hybrid Sanskrit and Tibetan critical edition of the Saratama's first parivarta based on the extant 11th and 13th century incomplete MSS and on the Tibetan translations in the sDe dge, Peking and sNarthang editions. The hybrid edition also includes my provisional critical edition of the root text - i.e. the first parivarta of the Aryasta - sahasrikaprajnaparamitasutra - and my own translation of two small sample sections of the Saratama, which are extant only in Tibetan, back into Sanskrit.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Nesta tese abordamos alguns aspectos das inter-relações entre conhecimento, ética e valores dentro da atividade científica segundo as ideias do matemático-filósofo vitoriano William Clifford. O nosso tema geral coloca em jogo o envolvimento da produção, da avaliação e da transmissão de conhecimento científico com os comportamentos, as responsabilidades e os traços de caráter do investigador. Nosso objetivo é oferecer uma introdução ao pensamento e a algumas produções intelectuais de Clifford, um autor pouco familiar ao público filosófico brasileiro, bem como uma descrição comentada de seu escrito mais famoso, intitulado A Ética da Crença. Mediante esse objetivo, extraímos suas concepções a respeito das características e consequências éticas do empreendimento científico. As questões que orientam a tese são as seguintes: de que maneira a produção de conhecimento estaria condicionada à personalidade e ao comportamento ético de quem se lança àquela prática? Em que medida essa prática promove o cultivo de características pessoais socialmente desejáveis e favoráveis? Quais as conseqüências para a sociedade dessa inter-relação entre o caráter do investigador e os valores epistêmicos que estes colocam em ação e, sem os quais parece não ser possível a obtenção de conhecimento confiável? / In this work, we address some aspects of the interrelation between knowledge, ethics and values inside scientific activity according to the ideas of Victorian mathematician-philosopher, William Kingdon Clifford. What is at stake in the overall theme of this thesis is the way the production, evaluation and transmission of scientific knowledge interact with the behaviors, responsibilities and character traits of the investigator. William Clifford is a little known author to the Brazilian philosophical public, thus our primary goal is to offer an introduction to some of his thoughts and intellectual productions, as well as a commented description of Cliffords most famous paper, The Ethics of Belief. By these means, we extract some of his ideas regarding the ethical characteristics and ethical consequences of scientific inquiry. So, these are our guiding question: in what way is knowledge production shaped by the personality and ethical behavior of the person engaged in such production? To what extent does it promote the development of socially desirable and favorable personal characteristics? What are the consequences for society of the interrelation between the investigator's character traits and the epistemic values which he/she puts into action, and without which it seems impossible to obtain reliable knowledge?

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CAPES / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar as narrativas sobre cultura popular brasileira que foram enunciadas na exposição Puras Misturas, que ocorreu Pavilhão das Culturas Brasileiras em São Paulo-SP, de abril a novembro de 2010. Para tanto, me atento às estratégias expográficas e curatoriais idealizadas e materializadas na mostra. Por material, utilizo as narrativas dos sujeitos envolvidos no evento, arquivos pessoais disponibilizados pelas curadoras e pelo arquiteto responsável pelo projeto expográfico, o catálogo da exposição e documentos alocados em arquivos públicos, levantados na fase de pesquisa exploratória. O método utilizado baseia-se no cruzamento entre a materialidade da exposição, visitada por meio da reconstrução da mostra, e as intencionalidades dos sujeitos envolvidos no projeto, acessadas por meio de entrevistas. Por fim, demonstro que a enunciação das narrativas sobre cultura popular aconteceu nas acomodações e contradições entre linguagem curatorial, expografia e seleção de artefatos para compor a Puras Misturas. / This research has as an objective to identify the narratives about Brazilian popular culture that were enunciated on Puras Misturas exhibition, that occurred at the Pavilhão das Culturas Brasileiras in São Paulo, from april to november 2010. To that end, I turn to the expographic and curatorial strategies conceived and materialized at that display. As a reference data, I use the narratives of the subjects involved in the event, personal files provided by the curators and by the architect responsible for the expographical project, the exhibition catalog and stored documents in public archives, gathered at the exploratory research stage. The method used is based on the interlacement between the exhibition materiality, visited by means of its reconstruction and the intentionality of the subjects involved in the project, accessed by interviews. Lastly, I demonstrate that the enunciation of the narratives about popular culture in Puras Misturas happened on the adaptations and contradictions between curatorial language, expography and artifacts selection.

CAPES / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar as narrativas sobre cultura popular brasileira que foram enunciadas na exposição Puras Misturas, que ocorreu Pavilhão das Culturas Brasileiras em São Paulo-SP, de abril a novembro de 2010. Para tanto, me atento às estratégias expográficas e curatoriais idealizadas e materializadas na mostra. Por material, utilizo as narrativas dos sujeitos envolvidos no evento, arquivos pessoais disponibilizados pelas curadoras e pelo arquiteto responsável pelo projeto expográfico, o catálogo da exposição e documentos alocados em arquivos públicos, levantados na fase de pesquisa exploratória. O método utilizado baseia-se no cruzamento entre a materialidade da exposição, visitada por meio da reconstrução da mostra, e as intencionalidades dos sujeitos envolvidos no projeto, acessadas por meio de entrevistas. Por fim, demonstro que a enunciação das narrativas sobre cultura popular aconteceu nas acomodações e contradições entre linguagem curatorial, expografia e seleção de artefatos para compor a Puras Misturas. / This research has as an objective to identify the narratives about Brazilian popular culture that were enunciated on Puras Misturas exhibition, that occurred at the Pavilhão das Culturas Brasileiras in São Paulo, from april to november 2010. To that end, I turn to the expographic and curatorial strategies conceived and materialized at that display. As a reference data, I use the narratives of the subjects involved in the event, personal files provided by the curators and by the architect responsible for the expographical project, the exhibition catalog and stored documents in public archives, gathered at the exploratory research stage. The method used is based on the interlacement between the exhibition materiality, visited by means of its reconstruction and the intentionality of the subjects involved in the project, accessed by interviews. Lastly, I demonstrate that the enunciation of the narratives about popular culture in Puras Misturas happened on the adaptations and contradictions between curatorial language, expography and artifacts selection.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Nesta tese abordamos alguns aspectos das inter-relações entre conhecimento, ética e valores dentro da atividade científica segundo as ideias do matemático-filósofo vitoriano William Clifford. O nosso tema geral coloca em jogo o envolvimento da produção, da avaliação e da transmissão de conhecimento científico com os comportamentos, as responsabilidades e os traços de caráter do investigador. Nosso objetivo é oferecer uma introdução ao pensamento e a algumas produções intelectuais de Clifford, um autor pouco familiar ao público filosófico brasileiro, bem como uma descrição comentada de seu escrito mais famoso, intitulado A Ética da Crença. Mediante esse objetivo, extraímos suas concepções a respeito das características e consequências éticas do empreendimento científico. As questões que orientam a tese são as seguintes: de que maneira a produção de conhecimento estaria condicionada à personalidade e ao comportamento ético de quem se lança àquela prática? Em que medida essa prática promove o cultivo de características pessoais socialmente desejáveis e favoráveis? Quais as conseqüências para a sociedade dessa inter-relação entre o caráter do investigador e os valores epistêmicos que estes colocam em ação e, sem os quais parece não ser possível a obtenção de conhecimento confiável? / In this work, we address some aspects of the interrelation between knowledge, ethics and values inside scientific activity according to the ideas of Victorian mathematician-philosopher, William Kingdon Clifford. What is at stake in the overall theme of this thesis is the way the production, evaluation and transmission of scientific knowledge interact with the behaviors, responsibilities and character traits of the investigator. William Clifford is a little known author to the Brazilian philosophical public, thus our primary goal is to offer an introduction to some of his thoughts and intellectual productions, as well as a commented description of Cliffords most famous paper, The Ethics of Belief. By these means, we extract some of his ideas regarding the ethical characteristics and ethical consequences of scientific inquiry. So, these are our guiding question: in what way is knowledge production shaped by the personality and ethical behavior of the person engaged in such production? To what extent does it promote the development of socially desirable and favorable personal characteristics? What are the consequences for society of the interrelation between the investigator's character traits and the epistemic values which he/she puts into action, and without which it seems impossible to obtain reliable knowledge?

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Lourenço / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T02:20:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro_ConradoPiresde_D.pdf: 1764205 bytes, checksum: 2ab6d5a7171001a2bb8fbc4cae294412 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa se propõe a situar a figura e a obra de Luiz Pereira do ponto de vista de sua inserção geracional, institucional e profissional, tentando analisar como suas idéias e trabalhos apresentam maior ou menor sintonia com o momento histórico por ele vivido. Neste sentido, se pretende aqui apresentar uma contribuição introdutória que possibilite aquilatar melhor a pluralidade de direções, possíveis confluências e ramificações acobertadas sob a capa da unidade metodológica existente no seio da assim chamada escola de sociologia paulista, ao se investigar a importância da presença de Luiz Pereira na vida universitária da USP durante os anos 60 e 70, bem como o papel e o lugar a ele reservado na sociologia nacional, em geral, e na sociologia da USP, em particular / Abstract: This essay aims at situating the figure and work of Luiz Pereira from a generational, institutional and professional perspective. It analyses how his ideas match, in a greater or lesser degree, to his historical context. Therefore, the present work is a tentative contribution to the understanding of the plurality of directions, convergences and ramifications that become hidden under the idea of a methodological unity within the so-called "Escola Paulista de Sociologia". It investigates the presence of Luiz Pereira in the academic life at the University of São Paulo in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as his place and the role he played in the field of sociology, both in Brazil and, more specifically, at USP / Doutorado / Teoria Sociologica e Pensamento Social / Doutor em Sociologia