Religious accommodation in the workplace has been a growing issue in the business community, partly as a result of an increasing number of religious discrimination cases in the United States. The focus of this qualitative phenomenological study was to investigate Muslims' perceptions concerning religious accommodation using pluralism and religious pluralism as the theoretical frameworks. Data were collected via an online survey of Muslims from different regions throughout the United States with a sample size of 28 participants. Data from the online survey were analyzed using the Moustakas method of phenomenological analysis, which consists of epoché, phenomenological reduction, imaginative variation, and the synthesis of meanings and essences. Results showed the Muslim employees perceived there was a severe lack of religious accommodation provided by their companies. A plurality of the respondents stated their companies did not take any action toward providing them with religious accommodation. Findings also showed prayer to be one of the most important forms of religious expression in the workplace. The implications for positive social change are that companies begin to communicate more effectively with their Muslim employees. With the hope that leaders and public policymakers will implement changes that are beneficial to American society.

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Letter of intent, vilket torde kunna översättas till avsiktsförklaring på svenska, är ett vanligt förekommande element vid avtalsförhandlingar. I doktrinen har det skett en uppdelning mellan ”rena” och ”orena” letter of intent. Med ”orena” letter of intent avses de dokument som innehåller juridiska förpliktelser, exempelvis i form av skilje-, ersättnings- och sekretessklausuler. I motsats till detta återfinns inte några juridiska förpliktelser i ”rena” letter of intent. Typiskt sett uttrycks i ett letter of intent en avsikt att i framtiden ingå avtal. Emellertid innebär denna avsikt vanligen ingen skyldighet att ingå förevarande avtal.</p><p>Den första frågeställningen som ligger till grund för detta arbete är om ”rena” letter of intent, utan bindande klausuler, kan medföra rättsverkningar? Vidare följer frågan – om ett ”rent” letter of intent anses kunna medföra rättsverkningar – under vilka förutsättningar är detta möjligt?</p><p>Det finns vare sig lagregler eller förarbeten att tillgå inom svensk rätt beträffande rättsinstitutet letter of intent. Emellertid har letter of intent behandlats i såväl rättsfall som doktrin. I dessa rättskällor råder det delade meningar om ”rena” letter of intent kan medföra rättsverkningar. De som anser att rättsverkningar av ”rena” letter of intent är uteslutet argumenterar för att de i grund och botten endast är avsiktsförklaringar och inget annat. De anser således att affärsmännen genom letter of intent skapat ett icke bindande dynamiskt instrument som kan överbrygga de statiska reglerna i AvtL. Omvänt anser de som är förespråkare för att ”rena” letter of intent kan medföra rättsverkningar att man inte kan begränsa sig till detta synsätt. Juridiska förpliktelser av ”rena” letter of intent torde enligt dessa förespråkare kunna utgå på grund av exempelvis konkludent handlande, lojalitetsplikten och principen om culpa in contrahendo.</p><p>Sedan allt relevant material på området studerats och analyserats torde man kunna dra den slutsatsen att ”rena” letter of intent, utan bindande klausuler, kan medföra rättsverkningar. På vilka grunder kan då detta ske? Den allmänna uppfattningen synes vara att det inte kan uppstå några juridiska förpliktelser av ”rena” letter of intent i sig. Emellertid torde ”rena” letter of intent i kombination med andra omständigheter kunna medföra rättsverkningar. De omständigheter som åsyftas är konkludent handlande, åsidosättande av lojalitetsplikten samt klandervärt beteende vid avtals ingående (culpa in contrahendo). Några övriga omständigheter, förutom de nyss nämnda, förefaller dock inte kunna medföra rättsverkningar av ”rena” letter of intent.</p>

Sammanfattning Letter of intent, vilket torde kunna översättas till avsiktsförklaring på svenska, är ett vanligt förekommande element vid avtalsförhandlingar. I doktrinen har det skett en uppdelning mellan ”rena” och ”orena” letter of intent. Med ”orena” letter of intent avses de dokument som innehåller juridiska förpliktelser, exempelvis i form av skilje-, ersättnings- och sekretessklausuler. I motsats till detta återfinns inte några juridiska förpliktelser i ”rena” letter of intent. Typiskt sett uttrycks i ett letter of intent en avsikt att i framtiden ingå avtal. Emellertid innebär denna avsikt vanligen ingen skyldighet att ingå förevarande avtal. Den första frågeställningen som ligger till grund för detta arbete är om ”rena” letter of intent, utan bindande klausuler, kan medföra rättsverkningar? Vidare följer frågan – om ett ”rent” letter of intent anses kunna medföra rättsverkningar – under vilka förutsättningar är detta möjligt? Det finns vare sig lagregler eller förarbeten att tillgå inom svensk rätt beträffande rättsinstitutet letter of intent. Emellertid har letter of intent behandlats i såväl rättsfall som doktrin. I dessa rättskällor råder det delade meningar om ”rena” letter of intent kan medföra rättsverkningar. De som anser att rättsverkningar av ”rena” letter of intent är uteslutet argumenterar för att de i grund och botten endast är avsiktsförklaringar och inget annat. De anser således att affärsmännen genom letter of intent skapat ett icke bindande dynamiskt instrument som kan överbrygga de statiska reglerna i AvtL. Omvänt anser de som är förespråkare för att ”rena” letter of intent kan medföra rättsverkningar att man inte kan begränsa sig till detta synsätt. Juridiska förpliktelser av ”rena” letter of intent torde enligt dessa förespråkare kunna utgå på grund av exempelvis konkludent handlande, lojalitetsplikten och principen om culpa in contrahendo. Sedan allt relevant material på området studerats och analyserats torde man kunna dra den slutsatsen att ”rena” letter of intent, utan bindande klausuler, kan medföra rättsverkningar. På vilka grunder kan då detta ske? Den allmänna uppfattningen synes vara att det inte kan uppstå några juridiska förpliktelser av ”rena” letter of intent i sig. Emellertid torde ”rena” letter of intent i kombination med andra omständigheter kunna medföra rättsverkningar. De omständigheter som åsyftas är konkludent handlande, åsidosättande av lojalitetsplikten samt klandervärt beteende vid avtals ingående (culpa in contrahendo). Några övriga omständigheter, förutom de nyss nämnda, förefaller dock inte kunna medföra rättsverkningar av ”rena” letter of intent.

Canada is challenged with a perceived nursing shortage. Better understanding of the factors that influence satisfaction and turnover may help to formulate improved strategies for retention of the nursing workforce. Our analysis revealed that satisfaction levels in both the job and the nursing profession are high in the Canadian nursing workforce corresponding to relatively high retention rates in the workforce. We found that dissatisfaction with the job and nursing are distinct concepts that are intrinsically associated. Dissatisfaction in the job significantly increased the likelihood of dissatisfaction with being a nurse and vice versa for RNs. Also, nurses were more likely to express intentions to switch jobs than intentions to leave nursing. Job dissatisfaction was the strongest predictor for both the intentions to leave nursing and switch jobs. The findings suggest that targeting both the job structures and the profession’s role would help to maintain and improve retention rates for nurses.

Canada is challenged with a perceived nursing shortage. Better understanding of the factors that influence satisfaction and turnover may help to formulate improved strategies for retention of the nursing workforce. Our analysis revealed that satisfaction levels in both the job and the nursing profession are high in the Canadian nursing workforce corresponding to relatively high retention rates in the workforce. We found that dissatisfaction with the job and nursing are distinct concepts that are intrinsically associated. Dissatisfaction in the job significantly increased the likelihood of dissatisfaction with being a nurse and vice versa for RNs. Also, nurses were more likely to express intentions to switch jobs than intentions to leave nursing. Job dissatisfaction was the strongest predictor for both the intentions to leave nursing and switch jobs. The findings suggest that targeting both the job structures and the profession’s role would help to maintain and improve retention rates for nurses.

Bakgrund: Sedan januari 2010 ingår vaccin mot humant papillomvirus i det svenska barnvaccinationsprogrammet. Beslutet att vaccinera eller inte vaccinera sina barn kan vara svårt för föräldrar. Syfte: Var att beskriva föräldrars kunskap om och attityd till vaccin mot humant papillomvirus och hur det inverkar på deras beslut att vaccinera sina barn. Design: Mixed-methods research integrated design. Metod: Beskrivande litteraturstudie. En systematisk sökning gjordes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed och 12 artiklar identifierades. Artiklarna hade kvantitativ och kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Föräldrar var positiva till HPV-vaccin. Många föräldrar hade liten kunskap om vaccinet och upplevde att de inte hade tillräckligt med information. Det fanns en oro för vaccinets säkerhet och biverkningar. Många fick information från media men den föredragna informationskällan var vårdgivare. De som fått information från vården var mer positiva till vaccinet. Föräldrar ansåg att den rekommenderade åldern för vaccinet var för låg och det fanns en rädsla att en vaccination skulle påverka dotterns sexuella beteende. Bland de föräldrar som valde att vaccinera var den oron mindre. Sociala normer och religion påverkade föräldrarna i besluten kring vaccination. Lägre utbildning var en prediktor för att välja att vaccinera. Egen eller anhörigas erfarenhet av cellförändringar eller cervixcancer påverkade också intentionen att vaccinera.   Sökord: MeSH-termerna accept*, attitudes, behavior, beliefs, decision, HPV-vaccine, intent*, knowledge, parents. / Background: Since of January 2010 vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) is a part of the Swedish child vaccination program. The decision to vaccinate can be difficult for the parents to make. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to describe parental knowledge and attitude towards vaccine against human papillomavirus and how that influenced their decision to vaccinate their children. Design: Mixed methods research with integrated design. Method: A descriptive literature review. A systematic search was performed in the databases PubMed and CINAHL and 12 studies were identified. The studies had quantitative and qualitative design. Results: Parents were positive towards the HPV-vaccine. Many parents lacked knowledge and felt they didn´t have enough information about the vaccine. There was concern about the safety and side effect. Many got their information from media but the preferred source of information was caregivers. Parents who had gotten information from caregivers were more positive towards the vaccine. The recommended age for vaccination was considered too low and there was concern that a vaccination would have an effect on their daughter’s sexual behavior. Among the parents who had made the choice to vaccinate that concern was lower. Social norms and religion affected the parents in their decision to vaccinate. Lower education was a predictor in the decision to vaccinate. Experience of abnormal pap-smears or cervicularcancer also affected the intention to vaccinate.   Search words: MeSH-therms accept*, attitudes, behavior, beliefs, decision, HPV-vaccine, intent*, knowledge, parents.

Vocational psychologists have theorized that the congruence between self and occupations is the key to find fulfilling careers for individuals (Vondracek & Porfeli, 2011). However, the typical use of vocational interests to capture information about the self has been limited because it does not disentangle identity and work preferences in people’s responses in vocational assessments. People cannot be fully informed of careers most fitting to them if the vocational assessment does not capture distinct information about their identity. In this study, we strive to disentangle identity from preferences by including affective identity, which is sentiments that people hold towards themselves, as a predictor for career intent. Focusing on the context of entrepreneurship as a career, we examine how the congruence of affective identity and affective ratings of entrepreneurs provide additional information in predicting entrepreneurial intent beyond work preferences congruence. We invited undergraduate students from a Canadian University to complete an online-survey for an extra credit in their psychology course. We examined the impact of different congruence form of intent by including linear and polynomial terms of self and entrepreneur ratings when conducting a hierarchical linear regression. In general, we found support for the validity of our developed measure and demonstrated that contemporary congruence forms based on factors of affective identity brings new information in career choice perception. Affective identity accounts for unique predictability of self perception beyond vocational preference, which suggests the potential use of affective identity for career search feedback.

Nowadays premium promotion has caused a stir in many industries. Sales promotion comprises a multitude of marketing tools designed to stimulate the purchase of goods and services by providing an incentive. Among those promotion tools, premium occupies a very important place. It belongs to non-monetary promotion which is different from the monetary one that we generally know. Many experts address that in long term, monetary promotion might have imposed negative impact on their own brand. However, premium promotion is one of non-monetary promotion, and it brings up consumers the ¡§gains¡¨, not the ¡§reduced losses.¡¨ The academic research on the subject in Taiwan or even in other countries is scarcely seen, although premium-based sales promotions are commonly used on marketing practice. It is a kind of multifunctional promotion tool. For example, attractiveness, the linkage with main product, immediacy, mention of value, and free/self-liquidating product etc. are needed to highly care about. Premium promotion may avoid some negative influences from price promotion. However, if marketers cannot operate premium well, it might still cause some problems. This study does not only discuss Consumers¡¦ Overall Appreciation, but also try to find out Perceived Manipulation Intent beyond consumers. This thesis is 2¡]high/low attractiveness¡^x 2¡]high/low perceived fit between the premium and the product¡^x 2¡]direct/delayed¡^x 2¡]mention/not mention of the premium¡¦s value¡^mixed experiment design ANOVA. Mentioning the value of the premium and immediacy are between-subject factors and attractiveness and perceived fit between the premium and the product are within-subjects factors. The purpose of this study is the effect of four premium independent variables on Overall Appreciation and Perceived Manipulation Intent of Consumer Reaction. The study shows: 1. High attractiveness, high product-premium fit, and direct premium all have significantly positive effects on consumer¡¦s overall appreciation. 2. Attractiveness and product-premium fit has an interaction effect on overall appreciation, and fit is like a moderator. 3. Product-premium fit and mention of value has an interaction effect on overall appreciation. 4. Attractiveness, product-premium fit, and immediacy has an interaction effect on overall appreciation. 5. Attractiveness, product-premium fit, and immediacy has statistically significant on perceived manipulation intent.

Abstract Telecom market had been opened since 2001. Facing dramatically changing environment, in order to keep benefiting customers and investors, and to maintain employees¡¦ morale, it is important for the state-owned enterprise to be more competitive. ¡§Human Resource Management¡¨ is the key point to increase its competitive advantages. By understanding employees¡¦ organizational commitment (OC), we can find a way to keep them. Besides, if managers¡¦ politics of downward influence (PDI) can cause employees¡¦ dissatisfaction, employees might have intent to quit (ITQ). It might also increase company¡¦s cost. Therefore, it is necessary to have a research standing from subordinates¡¦ viewpoint, and exploring the effects of managers¡¦ PDI on subordinates¡¦ OC and ITQ. The research collected 629 effective samples from case company in Southern Taiwan via questionnaires and analyzed data by SPSS software. By proving the hypothesis, the research found several results: 1.Through factor analysis, there are three dimensions of power traits: conciliation & reason, authority & exert pressure, hypocrisy & urge by sarcasm. 2.The power trait of ¡§Conciliation & Reason¡¨ has significantly positive influence on OC. 3.The power trait of ¡§Conciliation & Reason¡¨ has significantly negative influence on ITQ. 4.The power traits of ¡§authority & exert pressure¡¨ and ¡§hypocrisy & urge by sarcasm¡¨ have significantly negative influence on OC. 5.The power traits of ¡§authority & exert pressure¡¨ and ¡§hypocrisy & urge by sarcasm¡¨ have significantly positive influence on ITQ.

Vocational psychologists have theorized that the congruence between self and occupations is the key to find fulfilling careers for individuals (Vondracek & Porfeli, 2011). However, the typical use of vocational interests to capture information about the self has been limited because it does not disentangle identity and work preferences in people’s responses in vocational assessments. People cannot be fully informed of careers most fitting to them if the vocational assessment does not capture distinct information about their identity. In this study, we strive to disentangle identity from preferences by including affective identity, which is sentiments that people hold towards themselves, as a predictor for career intent. Focusing on the context of entrepreneurship as a career, we examine how the congruence of affective identity and affective ratings of entrepreneurs provide additional information in predicting entrepreneurial intent beyond work preferences congruence. We invited undergraduate students from a Canadian University to complete an online-survey for an extra credit in their psychology course. We examined the impact of different congruence form of intent by including linear and polynomial terms of self and entrepreneur ratings when conducting a hierarchical linear regression. In general, we found support for the validity of our developed measure and demonstrated that contemporary congruence forms based on factors of affective identity brings new information in career choice perception. Affective identity accounts for unique predictability of self perception beyond vocational preference, which suggests the potential use of affective identity for career search feedback.