This study develops a methodology to analyze the interregional impact of Federal grants to provincial governments. The approach is an application of Input-Output analysis. The methodology is empirically implemented to illustrate the extent that employment income generated by Federal grants to a province spills over into other regions. These spillovers are recorded at an individual industry level and at the regional level. Four grant programs are investigated. These are equalization payments, and three conditional grants: health, social welfare, and education. An interregional Input-Output model is developed for sixteen industries in five regions: the Atlantic provinces, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and the United States. For each region, the government sector is specified by five final demand vectors which correspond to the three expenditure categories of the conditional grant programs, transportationcommunication, and a general category which includes all other provincial government expenditures. This empirical model is based on three sources: the interregional Input-Output table of Canada developed by the Agricultural Economic Research Council, five provincial government expenditure functions estimated for each Canadian region in the model, and the regional government final demand vectors. The results indicate that the gross employment income generated by federal grants is partially contained within the region receiving the ,grant. Ten dollar per capita increases in equalization payments to individual regions generate additional employment income in other regions which varies from $0.63 to $0.03 per capita. In all cases, these per capita spillovers are less than.the per capita employment income generated in the recipient region.For all equalization payments, Ontario received the greatest per~capita spillin followed by Quebec. The smallest per capita spillin accrues to either the Atlantic provinces or the United States. In general, this pattern of spillovers reflects the pattern of employment income.generated in each industry of these regions as equalization payments are increased. However, exceptions are observed. For example, the spillover to the Quebec leather and textile industry which is generated by the equalization payment to Manitoba is larger than the local employment income effect in this industry. A similar pattern of regional per capita spillovers is observed for conditional grants. In general, the largest per capita spillovers are generated by conditional health grants. Overall, the methodology and results indicate how federal grant programs can accommodate interregional spillovers and their consequences for the regional and interindustry distribution of employment income. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Conventional wisdom is that fiscal policy at the regional level is ineffective. Recent concern about stability of bond-financed fiscal policy imposes an additional constraint on the effectiveness of interregional fiscal policy. In the conventional macroeconomic model, regional public sectors are ignored, or are at most a subset of the national model. Fiscal and financial interrelationships among different levels of government have not been investigated thoroughly in the literature. The purpose of this dissertation is to provide a theoretical framework for the analysis of interregional fiscal policy. We argue that all government budget constraints must be explicitly included in the model, and regions become the major building blocks of the system. Stability of the system then defends on the fiscal and financial interrelationships among different levels of government. We examine a once-and-for-all fiscal policy change in the interregional model with and without the federal sector. The simulated results based on an acceptable range of parameter values show that the system cannot generate a stable long-run equilibrium. At best, a quasi-equilibrium is attainable in that only the overall government budget constraint is satisfied. A once-and-for-all policy change is not only irrelevant in reality since public sectors react to actual economic situations, but also becomes a source of instability in an interregional model. The final version of the interregional model incorporates an endogenous fiscal policy. Government expenditure becomes an endogenous variable and fiscal policies are target-oriented. The income level and balanced-budget are the main targets. A system of government expenditure reaction functions is built into the model with each governnent adopting an active fiscal policy in order to achieve income and balanced-budget targets. The public sector adjusts its fiscal policy according to the last period' s economic situation. The extent of these government expenditure changes is governed by the target-adjustment parameters. Each government has its own priority or objective in determining the target-adjustment parameter values. The simulated results show that the interregional model can generate a stable long-run equilibrium, regardless of the mode of federal financing policy. The effectiveness of an active fiscal policy and the critical limits of these target-adjustment parameters are investigated. Of prime importance is the finding that an independent regional fiscal policy cannot generate a stable long-run equilibrium. Only when all governments cooperate actively in fiscal managanent can the system achieve the targets. Thus, the final version of the interregional model not only rejects independent regional fiscal policies, but requires coordination and cooperation among all governments in devising a viable fiscal policy. Our simulation findings therefore strengthen the case for fiscal federalism. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>The thesis includes six self-contained papers that from various perspectives examine place attractiveness and migration in Sweden. </p><p>Paper I provides an extensive overview of Swedish municipalities’ place marketing engagement to attract in-migrants, based on survey responses from 220 municipalities. The results suggest that, although this kind of marketing has become more prominent during the last few years, there is little evidence of any significant effects on migration flows. </p><p>Paper II addresses place marketing campaigns directed towards the Stockholm region carried out by rural municipalities. The results show no general evidence of success, but in a few cases a positive impact of these campaigns cannot be ruled out conclusively.</p><p>Paper III explores the effect of tourism on interregional net-migration in Sweden. The results indicate that tourism exerts a positive influence on migration, and it is shown how its effects vary depending on age group. </p><p>Paper IV scrutinizes recent survey research on migration motives in the Nordic countries. This paper employs a different questionnaire design and surveys a somewhat different migrant population. The findings do not support recent research and the importance of employment-related motives is emphasised. </p><p>Paper V focuses on residential preferences and explores what place attributes people would consider important if they were to migrate. Special attention is given to demographic, socio-economic and geographical determinants. The results show how these aspects influence residential preferences, and make some contributions to methodological issues on researching preferences. </p><p>Paper VI aims at a conceptual framework whereby place attractiveness can be better understood. It is suggested that needs, demands and preferences are central factors and the attractiveness of places increases with the successive fulfilment of these factors. But the more factors a migrant seeks to fulfil in his or her destination selection, the fewer the choice possibilities.</p>

The thesis includes six self-contained papers that from various perspectives examine place attractiveness and migration in Sweden. Paper I provides an extensive overview of Swedish municipalities’ place marketing engagement to attract in-migrants, based on survey responses from 220 municipalities. The results suggest that, although this kind of marketing has become more prominent during the last few years, there is little evidence of any significant effects on migration flows. Paper II addresses place marketing campaigns directed towards the Stockholm region carried out by rural municipalities. The results show no general evidence of success, but in a few cases a positive impact of these campaigns cannot be ruled out conclusively. Paper III explores the effect of tourism on interregional net-migration in Sweden. The results indicate that tourism exerts a positive influence on migration, and it is shown how its effects vary depending on age group. Paper IV scrutinizes recent survey research on migration motives in the Nordic countries. This paper employs a different questionnaire design and surveys a somewhat different migrant population. The findings do not support recent research and the importance of employment-related motives is emphasised. Paper V focuses on residential preferences and explores what place attributes people would consider important if they were to migrate. Special attention is given to demographic, socio-economic and geographical determinants. The results show how these aspects influence residential preferences, and make some contributions to methodological issues on researching preferences. Paper VI aims at a conceptual framework whereby place attractiveness can be better understood. It is suggested that needs, demands and preferences are central factors and the attractiveness of places increases with the successive fulfilment of these factors. But the more factors a migrant seeks to fulfil in his or her destination selection, the fewer the choice possibilities.

Paper [I]- Household Migration and the Local Public Sector: Evidence from Sweden, 1981-1984 (co-authored with Michael L. Wyzan), contains an empirical explo­ration of the nexus between variables related to the local public sector budget and migration. Micro-data is employed in binomial and multinomial-logit regressions esti­mating the probability to migrate. We report results separately for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, because the per capita levels of the tax base and intergovernmen­tal grants are theoretically important migration determinants where population is sparse, while the tax rate may be more important where population is dense. Empirical results support our fiscal hypotheses and are consistent with previous findings on household characteristics. Paper [II]- Internal Gross Migration in Sweden: The effects of Variation in Mobility Grants and Regional Labour Market Conditions, focuses on the effects of labor market conditions and migratory stimuli on over county-border migration. Aggregate data on the flows of all migrants and on the flows of migrants receiving extra mobility stimuli are used in estimations of a single-equation migration model based on the hiring function. The results indicate that regional migration flows respond to changes in labor market conditions in accordance with predictions from economic theory. This result seems mainly to stem from the migratory behavior of the unemployed. In addition, nonmatching migration subsidies at the levels employed are not found to be migration enhancing. Paper [IH]- Employment Opportunities, Wages and Interregional Migration in Sweden 1970-1989, deals with the impact of aggregate labor turnover and regional labor market conditions on gross in- and outmigration. Annual panel data is used in estima­tion of separate in- and outmigration functions, where regional labor market conditions are assumed to be endogenous with migration under two different assumptions concer­ning the working of the labor market. An increase in the regional excess supply of labor is found to increase outmigration and decrease inmigration. Moreover, cyclical variation in labor turnover is positively correlated with gross migration. The hypothesized effects of real wages on migration are not confirmed. The results are not sensitive to the various assumptions concerning regional wage formation considered in this study. Paper [IV]- A Panel Study of Migration, Household Real Earnings and Self-Selec- tion (co-authored with Roger Axelsson). The effects of migration on household real earnings are examined. Data pertain to a sample of stable household constellations in Sweden, 1978-1991. A treatment-effect model is employed, whereby the potential effects of nonrandom sampling of data on earnings for migrants and nonmigrants are taken into account. We find that stable multi-adult household constellations did not gain in income from migration during the 1980s. In addition, we find no strong indications of selection bias in the income equation. / digitalisering@umu

Ingatambo: A Strategic Site of Interregional Contact in Northern PerúThis paper presents the results of archaeological research in the Huancabamba Valley and excavations at the site of Ingatambo in the same valley, northern Perú. Although archaeological work in this extreme northern region of Perú, near the Ecuadorian border, are very infrequent, the area and its topographic setting, and especially the site of Ingatambo, are important for clarifying the cultural interrelationships between northern Perú and southern Ecuador. For such a reason, synthesizing data, provided by our project and the studies of the surrounding areas, this article presents a description of the cultural contact in this region through analysis of architectural sequences and the established chronology for the purpose of contributing to a better understanding of the dynamics of these interrelationships. / El presente artículo expone los resultados obtenidos durante la prospección arqueológica en el valle de Huancabamba y las excavaciones que se realizaron en el sitio arqueológico de Ingatambo, ubicado en dicho valle del norte del Perú, cercano a la frontera con Ecuador. Si bien los trabajos arqueológicos en esa región son escasos, los antecedentes de estudio de zonas cercanas y las condiciones topográficas permiten que el presente análisis considere a esta zona —y en especial al sitio arqueológico de Ingatambo— como un área muy importante para esclarecer la relación entre las diferentes regiones del norte del Perú y el sur del Ecuador. Por tal motivo, por medio de una síntesis de los datos proporcionados por la presente investigación y los antecedentes en territorios aledaños, se señalarán los puntos de contacto mediante la secuencia arquitectónica y la cronología establecida con el fin de contribuir a entender la dinámica de tal interacción.

The aim of my thesis is the construction of estimates of interregional commodity flows for the regions of the Czech Republic, by using a gravity model. Gravity model is based on Newton's law of gravitation. Gravity models can be used in two different information contexts. The first is an information context, when the spatial interaction flows are known a priori, and the model is used to explain the trade flows' behaviour. And the second is an information context in which these interactions are totally unknown a priori and the flows must be estimated. This paper is focused on the second information context. When we estimating commodity flows we need to know the value of exports and imports for individual regions. Estimated interregional commodity flows are the results of this work. Estimated interregional flows are put into the regional input-output tables compiled by the Department of Economic Statistics. Regional input-output tables are arranged so as to reached the equality of resources and use. On the basis of the resulting tables for all regions, I conducted a input-output analysis. Input-output analysis examines the impact of model changes to investment on selected commodities, to estimated interregional flows and selected macroeconomic indicators.

Studien utfördes som en kvalitativ fallstudie av en vindkraftsetablering som inte fick tillstånd att genomföras i Sollefteå kommun. Syftet var att undersöka samhällsacceptans med fokus på interregional rättvisa och regionalt ansvarstagande. Nationella rättvisefrågor behandlas när det kommer till relationen mellan norra och södra Sverige och stad och landsbygd. 19 intervjuer användes för att samla åsikter från fyra olika respondentgrupper: lokalbefolkning, kommunpolitiker i Sollefteå kommun, tjänstepersoner för kommunen och samer med rennäring i området. Studien visar på att det finns en upplevd orättvisa i området orsakad av en hög andel vindkraft och förnybar elproduktion jämfört med andra delar av Sverige. Vindkraftens påverkan lokalt ansågs vara övervägande negativ. Ersättningen för etableringarna ansågs inte tillräcklig för att kompensera för den negativa lokala påverkan. Det skapar en upplevelse av interregional orättvisa där vissa regioner tar större ansvar för den förnybara elproduktionen. Upplevelsen av ett för högt regionalt ansvarstagande utan tillräcklig lokal nytta försämrar samhällsacceptansen. Studien påvisar att den lokala nyttan i samband med vindkraftsetableringen är en avgörande faktor för samhällsacceptansen ur ett rättviseperspektiv mellan regioner. Även förtroende till etableraren och både förståelse och kunskap bland etablerare visade sig vara betydande för den upplevda påverkan av en vindkraftsetablering.

В данной работе дается оценка нормативно-правовой базе Российской Федерации в части компетенций развития международного сотрудничества регионов Российской Федерации. На примерах проведения крупных международных мероприятий на территории Свердловской области показывается итоги взаимодействия органов государственной власти, общественных организаций и иных структур. Приведена торгово-экономическая статистика, обозначены основные направления сотрудничества, а также анализ подписанных документов свердловско-китайского сотрудничества. / Current work gives a characteristic of the existing Russian legal-base concerning the conduction of the international cooperation on the level of the regions of the Russian Federation. International events held in the Sverdlovsk region serve as the examples of the international cooperation results conducted by the government as well as the organization and other institutes of the Sverdlovsk region. Statistics data of the trade turnover, as well as main cooperation areas along with the cooperation agreements signed with the Chinese partners are drawn in the work.

Cette étude se propose d’apporter des éléments pour une analyse de l’évolution des cultures prédynastiques et sud levantines, entre la fin du 5e et la première moitié du 4e millénaire (4300-3300 avant notre ère). En Egypte, cette période commence au début du Prédynastique, lorsque des groupes d’agro-pasteurs se sédentarisent peu à peu le long de la vallée du Nil et dans le Delta. Elle se termine par l’avènement d’une société hiérarchisée et la mise en place des conditions préalables à l’apparition de l’Etat au début du 3e millénaire. Au Levant sud, cette période s’étend de la fin du Chalcolithique au début du Bronze Ancien I. A travers l’examen d’un matériel inédit (le mobilier céramique de Tell el-Iswid dans le Delta du Nil, l’habitat de Bir es-Safadi dans le Néguev nord) et la réévaluation de données publiées (notamment l’architecture de Tuleilat Ghassul au sud de la vallée du Jourdain et la nécropole de Minshat Abou Omar en Basse Egypte), cette étude a pour but d’apprécier dans quelle mesure le développement des sociétés de Haute Egypte, de Basse Egypte et du Levant sud, a été affectée par les contacts interrégionaux. Il s’agit d’évaluer quelles innovations techniques ou quelles influences d’ordre économique et social, ces échanges ont pu véhiculer. Il s’agit également de préciser la forme et les modalités de ces contacts (échanges de proche en proche ou réseaux à longue distance), aussi bien que les agents de leur organisation. Cette analyse permettra en outre de porter un regard nouveau sur le processus d’uniformisation de la culture égyptienne, qui s’est déroulé peu de temps avant l’unification politique du pays. / This study intends to provide elements for an analysis of the evolution of Predynastic and Southern Levant cultures, between the end of the 5th and the middle of the 4th millennium (4300-3300 BC). In Egypt, this period starts at the beginning of the Predynastic era, when groups of agro-pastoralists settled gradually along the Nile Valley and the Delta. It ends with the advent of a hierarchical society and the setting of the conditions conductive to the emergence of State at the beginning the 3rd millennium. In the Southern Levant, this time frame extends from the end of the Chalcolithic to the beginning of the Early Bronze Age I. Through the analysis of an unpublished material (the Predynastic pottery from Tell el-Iswid in the Nile Delta, the dwellings of the Chalcolithic settlement of Bi r es-Safadi in the Northern Negev), and the reappraisal of published data (the architecture of Tuleilat Ghassul in the South of the Jordan Valley or the Minshat Abu Omar cemetery in Lower Egypt for example), this study aims to assess to what extent the development of societies in Upper Egypt, Lower Egypt and the Southern Levant was affected by interregional contacts. The issue is to estimate what kind of technical innovations, economic or social influences, these exchanges could have conveyed. The purpose is also to provide details on the modality of these contacts and the organization of these exchanges (down-the-line or long distance networks). This will lead us to propose a new approach to the homogenisation process of the Egyptian culture, which took place shortly before the political unification of the country.