Στόχος της παρούσας διπλωματικής είναι η παρουσίαση σύγχρονων μεθόδων μελέτης των διεγχειρητικών προκλητών δυναμικών και η χρήση των μεθόδων αυτών για την ανάλυση σημάτων που προέρχονται από πραγματικές μετρήσεις κατά τη διάρκεια εγχειρήσεων στη σπονδυλική στήλη. Πριν όμως παρουσιαστούν οι μέθοδοι αυτές, είναι χρήσιμη μια γενική αναφορά στην έννοια της διεγχειρητικής παρακολούθησης, των προκλητών δυναμικών και στη χρήση των τελευταίων για την παρακολούθηση της κατάστασης του ασθενή κατά τη διάρκεια μιας εγχείρησης. Οι έννοιες αυτές αποτελούν τη βάση του παρόντος κεφαλαίου. Στη συνέχεια, στο κεφάλαιο 2 αναλύονται οι σύγχρονες μέθοδοι ανάλυσης των προκλητών δυναμικών και ολοκληρώνεται κατ’αυτό τον τρόπο το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο στο οποίο στηρίζεται η παρούσα εργασία. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 παρουσιάζεται η εφαρμογή MATLAB η οποία υλοποιήθηκε για την ανάλυση των προκλητών δυναμικών. Η εφαρμογή δίνει τη δυνατότητα στο χρήστη να «φορτώσει» ένα σήμα, να εξάγει κάποια χαρακτηριστικά του χρησιμοποιώντας τρεις διαφορετικούς τρόπους ανάλυσης και στη συνέχεια να αποθηκεύσει τα αποτελέσματα σε tab-delimited αρχεία κειμένου. Στο κεφάλαιο 4 παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα που εξήχθησαν από την επεξεργασία των σημάτων που είχαμε στη διάθεσή μας. Τα σήματα αφορούσαν μετρήσεις σε διαφορετικούς ασθενείς κατά τη διάρκεια εγχειρήσεων ιππουρίδας και το αποτέλεσμα της εγχείρησης ήταν γνωστό (πρόκληση ή μη βλάβης σε μία ή και στις δύο πλευρές του σώματος). Στόχος του κεφαλαίου είναι να κάνει μια πρώτη παράθεση των αποτελεσμάτων και να διευκολύνει την εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων όσον αφορά στην ακρίβεια των μεθόδων. Στο κεφάλαιο 5 ακολουθεί μια συζήτηση που στόχο έχει να συνοψίσει τα βασικά στοιχεία των αποτελεσμάτων ενώ τέλος στο κεφάλαιο 6 παρατίθενται τα συμπεράσματα της εργασίας. Μετά τα συμπεράσματα ακολουθεί το παράρτημα Α στο οποίο εμφανίζονται σε πίνακες των αποτελεσμάτων που προέκυψαν για τα διαθέσιμα σήματα εκτελώντας ανάλυση στο πεδίο του χρόνου, στο πεδίο της συχνότητας και στο πεδίο χρόνου- συχνότητας. / -

No description available.

Licentiatavhandling (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2007. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, patients diagnosed with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) are living longer lifespans, leading to an increased number of these patients presenting for non-cardiac procedures/surgeries. Little research has been recently done analyzing intraoperative complications/risks for CHD patients undergoing non-cardiac surgeries. This study aims to identify common intraoperative events experienced by CHD patients undergoing non-cardiac surgeries using more recent data, while at the same time analyzing to see if there is any difference in frequency of intraoperative events experienced between different types of CHD diagnoses. METHODS: After receiving IRB approval, patients with CHD presenting for non-cardiac procedures/surgeries between the years 2008 and 2012 were pulled from Boston Children’s Hospital’s Electronic Medical records. 1,024 non-cardiac surgical encounters from 362 patients were analyzed to determine average age, average weight, patient gender, average ASA class, frequency of CHD diagnoses, ventricular function, type of non-cardiac procedure, premedication administration, type of induction and type and frequency of intraoperative events experienced. The 1,024 encounters were divided into two groups: those done in patients diagnosed with single ventricle physiology (n=79) and those done in patients diagnosed with non-single ventricle physiology (n=945). Unpaired Mann-Whitney tests were performed to determine if there was a significant difference in overall and specific intraoperative event occurrence between the single ventricle and non-single ventricle groups. RESULTS: Average age and weight at the time of these surgical encounters was 4.86 years and 20.57 Kg. A majority of the surgical encounters were done in males (59.2%). Atrial septal defect was the most common type of CHD, and most of the patients in these surgical encounters received an ASA class of 3. Intraoperative events occurred in 24.4% of the surgical encounters with cardiovascular events being the most common (44.82% of total events). Other events made up 30.49% of events experienced intraoperatively, with respiratory events making up the remaining 24.70%. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of overall events between the single ventricle and non-single ventricle group (P<0.0001). Additionally, there was a significant difference in the occurrence of cardiovascular events (P<0.0001) and Other events (P=0.0001) between the single ventricle and non-single ventricle groups. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of respiratory events between the two groups (P=0.648). DISCUSSION: The most common type of intraoperative event experienced by CHD patients during a non-cardiac surgery was cardiovascular events. Significantly more overall intraoperative events, including cardiovascular and other events, occurred in surgical encounters performed on CHD patients exhibiting single ventricle physiology than those encounters done on CHD patients with a non-single ventricle physiology. Results of this study suggest that it would be likely for CHD patients to have a cardiovascular event occur during non-cardiac surgery and that this may be more likely in patients with a single ventricle physiology. This study was subjected to the limitations of retrospective chart review, as well as missing and infrequent documentation. Future analysis will look to find correlations between the occurrence of intraoperative events, and demographic and procedure variables analyzed in this study. / 2017-06-16T00:00:00Z

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:37:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_idf_me_botfm.pdf: 342153 bytes, checksum: d9563004493660e5ddc47166bc75326a (MD5) / A anestesia regional (AR) apresenta vantagens quando comparada à anestesia geral, como determinação de menor morbidade e mortalidade, analgesia pós-operatória de melhor qualidade e menor tempo de internação hospitalar. Diversas complicações podem ser decorrentes dos bloqueios do neuroeixo, algumas de maior gravidade, como as infecções do sistema nervoso central, lesões neurológicas devidas a hematomas espinhais, toxicidade pelos anestésicos locais ou trauma direto, e outras menos graves, como hipotensão e bradicardia, até mesmo consideradas fisiológicas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as complicações intra-operatórias desencadeadas pelos bloqueios do neuroeixo, em pacientes com idades iguais ou superiores a 18 anos submetidos a procedimentos não obstétricos, em um período de 18 anos, em hospital de atendimento terciário – Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu- UNESP. A partir do banco de dados do departamento de anestesiologia (Microsoft Access), foi realizada análise retrospectiva, de maio de 1990 a maio de 2008, de todas as complicações relacionadas às anestesias do neuroeixo (anestesias subaracnóidea simples e contínua, peridural simples e contínua e duplo bloqueio – raqui-peridural). As complicações encontradas foram: hipoxemia, hipoventilação, hipertensão arterial, hipotensão arterial, bradicardia sinusal, taquicardia sinusal, agitação, cefaléia, convulsão, oligúria, reação vaso-vagal, falha de bloqueio, perfuração acidental da dura-máter, disritmias ventriculares, parada cardíaca e óbito. Estas foram correlacionadas com a técnica anestésica, estado físico descrito pela Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologia (ASA), idade, sexo e comorbidades pré-operatórias, como hipertensão arterial, disritmias atriais e ventriculares, obesidade... / The regional anesthesia (RA) presents advantages when compared to the general anesthesia, as determination of smaller morbidity and mortality, postoperative analgesia of better quality and smaller time of hospitalar internment. Several complications can be resulting from the neuraxial blockades, some of larger gravity, as the infections of the central nervous system, neurological lesions owed to spinal or epidural hematomas, toxicity due to the local anesthetics or direct trauma, and other less serious, as hypotension and bradycardia, even considered physiological. The goal of this research was to assess the intraoperative complications caused by the neuraxial blockades in patients 18 years of age or older not submitted to obstetrician procedures, during a period of 18 years, in a hospital with tertiary treatment – Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – UNESP. Starting from the database (Microsoft Access) of the Anesthesiology Department, retrospective analysis was accomplished, from May 1990 to May 2008, of some of the complications related to the neuraxial anesthesias (spinal, continuous spinal, epidural, continuous epidural and combined spinal-epidural anesthesias). The found complications were: hypoxemia, hypoventilation, arterial hypertension, arterial hypotension, sinusal bradycardia and tachycardia, agitation, headache, convulsion, oliguria, vasovagal reaction, blockade failure, accidental perforation of the duramater, ventricular dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest and death. These were correlated with the anesthetic technique, physical state described by the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA), age, sex and preoperative comorbidities, as arterial hypertension, atrial and ventricular dysrhythmias, obesity, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure,... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A hipotermia ocorre em mais de 70% dos pacientes no período perioperatório tornando-se um evento adverso freqüente. O estudo teve como objetivo geral analisar a temperatura corporal do paciente submetido à cirurgia eletiva no período intra-operatório e como específicos: identificar as relações entre a temperatura corporal e as variáveis sócio-demográficas (idade e sexo) e clínicas (índice de massa corporal, transfusão sanguínea e doenças crônicas); identificar as relações entre temperatura corporal e as variáveis do procedimento anestésicocirúrgico (duração da anestesia, tipo de anestesia e duração da cirurgia); identificar a relação entre temperatura corporal e a temperatura da sala de operação; analisar a variância da medida da temperatura corporal média dos pacientes explicada pelas variáveis preditoras e identificar as medidas adotadas na sala de cirurgia para a prevenção de hipotermia. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa com abordagem metodológica quantitativa, delineamento não experimental, tipo de estudo correlacional, prospectivo em um hospital filantrópico situado no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Na amostra estudada foram incluídos 70 sujeitos com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos; submetidos à cirurgia eletiva, com duração da anestesia de, no mínimo, uma hora. Para a coleta de dados elaborou-se um instrumento que foi submetido à validação aparente e de conteúdo. Na coleta de dados, a pesquisadora realizou a mensuração da temperatura e umidade da sala de operação e da temperatura corporal do paciente em diferentes momentos. Por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson verificou-se correlação estatisticamente significante e negativa entre a variável temperatura média corporal dos pacientes e a duração da anestesia e a duração da cirurgia. De forma positiva, o índice de massa corporal e a temperatura média da sala de operação apresentaram correlações estatisticamente significantes com a temperatura corporal média dos pacientes. Segundo o teste t Student a variável transfusão sanguínea apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante entre as temperaturas corporais médias do grupo submetido à transfusão e do grupo não submetido à transfusão. Em relação ao tipo de anestesia, a ANOVA mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante entre as temperaturas corporais médias e os grupos (geral, regional e combinada), sendo que o grupo submetido à anestesia combinada apresentou temperaturas médias corporais mais baixas. Na regressão linear multivariada, as variáveis tipo de anestesia, duração da anestesia, o índice de massa corporal e a temperatura da sala de operação estavam diretamente relacionadas à temperatura corporal média dos sujeitos investigados. As medidas adotadas na sala de cirurgia para a prevenção de hipotermia foram o uso de lençol de algodão e o enfaixamento dos membros inferiores que consistem em métodos passivos de aquecimento cutâneo; a utilização do sistema de ar forçado aquecido (método ativo de aquecimento cutâneo) ocorreu uma única vez. Conclui-se que apesar das limitações deste estudo, pode-se inferir que a realidade aqui demonstrada, deva ser igual ou similar a de muitos hospitais brasileiros. Compete ao enfermeiro perioperatório a adoção de postura crítica diante da realidade vivenciada, bem como a busca e a implementação de evidências que assegurem a melhoria do cuidado prestado ao paciente cirúrgico. / Hypthermia affects more than 70% of patients in the intraoperative period, turning into a frequent adverse event. The general aim of this study was to analyze the body temperature of patients submitted to elective surgery in the intraoperative period. Specific goals were: to identify the relations between body temperature and sociodemographic (age and gender) and clinical (body mass index, blood transfusion and chronic diseases); to identify the relations between body temperature and variables related to the anesthetic-surgical procedure (duration of anesthesia, type of anesthesia and duration of surgery); to identify the relation between body temperature and the temperature of the operating room; to analyze the variance in patients\' mean body temperature measures, explained by predictive variables, and to identify the measures adopted in the surgery room to prevent hypothermia. Therefore, a quantitative prospective correlation study with a nonexperimental design was carried out at a philanthropic hospital located in the interior of São Paulo State, Brazil. The study sample included 70 subjects aged 18 years or older; submitted to elective surgery, who received anesthesia during at least one hour. For data collection, an instrument was elaborated and submitted to face and content validation. During the collection, the researcher measured the temperature and humidity of the operating room and the patient\'s body temperature at different times. Pearson\'s correlation coefficient was used to identify a statistically significant and negative correlation between three variables: patients\' mean body temperature, the duration of anesthesia and the duration of the surgery. In the positive sense, the body mass index and mean operating room temperature displayed statistically significant correlations with the patients\' mean body temperature. According to Student\'s t-test, the blood transfusion variable presented a statistically significant difference between the mean body temperatures of the group submitted to transfusion and the group that was not submitted to transfusion. As to the type of anesthesia, ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference between mean body temperatures and anesthesia groups (general, regional and combined), with the group submitted to combined anesthesia presenting lower mean body temperatures. In the multivariate linear regression, the variables type of anesthesia, duration of anesthesia, body mass index and operating room temperature were directly related with the research subjects\' mean body temperature. The measures adopted in the surgery room to prevent hypothermia were the use of cotton sheets and the wrapping of lower members, which are passive cutaneous warming methods; the forced-air warming system (active cutaneous warming method) was used once. It is concluded that, despite the study limitations, it can be inferred that the reality pictured here should be equal or similar to that of many Brazilian hospitals. Perioperative nurses should adopt a critical attitude towards this reality, and also look for and implement evidence that guarantees the improvement of care delivery to surgical patients.

Orientador: Paulo Sérgio Flores Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T23:18:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neves_FredericoSampaio_M.pdf: 794899 bytes, checksum: 80251cf210efd77f2ef2e0462458f1d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este estudo avaliou a confiabilidade da tomografia computadorizada multidetector (TCMD) na avaliação da relação de risco cirúrgico para o feixe neurovascular alveolar inferior em exodontias de terceiros molares. Participaram do estudo 33 indivíduos (63 terceiros molares), que se submeteram a TCMD na avaliação pré-operatória para exodontia dos terceiros molares inferiores inclusos. A TCMD foi utilizada na determinação da relação das raízes dos terceiros molares com o canal mandibular e do curso do canal mandibular. A exposição do nervo alveolar inferior (NAI) e a presença de hemorragia foram analisadas após a remoção do dente. Alteração neurossensorial do NAI foi avaliada após 7 dias. Achados clínicos e tomográficos foram comparados por meio do teste exato de Fischer (p<0,05). Foi observada relação estatisticamente significativa entre a exposição do NAI e a relação tomográfica entre as raízes dos terceiros molares e o canal mandibular (p=0,015). Todos os casos de alteração neurossensorial do NAI e hemorragia ocorreram quando as raízes do terceiro molar se apresentaram em relação de risco com o canal mandibular, porém a associação não foi estatisticamente significativa (p>0,05). Relação estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada entre o curso lingual do canal mandibular e a exposição do NAI (p=0,03). Portanto, a TCMD mostrou-se eficaz na determinação do risco cirúrgico para o feixe neurovascular alveolar inferior em exodontias de terceiros molares / Abstract: This study assessed the reliability of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in determining the surgical risk to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) in extractions of third molars. Our sample comprised thirty-three individuals (63 third molars) who underwent preoperative evaluation by MDCT before extraction of impacted mandibular third molars. MDCT was used to determine the relationship between the roots of the third molars and the mandibular canal and the course of the mandibular canal. IAN exposure and the presence of hemorrhage were analyzed after removal of the teeth. IAN neurosensory deficit was recorded after 7 days. Clinical and MDCT findings were compared using Fisher's exact test (p<0,05). There was a statistically significant association between IAN exposure and the tomographic relationship between the roots of third molars and the mandibular canal (p=0,015). All cases of IAN neurosensory deficit and hemorrhage occurred when the roots of the third molar presented in an at-risk relationship with the mandibular canal, however these associations were not statistically significant (p>0,05). A statistically significant association was found between the lingual course of the mandibular canal and IAN exposure (p=0,03). Thus, MDCT is effective in determining the surgical risk to the IAN bundle in extraction of mandibular third molars / Mestrado / Radiologia Odontologica / Mestre em Radiologia Odontológica

O propósito deste estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar um software, que possibilite ao enfermeiro da unidade cirúrgica otimizar a assistência de enfermagem intraoperatória por meio do acesso eletrônico e sistemático às rotinas de trabalho de sua equipe. O percurso metodológico utilizado no desenvolvimento baseou-se na teoria de desenvolvimento de sistemas. A equipe multiprofissional envolvida no desenvolvimento do sistema foi constituída por dois enfermeiros pesquisadores, um analista de sistemas e um programador de computador da instituição coparticipante da pesquisa. Para avaliação do software utilizou-se o modelo proposto por Sperandio (2008), em conformidade com da norma ISO/IEC 25010 (2011), para cada característica. Participaram da avaliação dois grupos de avaliadores G1 (10 enfermeiros) e G2 (42 técnicos/auxiliares de enfermagem), também da instituição coparticipante da pesquisa. Atendento aos requisitos previamente levantados, o sistema foi desenvolvido em plataforma e linguagem Java com banco de dados IBM DB2 e servidor de aplicação JBoss, contendo seis módulos de fácil navegação. Na avaliação dos grupos G1 e G2 as características obtiveram as seguintes notas: \"funcionalidade\" (G1 - 100%; G2 - 99,60%), \"confiabilidade\" (G1 - 100%; G2-98,17%), \"usabilidade\" (G1 - 96,30%; G2 - 98,79%), \"eficiência de desenpenho\" (G1 - 96,67%; G2 - 100%), \"compatibilidade\" (G1 - 92,31%; G2 - 98,98%) e \"segurança\" (G1 - 100%; G2 - 99,85%). Considerando os resultados desta pesquisa, acredita-se que o software desenvolvido permitirá seus usuários enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem, da unidade cirúrgica, possam acessar suas rotinas de enfermagem intraoperatória de forma eficiente e sistemática, uma vez que o sistema desenvolvido permitiu concentrar todas as rotinas de enfermagem relacionadas à montagem, circulação e desmontagem de Sala Operatória, em um espaço seguro e acessível / The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a software that enables the surgical unit nurse to optimize intraoperative nursing care through electronic and systematic access to their team\'s work routines. The methodology applied in the development was based on the system development theory. The multi-professional team involved in the system development was composed of two research nurses, a systems analyst and a computer programmer from the co-participant institution in the research. To evaluate the software, the model proposed by Sperandio (2008) was used for each characteristic, according to ISO / IEC 25010 (2011). Two groups of G1 (10 nurses) and G2 evaluators (42 nursing technicians / auxiliaries) participated in the evaluation, also from the institution which cooperates with the research. In line with the requirements previously raised, the system was developed in Java platform and language with IBM DB2 database and JBoss application server, containing six easy-to-navigate modules. In the evaluation of groups G1 and G2, the following characteristics were obtained: \"functionality\" (G1 - 100%, G2 - 99.60%), \"reliability\" (G1 - 100%, G2-98,17% (G1 - 96.30%, G2 - 98.79%), \"performance efficiency\" (G1 - 96.67%, G2 - 100%), \"compatibility\" (G1 - 92.31%; , 98%) and \"safety\" (G1-100%, G2-99.85%). Considering this research results, the software developed will allow its users (nurses, technicians and nursing assistants from the surgical unit) to access their nursery routines in an efficient and systematic way, since the developed system permitted to concentrate all the nursing routines related to the Operating Room preparation and circulation, in a safe and accessible space

Orientador: Marco Antônio Rodrigues Fernandes / Resumo: A betaterapia é uma modalidade dentro da braquiterapia que utiliza aplicadores de radiação beta, os quais são usados no tratamento de lesões superficiais. Com o avanço das técnicas terapêuticas, novos protocolos clínicos da medicina veterinária serão estabelecidos. Neste sentido, a betaterapia surge como uma opção importante para a realização de procedimentos radioterápicos e consequentente haverá estudos para definições de protocolos clínicos oncológicos. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia para determinação da distribuição de dose de radiação beta proveniente de aplicadores de estrôncio-90 (Sr90), para uso em radioterapia intraoperatória em medicina veterinária. Foram analisadas as distribuições de dose de radiação planar de três aplicadores de Sr90, por meio de filmes radiográficos, os quais foram expostos aos feixes oriundos das fontes em diferentes tempos de exposição. Foi verificada a densidade óptica (D.O.) do campo de radiação por um densitômetro digital. Após o escaneamento dos filmes, com o uso do software ImageJ, foram medidas as intensidades de brilho referente aos campos de exposição da radiação. A análise da distribuição de dose de radiação dos aplicadores de betaterapia, produziu resultados semelhantes aos apresentados na literatura. O uso do software ImageJ, assim como a D.O. obtida auxiliaram na análise dos estudos dosimétricos. Os comportamentos das curvas de dose-efeito proporcionaram maior compreensão da homogeneidade do campo de radiação no plano... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Beta therapy is a modality within brachytherapy that utilizes beta radiation applicators, which are used in the treatment of superficial injuries. The advance of radiotherapy techniques allows the establishment of new clinical protocols of veterinary medicine will be established. Beta therapy appears as an important option for performing radiotherapy procedures and, consequently, there will be studies for the definition of clinical oncological protocols. This study presents a methodology for determining the dose distribution of beta radiation from strontium90 applicators (Sr90) for use in intraoperative radiotherapy in veterinary medicine. The planar radiation dose distributions of three Sr90 applicators were analyzed by radiographic films, to which they were exposed to beams from sources at different exposure times. The optical density (O.D.) of the radiation field was verified by a digital densitometer. After scanning the films, ImageJ software measured the brightness intensity of the radiation exposure fields. The radiation dose distribution analysis of the beta therapy applicators produced results similar to those presented in the literature. The use of ImageJ software, as well as O.D. obtained helped in the analysis of dosimetric studies. The behaviors of the dose-effect curves provided a better understanding of the radiation field homogeneity in the treatment plan, thus, the radiation dose distributions in the treatment fields indicate the use of these types of applicat... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Surgical procedures of the brain and spine that require manipulation of, and near nervous structures, require unique considerations in their approach. Over the past 100 years, techniques have been developed and refined for localization of specific structures allowing for safer, more accurate interventions. These include the pre-operative use of Electroencephalography (EEG) in combination with radiographical imaging and intraoperative neurophysiological techniques rooted in electrophysiology. Since the introduction of EEG and electrical cortical stimulation, physicians have had the tools to diagnose neurological conditions while also being able to complete surgical interventions with a level of safety. By the 1920’s and 1930’s, the efforts of Hans Berger and Frederic and Erna Gibbs to develop and utilize EEG led to accurate pre-operative diagnoses of epilepsy along with their associated foci. Within that same time, the efforts of Wilder Penfield to develop and implement electrical cortical stimulation in awake patients during neurosurgery led to broad understandings of the organization and function of regions of the brain. Both EEG and cortical stimulation in combination quicky became useful beyond research in mapping the regions of the brain and led to rapid improvements in the accuracy of epilepsy surgery. Over preceding decades, these techniques continued to evolve with the latest research and technology. Additionally, their utilization has expanded from epilepsy surgery to resection for neoplasms of the central nervous system. In contemporary surgery, EEG and cortical stimulation still serve as the backbone of mapping techniques, but novel techniques are continually explored and improve patient outcomes. These advances include modern intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, improved stimulation techniques, and additional utilization beyond the brain. This review highlights the conceptual underpinning of electrical neurophysiological mapping techniques as well as their implementation and future considerations. The review covers the pre-operative mapping of the brain using EEG, intraoperative mapping of the brain using cortical and subcortical mapping, and spinal cord mapping of the dorsal column and anterolateral tracts. The techniques and theory of each are summarized along with discussions on implementation and efficacy. Additional emphasis is placed on the need for standardization of their use to improve patient outcomes and recommendations for future research and development.