学位授与大学：京都大学 ; 取得学位: 博士(工学) ; 学位授与年月日: 2007-09-25 ; 学位の種類: 新制・課程博士 ; 学位記番号: 工博第2855号 ; 請求記号: 新制/工/1420 ; 整理番号: 25540 / Design problem solving behavior refers to the way in which people solve their creative problem of design in their mind. It is one of the basic problems in the area of design methodology, which varies greatly by cases and designers. On the other hand, there are still some general ways or commonness as the core. Because of the complexity of design problem solving behavior, it is still not understood very well. This dissertation dives into the problem of design problem solving behavior too and tried to provide a general view of it, including both the general strategies and the temporary tactics. But differs from many other researches, it employed a confined and well-structured simulation of manual design process by employing the method of interactive evolutionary computation (IEC) to extract design problem solving behavior objectively. The simulated design process provided a comparable and statistically analyzable model for exploring design problem solving behavior of people, and made the findings of this dissertation more reliable. The design problem of interior works of Chinese residents, which need little special knowledge to solve, was selected as the design problem in this dissertation. The method of IEC was applied in interior works design for helping the Chinese residents to solve the practical interior works design problems, and inducing the design problem solving behavior of them. The dissertation contains 6 chapters, including the general introduction (chapter 1), the main body (chapter 2 to 5), and the conclusion (chapter 6). The main body can be further divided into two parts. In the first part (chapter 2 and 3) the IEC interior works (IECIW) design system was developed, and evaluated by a large amount of Chinese residents on its usability and disadvantage. After the preparation of method in the first part, the second part (chapter 4 and 5) presented two parallel researches on participants’ design problem solving behavior in design process using IEC in order to approach the design problem solving behavior in common design processes. Chapter 1 introduces the background and purpose of the research, reviewed related literatures, and the frame work of the dissertation. In chapter 2, IEC method was tentatively applied in the problem of interior works design. 7 color and texture related factors of the living room of a typical apartment in Beijing were selected as design factors in the IEC IW design system. Through 3 experiments, the IEC IW design system was found effective in interior works design and heuristic for the two tested Chinese students. The effect of increasing population size was also found significantly increasing the efficiency of the system. In chapter 3, the developed IEC IW design system was tentatively used by 231 Chinese residents to evaluate its usability and disadvantage in real design problems of interior works. It was concluded that the IEC IW design system is useful for the residents, and it was also found that older participants, and those with lower education and family income levels, gave the system better evaluations. Chapter 4 started to explore problem solving behavior of people in design tasks through simulated design process for interior works using IEC. Data of design process employing IEC of 8 Chinese participants were collected. Through analysis of design problem solving process, it was revealed that people tend to do what they are certain of firstly, and make harder decisions later. It was also found that people did not tend to move their eyes to a faraway image in the interface constantly, which was considered more convenient for them. Chapter 5 continued to explore problem solving behavior of the 8 participants' interior works design process employing IEC. The method of protocol analysis was employed to analyze verbal reports of the participants. It was revealed that different parts of the interior scene have different influence on people's evaluation, and people tended to use same evaluation criterion continuously on several images, then switch to another evaluation criterion. 3 stages of design problem solving behavior along the process were also explained. Chapter 6 summarizes the findings in the dissertation, presents the general discussion and perspective, and proposed some research in the future. / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第13384号 / 工博第2855号 / 新制||工||1420(附属図書館) / 25540 / UT51-2007-Q785 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 宗本 順三, 教授 上谷 宏二, 教授 加藤 直樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

The field of evolutionary computation is inspired by the achievements of natural evolution, in which there is no final objective. Yet the pursuit of objectives is ubiquitous in simulated evolution because evolutionary algorithms that can consistently achieve established benchmarks are lauded as successful, thus reinforcing this paradigm. A significant problem is that such objective approaches assume that intermediate stepping stones will increasingly resemble the final objective when in fact they often do not. The consequence is that while solutions may exist, searching for such objectives may not discover them. This problem with objectives is demonstrated through an experiment in this dissertation that compares how images discovered serendipitously during interactive evolution in an online system called Picbreeder cannot be rediscovered when they become the final objective of the very same algorithm that originally evolved them. This negative result demonstrates that pursuing an objective limits evolution by selecting offspring only based on the final objective. Furthermore, even when high fitness is achieved, the experimental results suggest that the resulting solutions are typically brittle, piecewise representations that only perform well by exploiting idiosyncratic features in the target. In response to this problem, the dissertation next highlights the importance of leveraging human insight during search as an alternative to articulating explicit objectives. In particular, a new approach called novelty-assisted interactive evolutionary computation (NA-IEC) combines human intuition with a method called novelty search for the first time to facilitate the serendipitous discovery of agent behaviors. iii In this approach, the human user directs evolution by selecting what is interesting from the on-screen population of behaviors. However, unlike in typical IEC, the user can then request that the next generation be filled with novel descendants, as opposed to only the direct descendants of typical IEC. The result of such an approach, unconstrained by a priori objectives, is that it traverses key stepping stones that ultimately accumulate meaningful domain knowledge. To establishes this new evolutionary approach based on the serendipitous discovery of key stepping stones during evolution, this dissertation consists of four key contributions: (1) The first contribution establishes the deleterious effects of a priori objectives on evolution. The second (2) introduces the NA-IEC approach as an alternative to traditional objective-based approaches. The third (3) is a proof-of-concept that demonstrates how combining human insight with novelty search finds solutions significantly faster and at lower genomic complexities than fully-automated processes, including pure novelty search, suggesting an important role for human users in the search for solutions. Finally, (4) the NA-IEC approach is applied in a challenge domain wherein leveraging human intuition and domain knowledge accelerates the evolution of solutions for the nontrivial octopus-arm control task. The culmination of these contributions demonstrates the importance of incorporating human insights into simulated evolution as a means to discovering better solutions more rapidly than traditional approaches.

Geodynamic modelling, via computer simulations, offers an easily controllable method for investigating the behaviour of an Earth system and providing feedback to conceptual models of geological evolution. However, most available computer codes have been developed for engineering or hydrological applications, where strains are small and post-failure deformation is not studied. Such codes cannot simultaneously model large deformation and porous fluid flow. To remedy this situation in the face of tectonic modelling, a numerical approach was developed to incorporate porous fluid flow into an existing high-deformation code called Ellipsis. The resulting software, with these twin capabilities, simulates the evolution of highly deformed tectonic regimes where fluid flow is important, such as in mineral provinces. A realistic description of deformation depends on the accurate characterisation of material properties and the laws governing material behaviour. Aside from the development of appropriate physics, it can be a difficult task to find a set of model parameters, including material properties and initial geometries, that can reproduce some conceptual target. In this context, an interactive system for the rapid exploration of model parameter space, and for the evaluation of all model results, replaces the traditional but time-consuming approach of finding a result via trial and error. The visualisation of all solutions in such a search of parameter space, through simple graphical tools, adds a new degree of understanding to the effects of variations in the parameters, the importance of each parameter in controlling a solution, and the degree of coverage of the parameter space. Two final applications of the software code and interactive parameter search illustrate the power of numerical modelling within the feedback loop to field observations. In the first example, vertical rheological contrasts between the upper and lower crust, most easily related to thermal profiles and mineralogy, exert a greater control over the mode of crustal extension than any other parameters. A weak lower crust promotes large fault spacing with high displacements, often overriding initial close fault spacing, to lead eventually to metamorphic core complex formation. In the second case, specifically tied to the history of compressional orogenies in northern Nevada, exploration of model parameters shows that the natural reactivation of early normal faults in the Proterozoic basement, regardless of basement topography or rheological contrasts, would explain the subsequent elevation and gravitationally-induced thrusting of sedimentary layers over the Carlin gold trend, providing pathways and ponding sites for mineral-bearing fluids.

This thesis describes the addition of novel Geometric Guides to a generative Computer-Aided Design (CAD) application that supports early-stage concept generation. The application generates and evolves abstract 3D shapes, used to inspire the form of new product concepts. It was previously a conventional Interactive Evolutionary system where users selected shapes from evolving populations. However, design industry users wanted more control over the shapes, for example by allowing the system to influence the proportions of evolving forms. The solution researched, developed, integrated and tested is a more cooperative human-machine system combining classic user interaction with innovative geometric analysis. In the literature review, different types of Interactive Evolutionary Computation (IEC), Pose Normalisation (PN), Shape Comparison, and Minimum-Volume Bounding Box approaches are compared, with some of these technologies identified as applicable for this research. Using its Application Programming Interface, add-ins for the Siemens NX CAD system have been developed and integrated with an existing Interactive Evolutionary CAD system. These add-ins allow users to create a Geometric Guide (GG) at the start of a shape exploration session. Before evolving shapes can be compared with the GG, they must be aligned and scaled (known as Pose Normalisation in the literature). Computationally-efficient PN has been achieved using geometric functions such as Bounding Box for translation and scaling, and Principle Axes for the orientation. A shape comparison algorithm has been developed that is based on the principle of non-intersecting volumes. This algorithm is also implemented with standard, readily available geometric functions, is conceptually simple, accessible to other researchers and also offers appropriate efficacy. Objective geometric testing showed that the PN and Shape Comparison methods developed are suitable for this guiding application and can be efficiently adapted to enhance an Interactive Evolutionary Design system. System performance with different population sizes was examined to indicate how best to use the new guiding capabilities to assist users in evolutionary shape searching. This was backed up by participant testing research into two user interaction strategies. A Large Background Population (LBP) approach where the GG is used to select a sub-set of shapes to show to the user was shown to be the most effective. The inclusion of Geometric Guides has taken the research from the existing aesthetic focused tool to a system capable of application to a wider range of engineering design problems. This system supports earlier design processes and ideation in conceptual design and allows a designer to experiment with ideas freely to interactively explore populations of evolving solutions. The design approach has been further improved, and expanded beyond the previous quite limited scope of form exploration.

While it is important for systems intended to enhance musical creativity to define and explore musical ideas conceived by individual users, many limit musical freedom by focusing on maintaining musical structure, thereby impeding the user's freedom to explore his or her individual style. This dissertation presents a comprehensive body of work that introduces a new musical representation that allows users to explore a space of musical rules that are created from their own melodies. This representation, called functional scaffolding for musical composition (FSMC), exploits a simple yet powerful property of multipart compositions: The pattern of notes and rhythms in different instrumental parts of the same song are functionally related. That is, in principle, one part can be expressed as a function of another. Music in FSMC is represented accordingly as a functional relationship between an existing human composition, or scaffold, and an additional generated voice. This relationship is encoded by a type of artificial neural network called a compositional pattern producing network (CPPN). A human user without any musical expertise can then explore how these additional generated voices should relate to the scaffold through an interactive evolutionary process akin to animal breeding. The utility of this insight is validated by two implementations of FSMC called NEAT Drummer and MaestroGenesis, that respectively help users tailor drum patterns and complete multipart arrangements from as little as a single original monophonic track. The five major contributions of this work address the overarching hypothesis in this dissertation that functional relationships alone, rather than specialized music theory, are sufficient for generating plausible additional voices. First, to validate FSMC and determine whether plausible generated voices result from the human-composed scaffold or intrinsic properties of the CPPN, drum patterns are created with NEAT Drummer to accompany several different polyphonic pieces. Extending the FSMC approach to generate pitched voices, the second contribution reinforces the importance of functional transformations through quality assessments that indicate that some partially FSMC-generated pieces are indistinguishable from those that are fully human. While the third contribution focuses on constructing and exploring a space of plausible voices with MaestroGenesis, the fourth presents results from a two-year study where students discuss their creative experience with the program. Finally, the fifth contribution is a plugin for MaestroGenesis called MaestroGenesis Voice (MG-V) that provides users a more natural way to incorporate MaestroGenesis in their creative endeavors by allowing scaffold creation through the human voice. Together, the chapters in this dissertation constitute a comprehensive approach to assisted music generation, enabling creativity without the need for musical expertise.

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Computer-generated music composition programs have yet to produce creative, natural sounding music. To date, most approaches constrain the search space heuristically while ignoring the inherent structure of music over time. To address this problem, this thesis introduces NEAT Drummer, which evolves a special kind of artificial neural network (ANN) called compositional pattern producing networks (CPPNs) with the NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) method for evolving increasingly complex structures. CPPNs in NEAT Drummer input existing human compositions and output an accompanying drum track. The existing musical parts form a scaffold i.e. support structure, for the drum pattern outputs, thereby exploiting the functional relationship of drums to musical parts (e.g. to lead guitar, bru:is, etc.) The results are convincing drum patterns that follow the contours of the original song, validating a new approach to computergenerated music composition.

Els sistemes de conversió de text en parla (CTP-SU) s'encarreguen de produir veu sintètica a partir d'un text d'entrada. Els CTP basats en selecció d'unitats (CTP-SU) recuperen la millor seqüència d'unitats de veu enregistrades prèviament en una base de dades (corpus). La recuperació es realitza mitjançant algorismes de programació dinàmica i una funció de cost ponderada. La ponderació de la funció de cost es realitza típicament de forma manual per part d'un expert. No obstant, l'ajust manual resulta costós des d'un punt de vista de coneixement prèvi, i imprecís en la seva execució. Per tal d'ajustar els pesos de la funció de cost, aquesta tesi parteix de la prova de viabilitat d'ajust perceptiu presentada per Alías (2006) que empra algorismes genètics interactius actius (active interactive Genetic Algorithm - aiGA). Aquesta tesi doctoral investiga les diferents problemàtiques que es presenten en aplicar els aiGAs en l'ajust de pesos d'un CTP-SU en un context real de selecció d'unitats. Primerament la tesi realitza un estudi de l'estat de l'art en l'ajust de pesos. Tot seguit, repassa la idoneïtat de la computació evolutiva interactiva per realitzar l'ajust revisant amb profunditat el treball previ. Llavors es presenten i es validen les propostes de millora. Les quatre línies mestres que guien les contribucions d'aquesta tesi són: la precisió en l'ajust dels pesos, la robustesa dels pesos obtinguts, l'aplicabilitat de la metodologia per qualsevol funció de cost i el consens dels pesos obtinguts incorporant el criteri de diferents usuaris. En termes de precisió la tesi proposa realitzar l'ajust perceptiu per diferents tipus (clústers) d'unitats respectant les seves peculiaritats fonètiques i contextuals. En termes de robustesa la tesi incorpora diferents mètriques evolutives (indicadors) que avaluen aspectes com l'ambigüitat en la cerca, la convergència d'un usuari o el nivell de consens entre diferents usuaris. Posteriorment, per estudiar l'aplicabilitat de la metodologia proposada s'ajusten perceptivament diferents pesos que combinen informació lingüística i simbòlica. La última contribució d'aquesta tesi estudia l'idoneïtat dels models latents per modelar les preferències dels diferents usuaris i obtenir una solució de consens. Paral•lelament, per fer el pas d'una prova de viabilitat a un entorn real de selecció d'unitats es treballa amb un corpus d'extensió mitjana (1.9h) etiquetat automàticament. La tesi permet concloure que l'aiGA a nivell de clúster és una metodologia altament competitiva respecte les altres tècniques d'ajust presents en l'estat de l'art. / Los sistemas de conversión texto-habla (CTH-SU) se encargan de producir voz sintética a partir de un texto de entrada. Los CTH basados en selección de unidades (CTH-SU) recuperan la mejor secuencia de unidades de voz grabadas previamente en una base de datos (corpus). La recuperación se realitza mediante algoritmos de programación dinámica y una función de coste ponderada. La ponderación de la función de coste se realiza típicamente de forma manual por parte de un experto. Sin embargo, el ajuste manual resulta costoso desde un punto de vista de conocimiento previo e impreciso en su ejecución. Para ajustar los pesos de la función de coste, esta tesis parte de la prueba de viabilidad de ajuste perceptivo presentada por Alías (2006) que emplea algoritmos genéticos interactivos activos (active interactive Genetic Algorithm - aiGA). Esta tesis doctoral investiga las diferentes problemáticas que se presentan al aplicar los aiGAs en el ajuste de pesos de un CTH-SU en un contexto real de selección de unidades. Primeramente la tesis realiza un estudio del estado del arte en el ajuste de pesos, posteriormente repasa la idoneidad de la computación evolutiva interactiva para realizar el ajuste revisando en profundidad el trabajo previo. Entonces se presentan y se validan las propuestas de mejora. Las cuatro líneas maestras que guían las contribuciones de esta tesis son: la precisión en el ajuste de los pesos, la robustez de los pesos obtenidos, la aplicabilidad de la metodología para cualquier función de coste y el consenso de los pesos obtenidos incorporando el criterio de diferentes usuarios. En términos de precisión la tesis propone realizar el ajuste perceptivo por diferentes tipos (clusters) de unidades respetando sus peculiaridades fonéticas y contextuales. En términos de robustez la tesis incorpora diferentes métricas evolutivas (indicadores) que evalúan aspectos como la ambigüedad en la búsqueda, la convergencia de un usuario o el nivel de consenso entre diferentes usuarios. Posteriormente, para estudiar la aplicabilidad de la metodología propuesta se ajustan perceptivamente diferentes pesos que combinan información lingüística y simbólica. La última contribución de esta tesis estudia la idoneidad de los modelos latentes para modelar las preferencias de los diferentes usuarios y obtener una solución de consenso. Paralelamente, para dar el paso de una prueba de viabilidad a un entorno real de selección de unidades se trabaja con un corpus de extensión media (1.9h) etiquetado automáticamente. La tesis permite concluir que el aiGA a nivel de cluster es una metodología altamente competitiva respecto a las otras técnicas de ajuste presentes en el estado del arte. / Text-to-Speech Systems (TTS) produce synthetic speech from an input text. Unit Selection TTS (US-TTS) systems are based on the retrieval of the best sequence of recorded speech units previously recorded into a database (corpus). The retrieval is done by means of dynamic programming algorithm and a weighted cost function. An expert typically performs the weighting of the cost function by hand. However, hand tuning is costly from a standpoint of previous training and inaccurate in terms of methodology. In order to properly tune the weights of the cost function, this thesis continues the perceptual tuning proposal submitted by Alías(2006) which uses active interactive Genetic Algorithms (aiGAs). This thesis conducts an investigation to the various problems that arise in applying aiGAs to the weight tuning of the cost function. Firstly, the thesis makes a deep revision to the state-of-the-art in weight tuning. Afterwards, the thesis outlines the suitability of Interactive Evolutionary Computation (IEC) to perform the weight tuning making a thorough review of previous work. Then, the proposals of improvement are presented. The four major guidelines pursued by this thesis are: accuracy in adjusting the weights, robustness of the weights obtained, the applicability of the methodology to any subcost distance and the consensus of weights obtained by different users. In terms of precision cluster-level perceptual tuning is proposed in order to obtain weights for different types (clusters) of units considering their phonetic and contextual properties. In terms of robustness of the evolutionary process, the thesis presents different metrics (indicators) to assess aspects such as the ambiguity within the evolutionary search, the convergence of one user or the level of consensus among different users. Subsequently, to study the applicability of the proposed methodology different weights are perceptually tuned combining linguistic and symbolic information. The last contribution of this thesis examines the suitability of latent models for modeling the preferences of different users and obtains a consensus solution. In addition, the experimentation is carried out through a medium size corpus (1.9h) automatically labelled in order fill the gap between the proof-of-principle and a real unit selection scenario. The thesis concludes that aiGAs are highly competitive in comparison to other weight tuning techniques from the state-of-the-art.