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Introduction Poor adherence is a common challenge in self-directed mental health interventions. Research findings indicate that telephone prompts may be useful to increase adherence. Method Due to poor adherence in a randomized controlled trial evaluating an Internet-based aftercare program for women with bulimia nervosa we implemented regular short telephone prompts into the study protocol halfway through the trial period. Of the 126 women in the intervention group, the first 63 women were not prompted by telephone (unprompted group) and compared with 63 women who subsequently enrolled into the study and were attempted to prompt bimonthly by a research assistant (telephone prompt group). Completed telephone calls took less than 5 min and did not include any symptom-related counseling. Results Most of the women in the telephone prompt group (67%) were reached only once or twice during the intervention period. However, overall adherence in the telephone prompt group was significantly higher than in the unprompted group (T = − 3.015, df = 124, p = 0.003). Conclusion Our findings from this secondary analysis suggest that telephone prompts can positively affect adherence to an Internet-based aftercare intervention directed at patients with bulimia nervosa.