Background The inter- and intra-subject variations of scintigraphy, which are used to identify colonic transit disturbances in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), are unclear. The relationship between colonic transit and bowel functions is incompletely understood. To assess inter- and intra-subject variations of scintigraphic colonic transit measurements in 86 IBS patients and 17 healthy subjects and to quantify the relationship between colonic transit and bowel symptoms in 147 IBS patients and 46 healthy subjects. Methods Data from participants with multiple colonic transit measurements were analysed. Primary end points were colonic filling at 6 h (CF6h) and geometric center (GC) at 24 and 48 h for colonic transit. Bowel functions were assessed by daily stool diaries. Key Results Inter- and intra-subject variations were greater for small intestinal than colonic transit. Overall, inter- and intra-subject variations were relatively narrow for colonic transit (both GC24h and GC48h, with lower COV at 48 h); there was little intra-subject variation in health and IBS-constipation over a period of ≤3 weeks and over 2.0 years (median, range 0.1, 11.0 years). Significant intra-individual differences in GC24h were observed only in IBS-D patients. Colonic transit was significantly associated with stool form (accounting for 19-27% of the variance), frequency (19%), and ease of stool passage (12%). Conclusions & Inferences Despite inter-subject variation in scintigraphic colonic transit results, the intra-subject measurements are reproducible over time in healthy volunteers and patients with IBS; significant changes in colonic transit at 24 h were observed only in IBS-D. Colonic transit is associated with stool form, frequency and ease of passage.

In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, inter-subject anatomical variability of the human brain has been a major challenge in finding reliable functional/anatomical correspondences. Assessment of brain-behavior relations involves a series of geometrical/statistical operations on brain images to minimize such inter-subject variability, so that group maps of brain activity relative to brain anatomy can be developed. Various methods of image registration, segmentation, and analysis have been proposed for mapping functional activity on to anatomical atlases of the brain. The two most common techniques that have been widely accepted and used by neuroimaging scientists are volume-based (VB) analysis using group registration methods and region-of-interest (ROI)-based methods using automated segmentation algorithms or macro/microanatomical probabilistic atlases for labeling. Nevertheless, the analysis results based on these techniques are significantly affected by the accuracy of the selected segmentation and/or registration methods. Furthermore, conventional fMRI data analysis techniques (VB, and ROI-based methods) mainly rely on the assumption that brain processes are common and universal among individual humans; however, besides anatomical differences, there also exist cognitive and behavioral variability among individuals due to differential engagement of brain networks even when performing an identical cognitive task. In this thesis, I have assessed the impact of anatomy-based alignment techniques (VB, and ROI-based methods) on sensitivity of fMRI data group analysis. I evaluated the effect of the type of inter-subject registration used and related factors on sensitivity of group-level fMRI data analysis. Furthermore, I have also assessed the goodness of fit of probabilistic maps by proposing an evidence-based framework for evaluation of probabilistic maps. As a test model, I have selected the human auditory cortex. Auditory cortex is an interesting yet challenging case with substantial inter-individual functional/anatomical variability. For the sake of ROI-based method of analysis, I have proposed a novel approach for automatic segmentation of Heschl's gyrus, which is the landmark for primary auditory cortex. Finally, in order to assess the impact of inter-subject variability in anatomy on functional organization, I analyze data from an fMRI study, which demonstrates that the degree to which anatomical registration compensates for functional variability depends on the brain region activated. / Thesis (Ph.D, Computing) -- Queen's University, 2010-04-29 07:07:55.77

The diploma thesis is devoted to the inter-subject relationships of mathematics and geography. The aim of this thesis is to study real situations from the environment of geography, which have a mathematical basis, and to create a set of application examples for teaching at primary and secondary school. The work should show that mathematics is connected not only to physics, chemistry, biology, but also to geography, and that it occurs in many real-world situations.

Bioequivalence determines if two drugs are alike. The three kinds of bioequivalence are Average, Population, and Individual Bioequivalence. These Bioequivalence criteria can be evaluated using aggregate and disaggregate methods. Considerable work assessing bioequivalence in a frequentist method exists, but the advantages of Bayesian methods for Bioequivalence have been recently explored. Variance parameters are essential to any of theses existing Bayesian Bioequivalence metrics. Usually, the prior distributions for model parameters use either informative priors or vague priors. The Bioequivalence inference may be sensitive to the prior distribution on the variances. Recently, there have been questions about the routine use of inverse gamma priors for variance parameters. In this paper we examine the effect that changing the prior distribution of the variance parameters has on Bayesian models for assessing Bioequivalence and the carry-over effect. We explore our method with some real data sets from the FDA.

The goal of my diploma thesisis to create a set of tasks for education at basic school. This thesis is especially focused on realization of tasks from practice.In theoretical part I deal with complex of inter-subject relations between described branches in this work, computer support, selection of 3D CAD programmes at basic school with regard to price availability and technical designing (drawing). The practical part is focused on working papers. This part allows the construction of product using the calculation of word task. This calculation makes theimage about that product easier and allows creation of model in the CAD programme and the final production. This thesis is checked up by pupils in ninth degree of basic school. The fundamental part of this work forms appendix of working papers, which are prepared for education. I consider the approachof solving the tasks for pupils at second degree of basic school to be innovative.

The underlying causes of variability in the electrical activity of hearts from individuals of the same species are not well understood. Understanding this variability is important to enable prediction of the response of individual hearts to diseases and therapies. Current experimental and computational methods for investigating the behaviour of the heart do not incorporate biological variation between individuals. In experimental studies, experimental results are averaged together to control errors and determine the average behaviour of the studied organism. In computational studies, averaged experimental data is usually used to develop models, and these models therefore represent a 'typical' organism, with all information on variability within the species having been lost. In this thesis we develop a methodology for modelling variability between individuals of the same species in cardiac cellular electrophysiology, motivated by the inability of traditional computational modelling approaches to capture experimental variability. A first study is conducted using traditional modelling approaches to investigate potentially pro-arrhythmic abnormalities in rabbit Purkinje fibres. A comparison with experimental recordings highlights their wide variability and the inability of existing computer modelling approaches to capture it. This leads to the development of a novel methodology that integrates the variability observed in experimental data with computational modelling and simulation, by building experimentally-calibrated populations of computational models, that collectively span the variability seen in experimental data. We apply this methodology to construct a population of rabbit Purkinje cell models. We show that our population of models can quantitatively predict the range of responses, not just the average response, to application of the potassium channel blocking drug dofetilide. This demonstrates an important potential application of our methodology, for predicting pro-arrhythmic drug effects in safety pharmacology. We then analyse a data set of experimental recordings from human ventricular tissue preparations, and use this data to develop a population of human ventricular cell models. We apply this population to study how variability between individuals alters the susceptibility of cardiac cells to developing drug-induced repolarisation abnormalities. These abnormalities can increase the chance of fatal arrhythmias, but the mechanisms that determine individual susceptibility are not well-understood.

The theme of this diploma thesis is GPS devices in teaching as a means of developing inter-subject relations between educational fields of Geography and English language at the 2nd stage of elementary school (on the example of ORP Chotěboř). Presented work consists of theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part includes the methodology of creating both parts, where the author introduces the whole process of making her work. The first part contains the theoretical background, where the author briefly introduces the basic concepts; the chapter focus on GPS devices, their potential use in teaching and the possibilities for inter-subject relations. The integral part of the theoretical part, especially for its thematic setting, is the study of curriculum documents. The practical part of this work contains educational activities that connecting curriculum of the local region, ie. geography, with English language. All presented educational activities consist of the introductory part and a methodical commentary.

This thesis deals with the possibilities of working with the selected writing repertoire in the 3rd-5th year of primary school. The aim is to present a wider range of musical activities with a focus on vocal activities for the five selected songs. The first part of the thesis consists of a theoretical part, in which we characterize the physical, psychological, musical and vocal development of pupils of younger school age. In the following chapters, we set out the criteria for selecting a singing repertoire and analyze selected publications in which we can be inspired in its selection. Based on the selected criteria, we present a sand repertoire compiled according to the course of the school year. For each selected song we present the introductory motivation, suggestions for talking about the song, training vocal exercises, recommended method of its rehearsal, dance rendition and instrumental accompaniment. For these songs, the reader will also find possibilities of inter-subject connection, for example with art education, drama education of homeland science or natural science. Some of the submitted initiatives partly meet cross-cutting topics, namely multicultural and environmental education. From the proposed activities we compiled models of teaching hours with a focus on song rehearsal, through...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T14:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Sumaia Ganej Domingues.pdf: 20179518 bytes, checksum: 15546bdc6337f1094bda5c608c19c887 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-20 / nenhum / This dissertation has as a theme the organization of teaching-learning through projects at a public high school in the state of Sao Paulo. The study arises from the necessity of searching which elements involved in such a kind of curriculum organization, might contribute for its pertinence, continuity and implementation. It aims to promote the development of the pedagogy of projects, analyzing how that tool may accomplish learning more effectively, providing this way new dynamics in the curriculum. The theoretical reference for the analysis is made of authors who provide ways of reflecting on the theme, that is to say, the teaching-learning through projects in different periods of school education. Ideas of Comenius´s , Jean-Jacques Rousseau s , John Dewey s, Decroly´s, Paulo Freire´s and Fernando Hernandez s were approached . Being aware that working with projects is still a practice installed within the school environment without enough criteria, concept, and previous preparation or enabling of mentioned professionals, this research adopts the methodology of case study, through observation and participation in the implementation of a project. The intention is to analyze this practice which brings important changes in the process of teaching-learning, as well as it shows the difficulties, advances and lessons that one can take from such a kind of curriculum organization. By the obtained results through the study and analysis of an implanted project in a high school from the state of Sao Paulo, it is possible to notice that the administrative and pedagogical organization of school and the commitment between school and community allow that the teaching-learning through project be a decisive link at the school routine, contributing to the building of its identity and also making an advance in the curriculum conceptions and practices / Esta dissertação tem como tema a organização do ensino aprendizagem por projetos numa escola pública de Ensino Médio do Estado de São Paulo.O estudo surge a partir da necessidade de se pesquisar quais elementos envolvidos nesse tipo de organização curricular contribuem para sua pertinência, continuidade e implementação.Seu objetivo é promover o estudo sobre a pedagogia de projetos; analisando como esse dispositivo pode realizar de modo mais eficaz o aprendizado, proporcionando novas dinâmicas no meio escolar. O referencial teórico para a análise constitui-se de autores que proporcionam caminhos de reflexão sobre o tema: o ensino aprendizagem por projetos em diferentes épocas da educação escolar.Foram abordadas as idéias de Comenius, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Dewey, Decroly, Paulo Freire e Fernando Hernandéz. Consciente de que o trabalho com projetos ainda é uma prática instalada dentro do ambiente escolar sem critérios, conceituação e prévia preparação e capacitação do profissional, esta pesquisa adota a metodologia de um estudo de caso, por meio de observação e participação na implementação de um projeto, pretende analisar essa prática que, de certa forma, traz mudanças e rupturas no processo ensino aprendizagem, e também mostrar as dificuldades, os avanços e as lições que se podem tirar desse tipo de organização curricular. Pelos resultados obtidos numa escola de Ensino Médio do Estado de São Paulo, é possível verificar que a organização administrativa e pedagógica da escola e o envolvimento da equipe escolar e da comunidade permitem que o ensino aprendizagem por projetos seja um elo decisivo no cotidiano da escola contribuindo para a construção de sua identidade

The characteristic of sport activities taught in classes in the first five years of primary school. The proposal of sport activities, which could be done both during classes and during breaks. Offering pupils various possibilities to sport activities. Enrich the ordinary day of pupil by sport activities.