With rapid growth for years, Taiwan IC industry has played an important position in the world. In addition to the growth, close interaction and cooperation among firms have become the characteristics of Taiwan IC industry. Currently, time-based competition has been one of the most important factors for business success, and the competition in the 21st century relies on strategic supply chain management. Through interfirm collaboration by sharing information among supply chain partners, some activities originally performed in an individual firm are replaced by firms with core competency. In performing these activities, the competitive advantages through the supply chain information integration are gradually recognized. The objective of this article is to realize the current situation and future plan of inter-organizational information sharing (IOIS) in Taiwan IC industry. From literature, there are lots of factors that influence the success of IOIS, this paper focuses on some areas, such as benefits from IOIS, motivations of IOIS, risks from IOIS, strategic or operational reasons, IT maturity among firms, key success factors of IOIS, and the initiator of industrial IOIS. Through questionnaire survey, we collect and analyze various viewpoints from companies of Taiwan IC industry supply chain, including IC design houses, IC fabs, assembly and testing houses, assembly material and equipment suppliers. After the empirical analysis, we compare the findings with literatures. We conclude that the IOIS, namely networked IOIS, in Taiwan IC industry proceeds toward reciprocal interdependencies between organizations. The coordination mechanisms count on standards, rules, and mutual adjustment. Initially, the networked IOIS will tend to be much less structured and the potential for conflict may be higher. At present, because of lack of reliable and mature information connection among firms, the intensive information technology support is needed. Finally, based on the findings, we summarize the characteristics and present the model of IOIS for Taiwan IC industry supply chain. Then, some suggestions are arisen for industry reference, including mutual benefit realization and cooperation willingness, protection of business confidential and data security, integration of enterprise systems and industrial standard messages, proposal of IC industry association to be the coordinator or initiator of IOIS, step by step implementation according to priorities of information type, and integration of information flow with manufacturing goods flow in the supply chain.

Background Every company nowadays needs to use ICT artifacts to cope with the business development. The adoption and use of ICT involves different actors who make sense of ICT in relation to their work environment. This thesis focuses on the relationships between the actors involved in SME’s ICT adoption and their influence upon the process. Purpose          The purpose of this thesis is to explore the interactions between different actors in the SME’s network and analyze how they influence the SMEs ICT adoption process. Method          An embedded single case study strategy was chosen as research strategy, in line with the explorative nature of the purpose. A conceptual framework was created giving structure to the entire research. The empirical data was gathered through observations, one in-depth interview and ten semi-structured interviews. The method used for data analysis had the same qualitative and deductive nature following the areas highlighted by the conceptual framework; the data was summarized condensing meanings around the relationships between actors and the evolution of the sense-making process of ICT adoption, in order to provide answers to the two research questions. Conclusion    The research has shown that the customer and the strategic suppliers as human actors have an important influence on the sense-making process of ICT adoption as well as the non-human actor - the ICT artifact. The actors are influencing the ICT adoption process through series of adaptive processes generated by an inter-organizational sense-making process shaped by the design of the ICT artifact. The study contributes to the body of knowledge through a new construct that enriches the conceptual framework with the findings of the research.

Although the United States has hired private contractors to execute government-funded work since its inception, these contractors have become increasingly more common since the 1980s. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has been no exception; the number of for- and non-profit contractors designing and implementing international foreign aid projects has proliferated. The complicated relationships among USAID, nonprofit, and for-profit contractors raise important questions about the factors that influence 1) which types of organizations receive contracts, and 2) which characteristics increase the likelihood that contractors will form inter-organizational partnerships via their work on USAID's contracts. This dissertation explores both by examining 232 contractors that implemented USAID's democracy-building projects abroad 1999-2004. First, logistic regressions were used to assess the influence of nonprofit organizations' political affiliations on their ability to obtain USAID's contracts. The results of these analyses suggest that that in certain years, nonprofit organizations with prominent, politically connected board members were more successful than others in obtaining USAID contracts. In other time periods, the composition of nonprofits' boards had no significant impact on organizational success in acquiring contracts.Second, this dissertation evaluates whether inter-organizational familiarity influences the likelihood of contractors partnering on USAID-funded contracts. The results of logistic regressions indicate that inter-organizational familiarity from past partnerships has increased the chance that organizations partner in certain time periods. These findings stress the role of organizational learning in their decisions to partner, as well as the impact of government programs designed to diversify the pool of available contractors. This research considers the ways that changing political environments influence the availability of resources for contracting organizations with particular characteristics. Moreover, it underscores the need to assess the contracting system in order to ensure that those chosen to implement government-funded work are as capable, innovative, and accountable for their work as possible.

As the topic of sustainability is gaining a lot of importance, organizations in the aviation industry are coming together to form networks. The purpose of the study is to understand the concept of inter-organizational networks as potential learning organizations and find out how facilitating processes that enable these inter-organizational networks like collaboration, communication and knowledge management operate within networks. Further research will explore processes of learning in networks to investigate alignment and resemblance with the concept of sustainable learning organization and provide an insight on organization structure and culture as enablers of learning. The basic design of the study consists of semi-structured interviews of two networks in the aviation industry as primary data in order to support research questions with empirical analysis. In addition, systematic review of academic literature and official websites of various network stakeholders was used as a secondary data collection source to discover track record of current research study in this field and identify knowledge gaps and areas for further study. Major findings include impact of formal and informal structure of networks on learning processes and objective setting for the network. It also depicts a need for a holistic and systematic approach at interorganizational level in order to form a learning organization. In the end culture was also identified as a learning enabler in networks that tend to be sustainable learning organizations.

Coworking spaces, an example of the sharing economy concept, refers to shared workplaces that mostly freelancers, entrepreneurs and other actors of the knowledge industry utilize for the purpose of flexible sharing of space, ideas and knowledge. Previous research reveals that the proximity of occupants sitting together in a shared office space does not necessarily lead to inter-organizational collaboration. Knowledge sharing and inter-organizational collaboration tend to be perceived by occupants and managers of coworking spaces as incidental or a secondary aim. In the same view, coworking spaces tend to be perceived as service providers rather than a community where collaboration can be fostered. A potential solution, in this case is, the initial understanding and categorization of occupant types and their evident collaboration approaches which may result in the managers and policy makers of coworking spaces knowing what conditions to put in place in order to foster collaboration.The novelty of this research and contribution to theoretical knowledge lies in the development of insect metaphors to simplify the understanding of coworking space occupant types and their corresponding inter-organizational collaboration approaches as it affects their willingness or lack thereof to engage in collaboration.The research data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with a selection of occupants across three selective coworking spaces in Malmö. The findings of this research indicate that there are correlations between occupant types, their collaboration approach and their willingness to collaborate. Therefore, the effort to promote collaboration at coworking spaces needs to be a responsibility shared between the occupants and the community managers.

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Academia and industry both report benefits to forming and maintaining collaborative research partnerships. As organizations come together to participate in these partnerships, each brings their own set of operational norms and strategic goals. Some of these norms and goals are complementary, but others can be conflicting. University-industry research partnerships (UIRPs) in particular are susceptible to conflicts for at least four major reasons: 1) there are strategic differences in the purposes of industry and academia that can result in misalignment of goals and unrealistic expectations; 2) each organization has different operational norms and discord can arise from misunderstandings among participants; 3) many UIRPs function as virtual teams and are susceptible to miscommunication that arises when face-to-face communications are missing; and, 4) UIRPs are knowledge-based organizations meaning that their primary purpose is to translate research into applicable technology that is a largely intangible process and therefore, difficult to manage. The conflicts that can arise from these misalignments, misunderstandings, miscommunications, and mismanagement can deteriorate trust and can become detrimental to a partnership. Trust has been cited as being a factor in adequately addressing conflict and reducing the potentially detrimental effects of each characteristic. This makes the need to proactively cultivate trusting relationships in UIRPs critical. The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the role of trust in university-industry research partnership performance. The study was designed as a convergent parallel mixed methods research design utilizing an online questionnaire administered to boundary role spanning academic and industry UIRP participants for the quantitative study and interviews of the academic-industry leadership teams for the qualitative study. Following independent analyses of each study, an integrative discussion of the results of both studies more holistically described the role of trust in UIRPs. The research results enhance our understanding of the role of trust in UIRPs and suggest empirically-based guidelines for managing trust and sustaining positive, long-term UIRP performance. / Ph. D.

Organisations are constantly called on to justify their actions to internal and external constituents. What happens if these constituents have divergent or conflicting opinions of what constitutes misconduct? This thesis uses the case of accountability for publicly financed elderly care performed by private providers to explore this question. The study demonstrates how accountability can be conceptualized as an ongoing process concerned with answering two questions: what constitutes satisfactory or unsatisfactory conducts, and who is accountable to whom? Both the private care providers and the municipal regions that finance them make continuous efforts to shape the answers to these questions by drawing on different forms of accounting information, norms, and influence in the course of their accountability processes. These local processes are affected by and interact with a surrounding network of direct and indirect accountability relationships between national supervision agencies, the media, elderly care clients, clients’ families, and the care providers’ and regions’ own hierarchies. The study argues that the dilemmas created by this network mean that care providers and regions are on the one hand trying to influence their mutual accountability processes to their own advantage, while on the other working as one unit to navigate overlapping areas of accountability, mutual dependency, and the unpredictability of external demands. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Stockholm School of Economics, 2014</p>

追求永續成長是所有營利企業的主要目標之一，公司為了成長，希望有更多下單量，但產品能夠運用的範圍有限，因此常會發生一家企業供貨給多間客戶的狀況，由企業內不同單位服務不同客戶，然而客戶跟客戶之間的產品或服務類型相似，客戶之間彼此互為競爭關係，但有時候也有需要合作的狀況；而企業內部資源有限，所以不同單位間也可能產生競爭或合作關係以獲得有限的資源，過去文獻較多分開討論企業內部的競爭或企業之間的競爭，較少提及客戶端的競合會如何影響企業內部的競合，因此在本研究當中，將從從定位學派(positioning school)、資源基礎觀點(resource-based view of the firm)、動態能力(dynamic capability)探討競爭，從資源依賴(resource-dependence theory)、社會網絡理論(social network theory)，以及社會交換論(social exchange theory，SET)瞭解合作，再藉由質化訪談電子零組件廠、食品烘焙廠、電子零組件貿易及代理商以及化工廠，探討客戶端的競爭或合作關係如何影響焦點公司內部單位之間的競爭與合作。本研究發現，除了客戶端的競爭或合作會影響組織內部不同單位間的競爭或合作外，組織層級是否能提供足夠的資源給組織內的單位是單位間採取競爭或合作的重要因素，從研究中可推導出四項結論：1. 上市櫃公司因為專業經理人需要顧及財報數字對股價的影響，會適時照顧業績不佳的單位；私人公司因為非專業經理人，則完全利潤導向，無須特別照顧績效不佳的單位。2.當客戶端狀況為競爭，且客戶對企業的影響力相當時，若組織的資源不足，組織層級希望組織內單位間在創價流程以及有形或無形資源互相配合，採取合作；而組織內單位間在創價流程以及有形或無形資源上採取競爭。3. 當客戶端狀況為競爭，且客戶對企業的影響力不相當時，若組織層級的資源不足，組織層級則希望小客戶單位採取合作，在創價流程、知識與能力以及有形或無形資源上配合大客戶單位；而組織內的大客戶單位在創價流程以及有形或無形資源上會對小客戶單位採取競爭，小客戶單位在創價流程、知識與能力以及有形或無形資源上配合大客戶單位，採取合作。4. 客戶端狀況為競爭，且客戶對企業的影響力不相當時，若組織層級資源足夠時，組織層級希望組織內大客戶單位和小客戶單位在創價流程以及有形或無形資源上互相配合，採取合作；組織內大客戶單位對小客戶單位在創價流程上會採取合作，而小客戶單位對大客戶單位在創價流程與知識能力上會進行配合，採取合作。

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la façon dont différentes organisations sont impliquées dans des relations inter-organisationnelles (RIO), en nous centrant sur le secteur culturel. Dans le cadre de méta-organisations cette recherche a pour but de mieux comprendre le déroulement des processus internes des groupes inter-organisationnels par l’analyse des relations entre les individus au sein de ces GIO. Nous souhaitons améliorer leurs chances de succès. Pour analyser les relations entre les individus au sein de ces GIO, nous introduisons le concept d’identification inter-organisationnelle et celui de la compétence collective. Nous considérons que ces deux concepts nous permettent de comprendre la réussite, la stagnation ou l’échec des méta-organisations. Nous allons montrer à travers cette recherche doctorale qu’il est nécessaire de développer une compétence collective, autrement dit, la compétence du collectif de travail inter-organisationnel sur le long terme, pour assurer le succès de la RIO, et que l’identification inter-organisationnelle joue un rôle déterminant dans ce processus. Ainsi, grâce à une étude de cas comparative à visée explicative, dans le secteur culturel, cette thèse propose un modèle qui permet de comprendre le lien entre l’émergence d’une identification et une compétence collective et de mettre en évidence des moyens de management qui permettent d’améliorer les relations inter-organisationnelles. / This thesis looks at the way different organizations are involved in inter-organizational relations (IOR), with a focus on the cultural sector. In the context of meta-organizations, the aim of this research is to better understand how the internal processes in inter-organizational groups take place by analysing the relationships between individuals within those groups. In so doing, we hope to improve their chances of success. To analyse these relationships, we introduce the concept of inter-organizational identification and that of collective competence. We believe that these two concepts can provide us with a better understanding of the success, stagnation or failure of meta-organizations. This doctoral research will demonstrate that it is necessary to develop collective competence, i.e. competence at the level of the inter-organizational working group in the long term, in order to ensure the success of IOR. It will also reveal that inter-organizational identification plays a crucial role in this process. Based on an explanatory comparative case study in the cultural sector, a model is proposed with which to understand the link between the emergence of identification and collective competence and to highlight the management approaches that can be used to improve inter-organizational relations.