The master's thesis is a theoretical and empirical study about the interpreter's notes in consecutive interpreting. The study mainly deals with the note-taking language and the effect of the interpreter's experience on the choice of note-taking language. In literature, many authors have already thoroughly studied note-taking. In the second half of the 20th century, three traditional interpreting schools emerged. Several authors created their own note-taking systems. Since then, there hasn't been a consensus among experts on the choice of the note-taking language. Some recommend using the source language, some prefer the target language and many experts are in favor of using both. Main approaches to note-taking and reasons why to use either the source language or the target language are listed in the theoretical part. The theoretical part also covers empirical research on the choice of note-taking language. Compared to the high amount of theoretical publications on note-taking, only few empirical studies were carried out, studying the choice of note-taking language. Despite its small scale, the thesis thus seeks to follow in the footsteps of previous empirical researchers and verify, by the means of an experiment, claimings of theoreticians. The experiment studying the effect of the interpreter's...

Orientador: Maria Viviane do Amaral Veras / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T06:00:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kushida_LeticiaYukariIwasaki_M.pdf: 1996206 bytes, checksum: 4caa644c0caa472d7af0d90f3cdd0de7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como objetivo refletir sobre tradução e sobre o trabalho de escuta do tradutor por meio da elaboração de uma tradução de Flowers for Algernon (1966), romance de ficção científica, escrito pelo estadunidense Daniel Keyes. Uma das hipóteses deste trabalho é a de que a escuta do outro e de si mesmo em cada língua mobiliza, de certa forma, um tipo de ética da tradução. O livro conta a história de Charlie Gordon, um homem com deficiência intelectual que se submete a um experimento científico, uma cirurgia para elevar seu quociente de inteligência (QI). A narrativa em primeira pessoa é caracterizada por aspectos textuais de uma pessoa com dificuldades de escrita da língua inglesa e que apresenta mudanças gradativas na qualidade dessa escrita à medida que o experimento surte o efeito esperado. No romance de Keyes, interessa-nos a exigência da voz do tradutor, uma prova que passa pela literatura, mas que pede outro tipo de criação que não aquela que tradicionalmente reconhecemos como artística. Diante dessa prova de tradução, surgem indagações como: de que maneira traduzir esses "escritos" de Charlie? Como lidar com as dificuldades de escrita de uma língua em outra? Essas perguntas fazem-nos refletir sobre o erro e o preconceito linguísticos, o sentido, a carga, o fardo de termos que hoje são considerados pejorativos, mas transportados de um tempo em que a linguagem não era tão monitorada e o preconceito era naturalizado. Tudo isso leva a uma reflexão sobre ética em tradução: que ética pode conduzir uma tradução de Flowers for Algernon? Na impossibilidade de defini-la no ponto de partida da tradução, tal ética só poderá ser pensada na zona fronteiriça entre o traduzível e o intraduzível, assim como entre o dizível e o indizível, durante a tradução e ao final dela, de tal modo que só terá sido mostrada ao final do trabalho / Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to contemplate translation and the work of translator's act of listening by means of translating Flowers for Algernon (1966), a science fiction novel written by Daniel Keyes. One assumption made in this paper is that the act of listening to oneself and the other necessitates thinking about translation ethics. Flowers for Algernon is a novel about Charlie Gordon, a mentally disabled man who is the subject of a scientific experimental surgery designed to raise his intelligence quotient (IQ). The first-person narrative employs textual characteristics of a person with writing difficulties, which gradually diminish as the experiment begins to take effect. In the translation of Keyes's novel, the demand of the translator's voice is of primary interest, as it requires a kind of creation other than that which is considered artistic. Through this experience, the following questions are raised: how can one translate Charlie's "writing"? How should a translator manage writing problems from one language in another? These questions lead to thinking about linguistic mistakes and prejudice, and the sense, charge, and burden of words that are considered disparaging nowadays, but are to be transported from a time in which language was less monitored and prejudice was commonplace. All of this calls upon an ethical reflection in translation. Which ethics should be considered in translating Flowers for Algernon? If answering this question at the start of translation is impossible, such ethics can only be thought in the borderlands between the translatable and untranslatable, the speakable and unspeakable, and during the translation and upon its completion, which will be explored at the end of this paper / Mestrado / Teoria, Pratica e Ensino da Tradução / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

This thesis examines the trans-border circulation and production of feminist knowledge through translation. More specifically, my research focuses the translation of the U.S. women’s health book, Our Bodies, Ourselves, by a Chinese feminist NGO in 1998. My dissertation studies the social, cultural and political aspects of feminist translation, and examines the relation between translation and feminist praxis. Through the lens of gender and (feminist) health politics in 1990s China, I examine how the 1998 Chinese translation conveys the book’s message about how women should relate to their bodies. Set in the context of Chinese society opening up during the late 1970s, my research outlines the emergence of gender awareness in China with the influx of translated feminist texts, especially in the realm of women’s health research. Medical discourses were then assigned a privileged position in the studies of women’s sexual and reproductive health. However, with increased communications between Chinese and foreign feminists, Chinese women scholars developed new ideas around women’s sexual and reproductive health. The Chinese translation of OBOS addresses the lack of gender awareness in local discussions about women’s health. With a multi-method study, I emphasize the social and linguistic dimensions of translating a feminist health project into post-reform China. This study is based on both interview and comparative textual analysis data. Using feminist translation theories, I examine how the Chinese translators handled the book’s presentation of women’s sexuality and reproductive health. This thesis also highlights the constraints on translating feminism from the local context. This raises questions about the power of (feminist) translation, and emphasizes the need to examine the social-political context of translation practices.

This study examined social workers' perceptions of the use of interpreters in child welfare services. Specifically, this study focused on monolingual (English) speaking social workers and their perceptions of the use of interpreters in child welfare services.

The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

En partant du cadre conceptuel des modèles IDRC (Interprétation-Décisions-Ressources- Contraintes) et du modèle d'Efforts de l'interprétation simultanée de Daniel Gile entre langues vocales, nous tenterons d'analyser le processus de l'interprétation en langue des signes et étudierons la charge cognitive inhérente au passage d'une langue vocale (canal audio-vocal), à une langue signée (canal visuo-gestuel). Nous analyserons en premier lieu l’ensemble des contraintes concourant à l’exercice de l’interprétation en langue des signes pouvant se distinguer de celles généralement observées en interprétation entre langues vocales (nous incluons les langues vocales syntaxiquement très éloignées) telles que les contraintes socio-économiques, les contraintes linguistiques et enfin les contraintes d’espace. Nous procéderons ensuite à une analyse cognitive du processus de l’interprétation en nous référant au modèle d'Efforts de l’interprétation simultanée de Gile (Effort d'Écoute et d'Analyse, Effort de Mémorisation à court terme, Effort de Production, Effort de Coordination de ces trois activités simultanées), et nous chercherons à envisager sa transposition aux langues des signes. Pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes constitutifs du processus, nous observerons particulièrement le concept de scénarisation (Séro-Guillaume, 2008) pour une première analyse de la charge cognitive de l’interprète en action. Cette capacité de représentation synthétique visuelle est-elle plus ou moins grande si on prend en compte le degré d'abstraction du discours, la technicité de l'énoncé, le manque de correspondances lexicales, le contexte de l'interprétation (pédagogique, conférence, etc.), la préparation ? Notre analyse du processus se base sur un corpus constitué de plusieurs études empiriques d’interprétations vers la langue des signes : une étude semi-expérimentale, une étude de cas naturaliste et une étude expérimentale, ainsi que sur des interviews d’interprètes et un focus group. Les observations faites sur l’ensemble de ces études nous ont permis de croiser nos données et de dégager les éléments pertinents de nos résultats pour une avancée dans la compréhension du processus cognitif de l’interprétation en langue des signes. / Taking as its point of departure the conceptual framework provided by the IDRC models (Interpreting-Decisions-Resources-Constraints) and Daniel Gile’s Effort model of simultaneous interpreting between spoken languages, this thesis aims to analyse the process of sign language interpreting and study the cognitive load inherent in encoding information from a spoken language (an auditory-vocal modality of language production) into signed language (a vision and gesture-based modality). The first part of the work analyses the set of constraints involved in the exercise of sign language interpreting, as distinguished from those generally observed to apply between spoken languages (including languages syntactically far apart), such as socio-economic constraints, linguistic constraints and, finally, spatial constraints. There follows a cognitive analysis of the interpreting process with reference to Gile’s Effort model of simultaneous interpreting (Listening and Analysis Effort, Memory Effort, Production Effort, Effort of Coordination of these three simultaneous activities), with an attempt to envisage transposing its application to sign language. In order to gain better understanding of the constituent mechanisms of the process, initial analysis of the cognitive load of the interpreter in action accords particular attention to the concept of scénarisation (scene-staging) (Séro-Guillaume, 2008). Is this capacity for creating a visual picture from sequential meaning greater or lesser when factors such as the degree of abstraction of the speech, the technicality of its content, a lack of lexical correspondence, the interpreting context (educational setting, conference setting, etc), and the amount of preparation are taken into account? Analysis of the process is based upon a corpus comprising several empirical studies of interpreting into sign language: a semi-experimental study, a naturalistic case study, and an experimental study, as well as on interpreter interviews and a focus group. The observations drawn from all of these studies have enabled cross-referencing of our data and the identification of the relevant elements of our research results in order to advance understanding of the cognitive process of sign language interpreting.

Our theoretical-empirical thesis is dedicated to differences in the evaluation of the quality of interpreting. In the theoretical part of our thesis we describe representative studies in aforementioned field and their conclusions. We use them as a basis for the hypothesis of our own research in which we suppose that the formal aspect of an intepreter's delivery will influence the overall evaluation of the quality of his rendering and will be perceived by the respondents as a more important criterion than the logical cohesion of the speech. In the empirical part of our thesis we describe the design and development of our experiment. In this experiment different groups of respondents evaluated nine videos of an interpreter's rendering conducted under specific parameters defined beforehand. Subsequently we evaluate conclusions of our basic and test research. We conclude our work with a partial confirmation of our initial hypothesis.

The masterʼs thesis, divided into theoretical and empirical parts, deals with court interpreting for children and minors. After a short introduction to history, it describes the characteristic of court interpreting with the emphasis on children and minors involved in judicial proceedings. Following chapters focus on court interpreting in the Czech republic, expanding on its description, the related legal framework, required qualification and training of court interpreters. Subsequently, the thesis draws a comparison with training and education of other professionals taking part in proceedings with minors. Furthermore, the state of the art in the Czech republic is also compared to the situation in Belgium where the project CO-Minor-IN/ QUEST was launched and carried out. To our knowledge, it is the first international project on cooperation among major professionals involved in interpreted criminal proceedings with minor participants. The thesis presents a summary of findings concerning communication with children and minors, laying stress on particular patterns of behaviour and conduct that are likely to occur in little and school-age children. The information provided is considered in the context of court interpreting. The thesis puts emphasis on the most significant differences between court...

The Translation of the Passive Voice in Simultaneous Interpreting Using Czech-German Material Abstract This thesis examines the transfer of passive diathesis from German to Czech in the process of simultaneous interpreting. The aim of the research in the empirical section of my thesis is to describe the main tendencies within the language transfer of the passive diathesis. The analysis is based on the records and transcripts of the European Parliament Plenary sessions. The analysis of the speeches focuses on three aspects 1) preserving or changing of the diathesis 2) expression of the agent 3) interference. The initial passive diathesis is mostly preserved. The target speech in Czech language contains more passive diathesis than common written or spoken Czech. If the agent in the original speech is expressed, in most cases it is preserved in the target speech. In case when the agent in the original speech is not stated and it is expressed only implicitly, in the target speech it is expressed directly. The occurrence of interference can be stated thanks to the overall high level of passive diathesis in the target speech compared with common written or spoken Czech. Most of the choices made by interpreters are examples of a positive language transfer.

This theoretical-empirical paper researches how simultaneous interpreters work with face threatening acts (FTAs). For this purpose we researched how FTAs that we identified in speeches given by native Spanish speakers at the European Parliament's plenary sittings are interpreted into Czech and English. This paper has been inspired by the study of Cédric Magnifico and Bart Defrancq from the University of Ghent "Impoliteness in Interpreting: A Question of Gender?" in which they carry out a similar research. In their study the authors research the simultaneous interpretation of French speeches given at the European Parliament's plenary sittings into English and Dutch in order to find out whether interpreters really engage in face work - by face work they mean mitigating (potential) FTAs. In this paper, however, we aimed at answering a more general research question: "How do simultaneous interpreters handle face threatening acts when interpreting at the European Parliament's plenaries?" Researching the interpretation of FTAs into two target languages, moreover, can show whether face work is influenced by the cultural norms used in the community of the target language. Even though some of our findings come close to those of Magnifico and Defrancq's, some are considerably different. Magnifico and...