Para averiguar a aplicabilidade das técnicas pertencentes ao universo do geoprocessamento junto às características intrínsecas dos modelos de insumo-produto, este trabalho propõe um novo enfoque metodológico, fundamentado na organização lógica e seqüencial de conceitos que possibilitem a estimação de fluxos econômicos inter-regionais, considerando os aspectos da oferta e demanda das atividades setoriais em cada município. O núcleo geográfico escolhido para a aplicação dessa metodologia é o Estado de São Paulo, sendo que os três estudos que compõem esta tese descrevem como sua idéia central pode ser desenvolvida em diferentes temas. O primeiro estudo tem como objetivos: estimar uma matriz de insumo-produto intermunicipal para o Estado de São Paulo e ilustrar o potencial analítico do sistema, através, tanto de uma avaliação geral das relações de oferta e demanda no Estado de São Paulo, quanto de uma análise específica sobre a possibilidade de uso indireto dos recursos do Programa Bolsa Família como agente indutor da redução da desigualdade regional. O segundo estudo visa a estimar os fluxos interregionais e associá-los às redes de transportes a fim de se estimar o impacto do crescimento econômico esperado para os próximos anos na demanda por transportes nas rodovias do Estado de São Paulo. Por fim, o terceiro estudo utiliza o mesmo método do segundo, fazendo adaptações para dirigir o foco a uma única cadeia setorial, avaliando a demanda por transportes que será exigida pelo expressivo aumento, esperado para os próximos anos, da produção e comercialização do álcool. Os procedimentos empregados, nesta tese, podem ter uma enorme aplicabilidade em estudos semelhantes que procurem detalhar com exatidão espacial os fundamentos da economia regional. / To inquire the applicability of the techniques pertaining to the geoprocessing field and the intrinsic characteristics of the input-output models, this work considers a new methodological approach based on the logical organization and sequential of concepts that make possible the estimation of interregional economic flows, considering the aspects of it offers and demand of the sector activities in each city. The chosen geographic focus for the application of this methodology is the State of Sao Paulo, and three studies of this thesis describe how its central idea can be developed in different subjects. The first study presents as objectives: to estimate an input-output matrix among the cities of the Sao Paulo State and to illustrate the analytical potential of the system, through a general evaluation of offer and supply relationships in the Sao Paulo State, as well as a specific analysis on the possibility of indirect use of the resources of the Bolsa Família Program as inductive agent of the regional inequality decrease. The second study aims to estimate the interregional flows and to associate them to the transport nets in order to estimate the impact of the economic growth forecast for the next years on the transport demand for transports in the Sao Paulo State\' highways. Finally, the third study uses the same method of the second one, making adaptations in order to direct the focus to an only productive chain, evaluating the demand for transports that will be necessary due to the remarkable increase, expected for the next years, of the ethanol production and commercialization. The procedures used in this thesis can have an enormous applicability in similar studies that detail with spatial exactness the regional economy principles.

Para averiguar a aplicabilidade das técnicas pertencentes ao universo do geoprocessamento junto às características intrínsecas dos modelos de insumo-produto, este trabalho propõe um novo enfoque metodológico, fundamentado na organização lógica e seqüencial de conceitos que possibilitem a estimação de fluxos econômicos inter-regionais, considerando os aspectos da oferta e demanda das atividades setoriais em cada município. O núcleo geográfico escolhido para a aplicação dessa metodologia é o Estado de São Paulo, sendo que os três estudos que compõem esta tese descrevem como sua idéia central pode ser desenvolvida em diferentes temas. O primeiro estudo tem como objetivos: estimar uma matriz de insumo-produto intermunicipal para o Estado de São Paulo e ilustrar o potencial analítico do sistema, através, tanto de uma avaliação geral das relações de oferta e demanda no Estado de São Paulo, quanto de uma análise específica sobre a possibilidade de uso indireto dos recursos do Programa Bolsa Família como agente indutor da redução da desigualdade regional. O segundo estudo visa a estimar os fluxos interregionais e associá-los às redes de transportes a fim de se estimar o impacto do crescimento econômico esperado para os próximos anos na demanda por transportes nas rodovias do Estado de São Paulo. Por fim, o terceiro estudo utiliza o mesmo método do segundo, fazendo adaptações para dirigir o foco a uma única cadeia setorial, avaliando a demanda por transportes que será exigida pelo expressivo aumento, esperado para os próximos anos, da produção e comercialização do álcool. Os procedimentos empregados, nesta tese, podem ter uma enorme aplicabilidade em estudos semelhantes que procurem detalhar com exatidão espacial os fundamentos da economia regional. / To inquire the applicability of the techniques pertaining to the geoprocessing field and the intrinsic characteristics of the input-output models, this work considers a new methodological approach based on the logical organization and sequential of concepts that make possible the estimation of interregional economic flows, considering the aspects of it offers and demand of the sector activities in each city. The chosen geographic focus for the application of this methodology is the State of Sao Paulo, and three studies of this thesis describe how its central idea can be developed in different subjects. The first study presents as objectives: to estimate an input-output matrix among the cities of the Sao Paulo State and to illustrate the analytical potential of the system, through a general evaluation of offer and supply relationships in the Sao Paulo State, as well as a specific analysis on the possibility of indirect use of the resources of the Bolsa Família Program as inductive agent of the regional inequality decrease. The second study aims to estimate the interregional flows and to associate them to the transport nets in order to estimate the impact of the economic growth forecast for the next years on the transport demand for transports in the Sao Paulo State\' highways. Finally, the third study uses the same method of the second one, making adaptations in order to direct the focus to an only productive chain, evaluating the demand for transports that will be necessary due to the remarkable increase, expected for the next years, of the ethanol production and commercialization. The procedures used in this thesis can have an enormous applicability in similar studies that detail with spatial exactness the regional economy principles.

In the study a class of multisector network models, suitable for simulation of the interaction between production, demand, trade, and infrastructure, is presented. A characteristic feature of the class is a vintage model of the production system. Hence, the rigidities in existing capacities and the temporary monopolies obtainable from investments in new capacity at favourable locations are emphasized.As special cases, the class contains models in the modelling traditions of "interregional computable general equilibriunT, Hspatial price equilibrium**, "interregional input-output" and transportation networks.On the demand side, a multihousehold spatial linear expenditure system is introduced. This allows for an endogenous representation of income effects of skill-differentiated labour.The models are represented by a set of complementarity problems. This facilitates a comparison of model properties and the choice of an appropriate solution algorithm.The study is mainly devoted to single period models. Such equilibrium models are interpreted as adiabatic approximations of processes in continuous time. A separation by the time scale of the processes and an application of the slaving principle should thus govern the choice of endogenous variables in the equilibrium formulation. / digitalisering@umu

This thesis consists of an introductory part and four papers. Paper [I] estimates jointly the choice of whether to enroll in education and the choice of location among young people. Being a particularly mobile group, the location choices of young individuals shape much of the regional distribution of human capital, growth, and local public sector budgets. Applying Swedish register data on nest leavers, we seek to determine factors deciding the education and location choice of young people. The results indicate a systematic selection higher education based on school grades and preferences for locations with higher per capita tax bases and with lower shares of elderly people. The importance of family networks for the choice of location is confirmed.              Paper [II] examines how individual ability, reflected by the grade point average (GPA) from comprehensive school affects the probability of migration among university graduates. The econometric analysis applies detailed micro-data of two entire cohorts of young individuals retrieved from the Swedish population registers. The results indicate that individual abilities are strongly influential both concerning completion of a university degree and for the migration decision. In addition, we find a positive relationship between the GPA and migrating from regions with lower per capita tax bases and/or a relatively small share of highly educated individuals. Analogously, individuals with a high GPA tend to stay in more densely populated regions, suggesting a clustering of human capital vis-à-vis school grades.  Paper [III] estimates the relationship between migration across labour market regions and the subsequent changes in earnings by using the GPA from the final year of comprehensive school as a proxy for ability. This measure aims to capture heterogeneity in the returns to migration for individuals conditional on education attainment. Using Swedish register data on young adults, a difference-in-difference propensity score matching estimator is applied to estimate income differences measured up to seven years after migration. The results show variation between different ability groups regarding the returns to regional migration. There are indications of larger gains for individuals holding top grades, while the bottom half seems to benefit less, or face slightly negative effects. Paper [IV] examines whether power couple formation and the location choice of such couples are driven by factors already inherent in young people during their formative school years. The paper also extends the analysis by modeling location choice among different sizes of labor market areas, given different power statuses of the couples. Based on analysis of Swedish register data, we produce evidence that power spouses evolve from the population of high achieving school age individuals; the latter is identified by high academic performance during their years of compulsory school. Regarding location choice, the results indicate that power couples display a relatively high tendency to migrate from their regions of origin to large cities.

The technological changes and educational expansion have created the heterogeneity in the human species. Clearly, this heterogeneity generates a structure in the population dynamics, namely: citizen, permanent resident, visitor, and etc. Furthermore, as the heterogeneity in the population increases, the human mobility between meta-populations patches also increases. Depending on spatial scales, a meta-population patch can be decomposed into sub-patches, for examples: homes, neighborhoods, towns, etc. The dynamics of human mobility in a heterogeneous and scaled structured population is still its infancy level. We develop and investigate (1) an algorithmic two scale human mobility dynamic model for a meta-population. Moreover,the two scale human mobility dynamic model can be extended to multi-scales by applying the algorithm. The subregions and regions are interlinked via intra-and inter regional transport network systems. Under various types of growth order assumptions on the intra and interregional residence times of the residents of a sub region, different patterns of static behavior of the mobility process are studied. Furthermore, the human mobility dynamic model is applied to a two-scale population dynamic exhibiting a special real life human transportation network pattern. The static evolution of all categories of residents of a given site ( homesite, visiting sites within the region, and visiting sites in other regions) over continuous changes in the intra and inter-regional visiting times is also analyzed. The development of the two scale human mobility dynamic model provides a suitable approach to undertake the study of the non-uniform global spread of emergent infectious diseases of humans in a systematic and unified way. In view of this, we derive (2) a SIRS stochastic epidemic dynamic process in a two scale structured population. By defining a positively self invariant set for the dynamic model the stochastic asymptotic stability results of the disease free equilibrium are developed(2). Furthermore, the significance of the stability results are illustrated in a simple real life scenario that is under controlled quarantine disease strategy. In addition, the epidemic dynamic model (2) is applied to a SIR influenza epidemic in a two scale population that is under the influence of a special real life human mobility pattern. The simulated trajectories for the different states (susceptible, Infective, Removal) with respect to current location in the two-scale population structure are presented. The simulated findings reveal comparative evolution patterns for the different states and current locations over time. The SIRS stochastic epidemic dynamic model (2) is extended to a SIR delayed stochastic epidemic dynamic model(3). The delay effects in the dynamic model (3) is temporary and account for natural or infection acquired immunity conferred by the disease after disease recovery. Again, we justify the model validation as a prerequisite for the dynamic modeling. Moreover, we also exhibit the real life scenario under controlled quarantine disease strategy.In addition, the developed delayed SIR dynamic model is also applied to SIR influenza epidemic with temporary immunity to an influenza disease strain. The simulated results reveal an oscillatory effect in the trajectory of the naturally immune population. Moreover, the oscillations are more significant at the homesite. We further extended the stochastic temporary delayed epidemic dynamic model (3) into a stochastic delayed epidemic dynamic model with varying immunity period(4). The varying immunity period accounts for the varying time lengths of natural immunity against the infectious agent exhibited within the naturally immune population. Obviously, the stochastic dynamic model with varying immunity period generalizes the SIR temporary delayed dynamic.

This research aims to understand the nature and underlying motives of the EU’s relations with the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC). The frequently claimed normative role of the EU will be examined in the context of the EU- CELAC summit relations, and the cases should be outlined that cause a switch to Realpolitik behavior. Thereby, the EU’s engagement in regional integration and interregional cooperation will be illustrated and EU-CELAC cooperation areas concerning the fight against poverty and social inequality, the consolidation of good governance and the promotion of peace, and lastly, the regional integration, trade, and economic cooperation are analyzed to reach an understanding of their normative or Realpolitik content. The research illustrates the ways of understanding the EU’s normative behavior and power, and the nature of the cooperation between the EU and the CELAC, whereby it should be shown that the EU acts according to normative consideration and only in few exceptions turns towards Realpolitik behavior.

The Swedish model is perceived as a successful framework for combining rapid labor market adjustment with low inequality. Formulated by Gösta Rehn and Rudolf Meidner and implemented from the 1950s, it has been associated with the peak in economic restructuring and interregional migration during the 1960s. However, there is little empirical evidence for this. This thesis consists of an introduction and four essays. It explores three aspects of the model from a long-run perspective: interregional migration, wage dispersion and labor market policy. Essay I uses new data to track interregional migration rates in the postwar period (1945-1985). The results show that the responsiveness of interregional migration to local labor market conditions remained stable over time; it was neither higher during the 1960s nor lower when migration declined after 1970. Essay II employs a regression-decomposition framework to analyze the evolution of wage dispersion. The results suggest that wage dispersion was stable from centralized bargaining’s introduction in 1956 to the late 1960s. Afterwards, there was a rapid decline, likely because of solidaristic bargaining. Essay III contrasts the implementation of the active labor market policy to regional policy. Following a decisive shift around 1970, the focus on north to south mobility was replaced with policies to stimulate northern employment. Declining rural support for the Social Democrats and electoral competition from the Center Party caused this shift. Finally, Essay IV is a case study about mobility subsidy usage in Västernorrland County using sources on relocation allowances from 1965, 1970 and 1975. The results indicate that in the 1960s there was strong selection into the program by young persons with good labor market prospects. However, the program’s use did not change after the regional policy shift in the early 1970s. The collective results suggest that the policies associated with the Swedish model were minor for economic restructuring patterns. The migrations of the 1960s and the decline in regional disruptions after 1970 should instead be explained by studying the consequences of structural changes, how regions were progressively affected differently and the possible role that government policies played in directing demand for labor across space.

Soixante ans après les premiers accords d’amitié entre des collectivités territoriales françaises et leurs homologues étrangers, tout semble avoir évolué : les rapports Etat – collectivités, l’encadrement législatif, la reconnaissance des coopérations transfrontalières et interterritoriales par l’Europe et l’Union européenne et la création d’instruments de coopération. Des jumelages d’amitié historiques à la coopération de territoire à territoire, de la volonté originelle de réconciliation des peuples à l’instauration d’une diplomatie des territoires, l’action internationale des collectivités territoriales ne cesse d’innover et de se déployer. La Méditerranée est un espace historique d’échanges, de migrations et de conflits, où se cristallisent aujourd’hui des enjeux, économiques, sociaux et culturels déterminants pour l’équilibre européen et mondial. Cette histoire commune qui lie les peuples méditerranéens doit être le socle d’une coopération durable permettant de répondre aux problématiques régionales actuelles. L’action internationale des collectivités territoriales y est ancienne et représente un maillon indispensable d’une chaîne de relations avec l’Europe et l’International, mais en pleine mutation, elle cherche encore les fondements de son existence. / Sixty years after the first treaties between French local authorities and their foreign counterparts, many things seem to have evolved : including the states reporting of local authorities, legislative framework, international cooperation within the European union and the creation of tools to help this cooperation. From historical twinning to inter authorities cooperation and from the reconciliation of populations to territorial diplomacy, International action of local authorities continues to innovate and develop. The Mediterranean is a historic area of exchanges, migration and conflict where today manifest important economic, social and cultural challenges which determine the European and global balance. This shared history that links the Mediterranean peoples should be the basis for a durable cooperation to address current regional issues. Through these historic interactions we see that international action of local authorities is old and is an essential link in a chain of relationships with Europe and the rest of the world, these links are in a process of undergoing an evolution and are still seeking the solid foundations of their own existence.

This diploma thesis examines the participation of Czech regional actors in the transnational and interregional branches of the INTERREG program in 2007-2013, using organizational learning theory. It focuses on learning processes on individual, group, and organizational levels. To a smaller extent, it also examines dissemination of knowledge towards other actors on the local and European level. The aim of the thesis is to find out whether these learning processes take place on all the mentioned levels and also to uncover the main obstacles of these processes. The method of the research is a questionnaire survey combined with semi-structured interviews. The research reveals that both individual and group learning take place during the projects. The most common barriers are complications stemming from differing environments of the actors (different political, institutional, legal, or administrative environments). Organizational learning takes place as well, but to a smaller extent than learning on the preceding levels. The main problem is the preservation of tacit knowledge. The research also suggests that effective dissemination of knowledge towards other local actors takes place as well. However, the relevance of the final project outcomes for other EU actors appears to be rather low.

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