This project is about exploring a textile surface with the design elements of sound, physical contact and tactility. It is interesting to analyse how audio and physical elements can help stimulate the human senses. The aim is to bring these elements into a design context and create a textile surface that can give people a sensory and spatial experience. Through tufting it is possible to work with long and short pile, which adds tactile values in the material. The outcome of this exploration is a vast tufted landscape that partly covers the wall and continues out on the floor. The surface has an abstract visual appearance with irregular shapes that defines the different material. The large scale has an overwhelming effect and invites people to interact and explore the surface. This challenges the fundamental structures of architecture and increases the importance of tactile and human senses, such as curiosity in spatial environments

Les travaux de cette thèse ont eu pour but la conception de guides d'onde dans des verres de chalcogénure, par une technique de photo-inscription. Celle-ci consiste à focaliser un laser femtoseconde dans le matériau et de l'interaction lumière-matière, il en résulte une variation d'indice de réfraction (Δn) permanente. Cette technique est rapide, en une seule étape et ne nécéssite pas l'intervention de processus chimique. De plus, elle permet la réelle conception de dispositifs en trois dimensions. Deux verres ont été étudiés, le GeGaS et l'As₂S₃. Les phénomènes responsables de ces modifications ont été étudiés et décrits pour chacun des verres. Dans le premier verre, la propagation d'un faisceau sous la forme de filament a été mise en évidence. Du déplacement des charges, il découle une modification de la structure du réseau vitreux qui conduit à une variation d'indice positive. Cette As₂S₃ a été étudiée et il a été montré que son amplitude est contrôlable au travers du taux de répétition du laser ou de la vitesse de déplacement de l'échantillon, alors que son diamètre reste constant indépendamment des conditions expérimentales. Dans le deuxième verre, des effets d'origine thermique ont été mis en évidence. Pour ce verre d'As₂S₃, alors que les Δn obtenues classiquement sont négatives, l'utilisation d'une trajectoire hélicoïdale innovante a mené à la réalisation de guides d'onde. Après une analyse systématique des différents paramètres expérimentaux, une maîtrise de l'amplitude de Δn et du diamètre du guide a été obtenue. Ainsi, des guides d'ondes monomodes, avec des propriétés équivalentes à l'état de l'art, ont été réalisé en une seule étape. / This thesis aimed at the waveguide conception in chalcogenide glass, with a photo-writing technique. This one consists on a laser focus into the material, from the light-matter interaction it results a permanent refractive index variation (Δn). This technique is fast, single step and it doesn't require any chemical process intervention. Furthermore it really enables the three dimensional devices design. Two glasses were studied, one is the GeGaS and the other the As₂S₃. The responsible phenomena of these modifications was studied and described for each of the glasses. In the first one, the beam propagation on a filament form was highlighting. From the charge displacement, it ensues a modification of the glassy network structure which leads to a positive index variation. This Δn was studied and it was shown that its amplitude is controllable trhough the laser repetition rate or with the sample displacement velocity while its diameter remains constant independently of the experimental conditions. Into the second glass, effects of thermal origin were highlighted. For this As₂S₃ glass, while classical photo-writing Δn are negative, the use of an innovative helical trajectory led to the waveguide conception. After a systematic analysis of the experimental parameter influence, a control of the Δn amplitude and of the waveguide diameter was obtaines. So, monomode waveguides, with equivalent properties to the state-of-the-art, were realized in a single step.

Cette thèse se concentre sur l'étude numérique de l'interaction laser ultrabref avec les diélectriques transparents. En particulier, le phénomène d'auto-organisation des nanoréseaux dans la silice est discuté et un modèle multiphysique est proposé pour expliquer le mécanisme de leur formation. Les nanoréseaux en volume sont des nanostructures périodiques de périodicité sub-longueur d'onde, qui consistent en un matériau moins dense et sont générés par une irradiation laser multi-impulsionnelle femtoseconde dans certains verres, cristaux et semiconducteurs. Leur origine physique ainsi que les conditions d'irradiation laser pour leur formation et leur effacement sont investiguées dans ce travail théorique. Pour simuler la propagation nonlinéaire dans les verres, les équations de Maxwell sont couplées avec l'équation d'évolution de la densité électronique. Il est démontré que les nanoplasmas périodiques 3D sont formés pendant l'interaction laser ultrabref avec les inhomogénéités de la silice fondue. Les nanopores induits par laser sont supposés jouer le rôle de centres inhomogènes de diffusion. La périodicité sub-longueur d'onde et l'orientation des nanoplasmas dépendante de la polarisation, révélées dans cette thèse, font d'eux un excellent candidat pour expliquer la formation des nanoréseaux en volume. En plus, il est demontré que les nano-ripples sur la surface de silice fondue et les nanoréseaux en volume ont des mécanismes de formation similaires. Pour justifier la présence de nanopores dans la silice fondue irradiée par laser, les processus de décomposition du verre sont étudiés. Premièrement, les profils de température sont calculés sur la base d'un modèle électron-ion. Ensuite, à partir des températures calculées, des critères de cavitation et de nucléation dans le verre ainsi que des équations hydrodynamiques de Rayleigh-Plesset, les conditions pour la formation des nanopores et la survie des nanoréseaux en volume sont élucidées. Pour établir les dépendances des paramètres du laser de formation et d'effacement des nanoréseaux en volume, l'approche multiphysique est développée comprenant la propagation du laser ultrabref dans le verre, les processus d'excitation/relaxation électroniques et le modèle à deux températures. Les résultats numériques fournissent les paramètres du laser en fonction de l'énergie de l'impulsion, sa durée et le taux de répétition pour induire des nanoréseaux en volume, en bon accord avec les expériences nombreuses et indépendantes de la littérature. Le travail réalisé a non seulement permis de déterminer les mécanismes de formation des nanostructures périodiques mais améliore également notre connaissance du contrôle optimal des paramètres du laser sur la réponse ultrarapide d matériau, en ouvrant des nouvelles opportunités de traitement des diélectriques par laser ultrabref / This thesis is focused on the numerical modeling of ultrashort laser interaction with transparent dielectrics. More particularly, the phenomenon of self-organized volume nanogratings in fused silica bulk is discussed and a multiphysical model is proposed to explain the mechanism of their formation. Volume nanogratings are sub-wavelength periodic nanostructures, consisting of less dense material, which are commonly induced by multipulse femtosecond laser irradiation in some glasses, crystals and indirect semiconductors. Their physical origin as well as the laser irradiation conditions for theirformation and erasure are investigated in this theoretical work. To model the nonlinear propagation inside glass, Maxwell's equations are coupled with rate equation. It is shown that three-dimensional periodic nanoplasmas are formed during ultrashort laser interaction with fused silica inhomogeneities. Laser-induced nanopores are proposed to play the role of inhomogeneous scattering centers. Subwavelength periodicity and polarization dependent orientation of the nanoplasmas, revealed in this thesis, make them a strong candidate for explaining volume nanogratings formation. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the nanoripples on fused silica surface and volume nanogratings have similar formation mechanisms. To justify the presence of nanopores in laser-irradiated fused silica bulk, glass decomposition processes are investigated. Firstly, the temperature profiles are found by incorporating the electron-ion temperature model. Then, based on the calculated temperatures, criteria for cavitation and nucleation in glass and also hydrodynamic Rayleigh-Plesset equation, the conditions for nanopores formation and for volume nanogratings survival are elucidated. To define the laser parameter dependencies on the volume nanogratings formation/erasure, a selfconsistent multiphysical approach is developed including ultrafast laser propagation in glass, multiple rate equation to take into account excitation/relaxation processes and two-temperature model. The numerical results provide a laser parameter window as a function of laser pulse energy, laser pulse duration and repetition rate for volume nanogratings consistent with numerous independent experiments. The performed work not only provides new insights into the formation mechanisms of periodic nanostructures but also improves our knowledge of the optimal laser parameter control over ultrafast material response, opening new opportunities in ultrashort laser processing of dielectrics

Gli obiettivi della presente tesi sono di analizzare, nei bambini con sviluppo tipico e atipico, la costruzione dell'intersoggettività attraverso l'uso di oggetti nello sviluppo atipico (ASD) e attraverso l'interazione con un robot umanoide nello sviluppo tipico. Per quanto riguarda i robot umanoidi, il problema è osservare la possibile attribuzione di caratteristiche simili all'uomo a un robot che possa rendere l'interazione uomo-robot simile all'interazione uomo-uomo che è una classica interazione intersoggettiva per la presenza di due soggetti umani. Questo scopo viene indagato considerando due quadri teorici: 1) la Teoria della Mente che spiegano la costruzione dell'intersoggettività attraverso l'attribuzione di stati mentali ad altri; 2) Prospettiva socio-materiale che postula che in molti casi la costruzione dell'intersoggettività sia mediata dagli oggetti. Quindi, la domanda che sorge in questa dissertazione sui robot umanoidi è: cosa succede quando l'oggetto mediatore (il robot) è anche il partner interattivo. Per raggiungere questo scopo, la presente tesi investiga due temi principali: 1) i modelli di interazione con e l'attribuzione di una mente a un robot da parte di bambini con sviluppo tipico; 2) i modelli di interazione nello sviluppo atipico - bambini autistici - in un'interazione bambino-adulto mediata da oggetti. Il primo tema viene analizzato in una prospettiva teorica e un approccio metodologico innovativi, che porta a una comprensione dell'interazione bambino-robot. La prospettiva teorica collega il ruolo della Teoria della Mente alll'HRI; l'approccio metodologico osserva le strategie decisionali dei bambini nell'HRI, confrontando questi modelli comportamentali quando i bambini interagiscono con un essere umano e con un robot. Il secondo tema della tesi riguarda il ruolo dell'oggetto come mediatore della relazione tra bambini autistici e adulti. Questo viene studiato attraverso la prospettiva socio-materiale che suggerisce che le caratteristiche materiali degli oggetti e le loro qualità sociali intrinseche siano strettamente connesse. / The aims of the present dissertation are to analyse, in children with typical and atypical development, the construction of the intersubjectivity through the use of objects in atypical development (ASD) and through the interaction with a humanoid robot in typical development. About the humanoid robots, the issue is to observe the possible attribution of human-like features to a robot that can make the human-robot interaction similar to the human-human interaction that is a classic intersubjective interaction because of the presence of two human subjects. This purpose is investigated considering two theoretical frameworks: 1) Theory of Mind that explain the construction of the intersubjectivity through the attribution of mental states to others; 2) Socio-material perspective which postulates that the construction of the intersubjectivity is mediated by objects in many cases. Thus, the question arises in this dissertation about the humanoid robot is: what happen when the mediator object (the robot) is also the interactive partner. To achieve this purposes, the present thesis studies two main topics: 1) the interactional patterns with and the attribution of a mind to a robot by typically developing children; 2) the interactional patterns in atypical development - autistic children - in a child-adult interaction mediated by objects. The first topic is analysed in an innovative theoretical perspective and a through novel methodological approach, leading to an innovative understanding of the child-robot interaction. The theoretical perspective connects the role of Theory of Mind in HRI; the methodological approach observes children’s decision-making strategies in the HRI, comparing these behavioural patterns when children interact with a human and with a robot. The second issue of the thesis is about the role of the object as mediator of the relationship between autistic children and adults. This is studied through the Socio- material perspective that hypothesised that material features of the objects and their intrinsic social qualities are strictly connected.