Thesis (M.Tech.: Chiropractic)- Dept. of Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2007. xv, 168 leaves. / Choosing a career is something which all learners are expected to do between the ages of fifteen and eighteen. A school learner who is at their final year of study in their academic career will be required to think of career options for their future and it is generally assumed that the learner has sufficient information in order to make this often life changing decision

This bachelor's thesis has been conducted based on an interest in the women's empowerment processes taking place in India after the 2012 Delhi gang rape,  and after the suicide of Amina Filali in Morocco in 2012. The goal of the study is to analyze whether there are similarities in the way the processes unfold, based on Hans Abrahamsson's (2003) work on structural change, and to analyze how far the processes of change have advanced. In order to do so, a qualitative, abductive study of each country was conducted and later compared through the framework of Abrahamsson's three key concepts in order to analyze similarities and differences.   Based on secondary- and tertiary sources from both academia and media, the thesis attempts to create a holistic picture of the developments by discussing opinions accessible both to the broader public and scholarly community.   The thesis suggests that neither India nor Morocco show signs of permanent strategic gender changes, or structural change, but are instead situated in the problem-solving phase of the model. Neither country can be seen as having experienced strategic gender changes, as they have failed to satisfy strategic gender interests. India appears further along in its process, as the government has been forced to take larger problem-solving measures in order to stifle the protests. Morocco on the other hand, has survived on the promise of change alone. Recently, both countries have experienced a second tragedy similar to their first, the results of which remain to be seen. In the light of past developments, this thesis predicts future strategic gender changes are more likely in India than Morocco, albeit problematic in both.

My thesis develops three models of political economy, examining different factors that affect equilibrium in political markets. The first paper develops a model based on that of Moutos (2001) whereby a government must choose between a tariff and an income tax in order to raise revenue to finance redistribution from rich to poor. I use a simple median voter model of political economy to show that an income tax may be preferred if it can raise more money than the tariff. This result links well with the empirical observation that more liberal trade regimes are often associated with larger government sizes. The second paper explores the idea of interactions between different parts of a political party’s platform and the benefit that different groups can receive from those policies. I show that even when parties have no predisposition towards any particular policy their policy announcements may differ due to the difference in demand for policy favours from special interests. I also discuss how this difference in demand can affect the relative success of interests groups and of the political parties themselves, and apply these results to a simple model of trade policy to show that left-wing parties proposing higher income tax rates may attract support from groups who support trade protection in developed countries. My third paper provides an extension to the well known model of special interest politics by Grossman and Helpman (1996). I introduce costly informative spending that special interests can use to convert uninformed voters into informed ones. This is advantageous to special interests when those being informed are of a similar political persuasion to the interest group members, thus skewing equilibrium policies towards the group’s objectives.

The purpose of this study was designed to explore whether marital satisfaction can be predicted by using Holland's theory of person-environment interaction.The sample consisted of thirty-seven married couples affiliated with Ball State University.Holland's Self Directed Search (SDS) provided a measure of husband-wife congruence. The Locke-Wallace Short Marital Adjustment Test (SMAT) provided a measure of husband-wife satisfaction. Also, a Personal Data Sheet furnished a classification according to personality congruency and occupational congruence.The hypotheses tested in this study were the following: Hypothesis 1 -- Marital satisfaction, as measured by the SMAT, will be significantly different for congruent and incongruent couples, as measured by the SDS. Congruent couples will have significantly greater marital satisfaction. Hypothesis 2 -- Marital satisfaction, as measured by the SMAT, will be significantly different for congruent and incongruent couples, as measured by the person's stated occupation. Congruent couples will have significantly greater satisfaction. Hypothesis 3 -- Marital satisfaction, as measured by the SMAT, will not be significantly different for males and females.A multivariate analysis of variance, followed by a univariate analyses was performed on the data.The results of the findings was that spousal congruence tends not to be associated with marital satisfaction. The sex of the spouse was found to be significantly related to marital satisfaction as defined by each spouse. None of the other hypotheses of the study was supported. However, a trend was observed for a sex by SDS congruence interaction.

The purpose of this research was to investigate career development of gifted and regular elementary school students. Students in grades four through six from a university laboratory school were examined by ability, grade level, and gender in several areas of interests, using the Holland (1985a) Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments.The Self-Directed Search - Form E (SDS-E; Holland, 1985b) and The Occupational Alternatives Questions (OAQ; Slaney, 1980) were administered to 148 students, 34 of which had been identified as gifted. Holland (1985b) SDS codes were assigned to the SDS obtained scores and the stated occupational choices. Prestige of occupational choices were also assigned, using the socioeconomic index of Stevens and Cho (1985).Demographic variables and hypotheses were tested by MANOVA and ANOVA statistical procedures to determine the nature of relationships between variables.Results indicated overall significant main effects in the MANOVA of obtained SDS codes for the independent variables of grade, sex, and ability. Males scored higher than females on the Realistic code. Females scored higher on the Artistic and Social codes. Gifted students scored higher on the Investigative code. On the ANOVA of the differential variable, there were significant differences by grade and sex, with fifth grade students and females more highly differentiated. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

This study used relational personality theory to explore gender differences in Holland typology. The primary premise of relational personality theory is that women have a self identity that is developed and maintained in relation to others. This orientation to relationship or Connected Self is a primary component of identity that will lead to decisions and actions that reflect the valuing of relationships. This is in opposition to a Separate Self orientation that is primarily centered in independence, separation, and autonomy. The Connected Self was hypothesized to effect women's career interests as measured by the Self-Directed Search (SDS). The strongest relationship was found between Connected Self and scores on the Social scale of the SDS. Connected Self was found to be a significant predictor variable for women's scores on the Social scale. Connected Self also predicted scores on the Artistic scale, although to a lesser degree. In addition, Separate Self was a significant predictor of scores on the Enterprising and Conventional scales of the SDS.In order to further explore the relationship between Connected Self and women's scores on the Social scale, the subjects scoring highest in Social were further divided into groups based on interests in working with peers versus clients and on ability to care for self and others or to put others needs before one's own. Counseling implications for women who score highest on the Social scale are offered. In addition, further research is suggested. / Department of Educational Psychology

For many years, researchers have investigated issues of career choice and job satisfaction. One of the earliest and most durable theories of vocational psychology holds that an individual's personality predisposes him or her to be better suited to some occupations than others. According to trait factor theory, if people are matched with the "right" occupations, high levels of satisfaction and performance can be expected.This study examined the personality characteristics in a national sample of 105 career paramedics and investigated the relationship between paramedics' personality type and satisfaction with the work environment. Career paramedics are defused as individuals who earn the majority of their income through the provision of advanced prehospital emergency health care. Four major findings were obtained. First, a chi square analysis showed that the frequency and distribution of personality types of paramedics differs from that of the general population. Second, it appears that many paramedics show a distinct clustering of personality traits. The-, have a strong sense of responsibility; prefer concrete, immediate, factual data; enjoy creating order out of chaos; and are able to work with efficiency and precision in high-pressure situations. Third, analyses of variance indicated significant differences between responses of medics at different sites. This suggests that management differences account for variance in scores on the work satisfaction measure, since work tasks are similar at each location. Fourth, limited evidence was found to support the link between personality type and scores on the work satisfactionmeasure. Results are discussed in relation to the implications for employers and psychologists. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

This research tested the utility of occupational interest inventories in predicting the work settings of highly satisfied counseling psychologists. A questionnaire was mailed to a sample of counseling psychologists who were members of the American Psychological Association. Of the 661 respondents surveyed 406 responded. Only the responses of 331 counseling psychologists who reported high job satisfaction were included in the analyses. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to compare the concurrent validity of general vocational interests and specific vocational interests to predict to a work setting continuum which ranged from a primarily academic work setting at one end to a primarily practice setting on the other end.Specific vocational interests as assessed by the Scientist Practitioner Inventory (SPI; Leong & Zachar, 1991, 1993, Zachar & Leong, 1992) and Teaching Interests Questionnaire were better at predicting the work setting continuum than were general vocational interests as assessed by the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI; Holland, 1985). Gender moderated the relationship between vocational interests and work setting continuum for VPI-Artistic. Higher scores for males on VPI-Artistic were associated with the academic end of continuum. Higher scores for females on VPI-Artistic were associated with the practice end of the continuum. Age did not moderate the relationship between vocational interests and the work setting continuum.As a main effect, VPI-Investigative was a significant predictor of the work setting continuum. Higher VPI-Investigative scores were associated with the academic end of the continuum. SPI-Scientist and SPI-Practitioner were significant predictors of the continuum as well. Higher scores on SPI-Scientist were associated with the academic end of the continuum and higher SPIPractitioner scores were associated with the practice end of the work setting continuum. The teaching interest questionnaire (TIQ) was also a significant predictor of the continuum with higher teaching interests scores being associated with the academic end of the work setting continuum. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

This study had a dual objective. The first was to determine which factors influenced the career choice of girls and the second whether• their• actual choices coincided with their aptitudes. Socialization has a direct influence on the identification of girls with their careers. From an early age their behaviour is in line with the traditional roles (femininity, attractiveness, etc.) which society holds up to them. This is also true about occupations regarded as being suitable for girls. Girls therefore tend to choose their careers from a limited sphere. The style of parents' upbringing of their children also has an influence on the development of a girl's sex role identity, and therefore her career orientation. The peer group, especially male friends, has a tremendous influence during adolescence on the formation of a girl's sex role identity and career orientation. Pressure from the peer group tends to make girls feel that popularity and attractiveness are more important than academic achievement and high professional aspirations. It also appears that teachers do not play a significant role in the career orientation of girls. The influence of television on the career orientation of girls can be traced back to the influence on the patterns of interest of television viewers. It emerges that television programmes represent sex roles in a stereotyped manner. Through that, patterns of interest in the fields of "Social work" and "Practical-female" (19-Field Interest Questionnaire) are reinforced. School counsellors do not have a big influence on the career choices of girls. Boys and girls both regard the aspects of interest highly in making a choice of career. Girls tend, however, to give high credence to the rendering of service and to welfare. Boys tend to look more strongly at good income and good opportunities for promotion. The training of girls is directed more at the development of aptitudes in a field in the Humanities, in secretarial and clerking positions. The result of this is that girls mostly follow a domestic, caring and administrative course of study. The career values of girls and their self-image have a negative influence on their career orientation. This leads to the situation that fear of success inhibits them from developing their full professional potential. Other factors, such as manpower shortages, economic and political conditions, the improvement of the level of education and professional knowledge separately or in conjunction, have an influence on girls' career preferences and expectations. For the purposes of this study the Senior Aptitude Test, professional profiles identified with the aid of the Senior Aptitude Test and a questionnaire were used. Three aspects are covered by the questionnaire: * Field of study * Career expectations * Choice of career All the Afrikaans-speaking matriculants of four Afrikaans-medium high schools in a particular metropolitan area participated in the project. The data were statistically processed with an SAS computer programme. Fields of study and aptitudes of the study group do not correlate. Most respondents' strongest aptitudes are in the Humanities, while they are in fact following courses in the field of Economics. Most respondents are of the opinion that there are adequate work opportunities for white girls in the RSA, but feel that career counselling did not make adequate provision for girls. The study group are of the opinion that girls can do traditionally male jobs. There is a fair amount of uncertainty, however, about the professional future of white girls in a changing RSA. Professional training is thus regarded as being very important. More than half of the group (67,2%) expert to marry and still to have a career. Most of the respondents (176 out of 277) have made a fin3l career choice. The reason why the rest have not made career choices could largely be attributed to too little knowledge about careers. Five careers, viz. secretarial, teaching, nursing, social work and clerking, represent the largest percentage (35,4%) of the study group's career choices. The study group mainly made their choices on their own volition, and most parents are satisfied with their daughters' choices of career. Training is essential for most careers, mainly at universities and technikons. Too little knowledge of careers and financial considerations gave rise to the fact that some respondents (71 out of 277) planned to study later. In the consideration of the results of the investigation, the following conclusions could be reached: The process of socialization still holds up the caring role, service and femininity to girls as the ideal. In that way girls' aptitudes in the fields of the Humanities and in medicine are reinforced. In spite of that, the greatest percentage of girls followed a commercial course. The conclusion that is reached is that they feel "safe" in this field of study, because the traditional expectation is that they will go and work as a typist or a secretary. Girls therefore choose a field of study in Standard seven which is not in line with their aptitudes. It emerges that girls do not receive adequate counselling in Standard seven, and that being a secretary or a teacher is still held up to them by die Guidance teacher. The career choices of the study group therefore correlate with their fields of study, but not with their aptitudes. The conclusion that can be reached is that a large percentage of the study group would seem to have made an unrealistic choice of career, probably because they did this from a limited professional awareness. This can probably be ascribed to the traditional values and roles held for girls. Other conclusions which emerge from this study: * The respondents are not properly informed about the changes occurring in the RSA. * The study group dispose of too little information about professional training, although they seem to be aware of its importance. * Girls want to move away from the traditional sex role of wife and mother, and want to reconcile career and marriage. * Most respondents do not dispose of adequate self- knowledge to come to a realistic choice of career without some supportive action. * The female work force in South Africa is very valuable and an important source of executive and highly qualified manpower which should not be neglected. The place which women fill in the career world and its implications should enjoy special attention in school guidance. It is especially necessary that girls be made aware of their career potential but also of career options and problems. A school guidance teacher should take note of the fact that girls' career orientation is different from that of boys, and should adjust the counselling programme accordingly. One cannot, therefore, have the same programme for boys and girls. If it should be accepted that the role of woman in the business world is important, it is essential that career and course guidance in school be improved on an ongoing basis. Such improvement can only take place if the process of career counselling makes provision for the dynamic as well as the scientific dimensions of career choice and career development of girls in particular. The career orientation of girls is a lifelong process. It goes much further than mere career counselling. It is comprehensive, encompassing the girl in her totality. It also points to co-ordinated planning by all persons and institutions involved. It is only in this way that the optimal utilization of available manpower in its full implications can be attained. / Skripsie (MEd)--PU vir CHO, 1988

This study had a dual objective. The first was to determine which factors influenced the career choice of girls and the second whether• their• actual choices coincided with their aptitudes. Socialization has a direct influence on the identification of girls with their careers. From an early age their behaviour is in line with the traditional roles (femininity, attractiveness, etc.) which society holds up to them. This is also true about occupations regarded as being suitable for girls. Girls therefore tend to choose their careers from a limited sphere. The style of parents' upbringing of their children also has an influence on the development of a girl's sex role identity, and therefore her career orientation. The peer group, especially male friends, has a tremendous influence during adolescence on the formation of a girl's sex role identity and career orientation. Pressure from the peer group tends to make girls feel that popularity and attractiveness are more important than academic achievement and high professional aspirations. It also appears that teachers do not play a significant role in the career orientation of girls. The influence of television on the career orientation of girls can be traced back to the influence on the patterns of interest of television viewers. It emerges that television programmes represent sex roles in a stereotyped manner. Through that, patterns of interest in the fields of "Social work" and "Practical-female" (19-Field Interest Questionnaire) are reinforced. School counsellors do not have a big influence on the career choices of girls. Boys and girls both regard the aspects of interest highly in making a choice of career. Girls tend, however, to give high credence to the rendering of service and to welfare. Boys tend to look more strongly at good income and good opportunities for promotion. The training of girls is directed more at the development of aptitudes in a field in the Humanities, in secretarial and clerking positions. The result of this is that girls mostly follow a domestic, caring and administrative course of study. The career values of girls and their self-image have a negative influence on their career orientation. This leads to the situation that fear of success inhibits them from developing their full professional potential. Other factors, such as manpower shortages, economic and political conditions, the improvement of the level of education and professional knowledge separately or in conjunction, have an influence on girls' career preferences and expectations. For the purposes of this study the Senior Aptitude Test, professional profiles identified with the aid of the Senior Aptitude Test and a questionnaire were used. Three aspects are covered by the questionnaire: * Field of study * Career expectations * Choice of career All the Afrikaans-speaking matriculants of four Afrikaans-medium high schools in a particular metropolitan area participated in the project. The data were statistically processed with an SAS computer programme. Fields of study and aptitudes of the study group do not correlate. Most respondents' strongest aptitudes are in the Humanities, while they are in fact following courses in the field of Economics. Most respondents are of the opinion that there are adequate work opportunities for white girls in the RSA, but feel that career counselling did not make adequate provision for girls. The study group are of the opinion that girls can do traditionally male jobs. There is a fair amount of uncertainty, however, about the professional future of white girls in a changing RSA. Professional training is thus regarded as being very important. More than half of the group (67,2%) expert to marry and still to have a career. Most of the respondents (176 out of 277) have made a fin3l career choice. The reason why the rest have not made career choices could largely be attributed to too little knowledge about careers. Five careers, viz. secretarial, teaching, nursing, social work and clerking, represent the largest percentage (35,4%) of the study group's career choices. The study group mainly made their choices on their own volition, and most parents are satisfied with their daughters' choices of career. Training is essential for most careers, mainly at universities and technikons. Too little knowledge of careers and financial considerations gave rise to the fact that some respondents (71 out of 277) planned to study later. In the consideration of the results of the investigation, the following conclusions could be reached: The process of socialization still holds up the caring role, service and femininity to girls as the ideal. In that way girls' aptitudes in the fields of the Humanities and in medicine are reinforced. In spite of that, the greatest percentage of girls followed a commercial course. The conclusion that is reached is that they feel "safe" in this field of study, because the traditional expectation is that they will go and work as a typist or a secretary. Girls therefore choose a field of study in Standard seven which is not in line with their aptitudes. It emerges that girls do not receive adequate counselling in Standard seven, and that being a secretary or a teacher is still held up to them by die Guidance teacher. The career choices of the study group therefore correlate with their fields of study, but not with their aptitudes. The conclusion that can be reached is that a large percentage of the study group would seem to have made an unrealistic choice of career, probably because they did this from a limited professional awareness. This can probably be ascribed to the traditional values and roles held for girls. Other conclusions which emerge from this study: * The respondents are not properly informed about the changes occurring in the RSA. * The study group dispose of too little information about professional training, although they seem to be aware of its importance. * Girls want to move away from the traditional sex role of wife and mother, and want to reconcile career and marriage. * Most respondents do not dispose of adequate self- knowledge to come to a realistic choice of career without some supportive action. * The female work force in South Africa is very valuable and an important source of executive and highly qualified manpower which should not be neglected. The place which women fill in the career world and its implications should enjoy special attention in school guidance. It is especially necessary that girls be made aware of their career potential but also of career options and problems. A school guidance teacher should take note of the fact that girls' career orientation is different from that of boys, and should adjust the counselling programme accordingly. One cannot, therefore, have the same programme for boys and girls. If it should be accepted that the role of woman in the business world is important, it is essential that career and course guidance in school be improved on an ongoing basis. Such improvement can only take place if the process of career counselling makes provision for the dynamic as well as the scientific dimensions of career choice and career development of girls in particular. The career orientation of girls is a lifelong process. It goes much further than mere career counselling. It is comprehensive, encompassing the girl in her totality. It also points to co-ordinated planning by all persons and institutions involved. It is only in this way that the optimal utilization of available manpower in its full implications can be attained. / Skripsie (MEd)--PU vir CHO, 1988