Les cellules souches de l’épiderme interfolliculaire humain, appelées cellules souches kératinocytaires (CSK), assurent l’homéostasie et le renouvellement du tissu durant toute la vie d’un individu grâce à leur importante capacité d’autorenouvellement. Ma thèse de doctorat a porté sur l’étude des effecteurs moléculaires impliqués dans la balance entre prolifération et quiescence dans un modèle in vitro de CSK, isolées de manière clonale et définies par le terme holoclone. Je me suis tout d’abord intéressée à la réponse des holoclones à l’effet d’un régulateur important de la prolifération et de la quiescence des cellules souches adultes : le facteur de croissance TGF β1. Mon travail s’est ensuite focalisé sur l’étude d’un gène agissant en aval de la voie de signalisation TGF β, le facteur de transcription Klf4, et dont le rôle dans la biologie des cellules souches adultes reste largement méconnu. Klf4 est en effet surtout décrit pour son rôle dans la reprogrammation des cellules somatiques en cellules iPS. Le maintien de la sensibilité des holoclones aux signaux inhibiteurs de la croissance constitue un gage de la normalité des CSK. Notre étude de la réponse des holoclones à l’effet antiprolifératif du TGF β1 montre que les holoclones, dotés d’un fort potentiel de croissance, caractéristique des CSK, conservent leur sensibilité à l’effet du TGF β1. Ces résultats nous ont permis de valider les holoclones comme constituant un modèle pertinent pour caractériser la biologie normale des CSK et décrypter les contrôles moléculaires de l’état souche. Le modèle des holoclones a été exploité dans le cadre d’une approche de génomique fonctionnelle visant à déterminer le rôle du facteur de transcription Klf4 dans les CSK. L’utilisation de vecteurs lentiviraux exprimant un shARN dirigé contre l’ARNm de Klf4 nous a permis d’étudier l’impact d’une modulation fine du niveau d’expression de Klf4 sur les propriétés des holoclones. La répression transcriptionelle de Klf4, d’environ un facteur 2, favorise de manière significative l’expansion du compartiment clonogénique au sein des holoclones. Ce gain de fonction concerne à la fois les potentiels de croissance et de reconstruction épidermique des holoclones. Un aspect important de ce travail a concerné la recherche des réseaux moléculaires régulés par Klf4 dans les holoclones. Une analyse du transcriptome nous a permis de montrer que Klf4 participe au contrôle des mécanismes de cycle cellulaire et de différenciation. Klf4 interviendrait également dans la régulation des voies de signalisation TGF β/BMP et Wnt, connues pour exercer des rôles clés dans la biologie des cellules souches. Klf4 constituerait donc un censeur de l’activité du compartiment immature dans l’épiderme interfolliculaire. Il participerait aux mécanismes de régulation du cycle cellulaire et serait susceptible d’intervenir dans le contrôle de l’autorenouvellement du compartiment souche. / Stem cells present within the human interfollicular epidermis, which are defined as keratinocytes stem cells (KSC), ensure the homeostasis and renewal of the tissue throughout the whole individual life. These functions are related to their important self-renewal capacity. My PhD project was focused on the knowledge of the molecular effectors involved in the control of the balance between proliferation and quiescence in KSC. This scientific question was investigated in an in vitro model of KSC which were clonally derived and characterized as holoclones. Holoclones are controlled by mitogenic growth factors and also by antiproliferative signals. One of these regulators is the growth factor TGF β1 which plays an important role in the control of quiescence and cell proliferation within several adult stem cell systems. In the context of growth inhibition by TGF β1, I have studied the role of a downstream gene of the TGF β pathway, the transcription factor Klf4, whose role in adult stem cell biology remains unclear. In fact, Klf4 is mostly described for its involvement in the reprogramming process of somatic cells into iPS cells. The maintenance of holoclone sensitivity to cell growth inhibitors is a critical parameter of KSC normal physiology. Holoclones possess an extensive growth capacity, which is characteristic of KSC. Despite this high proliferation rate, holoclones are still responsive to the antiproliferative effect of TGF β1. These results allowed us to validate the use of holoclone as a relevant model of non-transformed KSC suitable for the characterization of the role of candidate stemness genes in KSC biology, such as Klf4. The holoclone model was exploited to perform a functional genomic approach to investigate the role of Klf4 in KSC. We have developed a shRNA-based gene knock-down method using lentiviral vectors to assess the impact of Klf4 down-modulation on holoclone functional properties. Our results show that Klf4 down modulation controls the expansion of the clonogenic compartment present within holoclone progeny. This gain-of-function, which is maintained at the long term level, leads to an increase in holoclone 3D epidermis reconstruction capacity. A major point of this project was to elucidate the molecular networks controlled by Klf4 in holoclones. Microarray data show that Klf4 regulates the expression of several genes related to pathways involved in the control of stem cell fate. In particular, we identified many transcripts related to TGF β/BMP and Wnt signallings. Interestingly, the majority of the modulated transcripts are involved in the regulation of cell cycle and in keratinocyte differentiation process. All together these results suggest a critical role Klf4 as a stemness censor of the most immature compartment activity. Klf4 is likely to be involved in cell cycle regulation of KSC compartment and in the control of KSC self-renewal process.

Crumbs is a transmembrane protein and apical determinant in Drosophila epithelial cells. Its cytoplasmic tail contains a PDZ and a FERM domain-binding site through which Crumbs interacts with the FERM proteins Yurt, Moesin and Expanded. Recent evidence suggests that Crumbs can also interact with the uncharacterised FERM proteins CG34347 and Cdep. The main objective of my thesis was to generate mutations in CG34347 and Cdep to facilitate the functional analysis of these genes. I generated a mutation for Cdep that remains to be characterised and two mutant lines for CG34347; one lacking the first exon and one lacking the entire gene, using a FRT-based recombination strategy. Both CG34347 mutants cause severe ovarian defects. The most consistent defect is a multilayering of the interfollicular stalk. These defects are also observed when Notch, Hippo, Wingless and Hedgehog signalling pathways are overactive in ovaries suggesting that CG34347 participates in one of those pathways.

Crumbs is a transmembrane protein and apical determinant in Drosophila epithelial cells. Its cytoplasmic tail contains a PDZ and a FERM domain-binding site through which Crumbs interacts with the FERM proteins Yurt, Moesin and Expanded. Recent evidence suggests that Crumbs can also interact with the uncharacterised FERM proteins CG34347 and Cdep. The main objective of my thesis was to generate mutations in CG34347 and Cdep to facilitate the functional analysis of these genes. I generated a mutation for Cdep that remains to be characterised and two mutant lines for CG34347; one lacking the first exon and one lacking the entire gene, using a FRT-based recombination strategy. Both CG34347 mutants cause severe ovarian defects. The most consistent defect is a multilayering of the interfollicular stalk. These defects are also observed when Notch, Hippo, Wingless and Hedgehog signalling pathways are overactive in ovaries suggesting that CG34347 participates in one of those pathways.