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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The Effects of Textual Fluency on the Rate of Acquisition and Application of Intraverbal Relations

Shrontz, Rachael E. 05 1900 (has links)
Intraverbal behavior governs core elements of academic and intellectual behavior. These intraverbal relations can be explicitly taught when an individual is prompted to provide an appropriate response with pictures, text, or other stimuli following a verbal stimulus. It is possible that a focus on fluency of the target repertoires may lead to more conclusive data. the current study assessed the effects of precision teaching based instruction for component textual repertoires on the acquisition of intraverbal relations. Specifically, this study compared the effectiveness of two textual prompting procedures (with and without fluency-based instruction) on the acquisition and application of intraverbal relations using time-delay and a carefully controlled set of intraverbal stimuli. Results indicate that the use of textual prompts and an errorless time-delay transfer of stimulus control procedure were effective strategies for teaching intraverbal responses regardless of the inclusion of fluency-based instruction.
2

Controle instrucional do autoclítico em tarefas de formação de classes de equivalência e em sequências intraverbais / Instructional control of the autoclitic in tasks of class formation of equivalent stimuli and in intraverbal sequences

Garcia, Marcos Roberto 25 September 2013 (has links)
Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: 1) verificar se a formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes adquire controle instrucional sobre uma resposta não verbal do ouvinte (comportamento de se coçar); 2) verificar se após a formação de equivalência emergem sequências intraverbais entre os estímulos das classes; 3) comparar o controle instrucional sobre o ouvinte via equivalência e via sequências intraverbais e, por fim, 4) identificar se a manipulação do autoclítico tom de voz em um dos estímulos da classe altera o comportamento não verbal do ouvinte em ambas as condições (equivalência de estímulos e sequências intraverbais). Nove crianças, com idades variando de oito e dez anos, foram participantes. Cada criança passou por fases e passos específicos em duas Etapas Experimentais (Etapa I e Etapa II). A Etapa I envolveu pré-treinos com estímulos familiares aos participantes e treinos e testes de equivalência com os estímulos experimentais. O estímulo oral - DESESPERADAMENTE - era apresentado ora com alteração no tom de voz ora sem, de acordo com a Fase. A variável dependente foi o comportamento de se coçar. Antes dos treinos e testes de equivalência todas as crianças eram filmadas, tanto para medir a variável dependente em condição de linha de base, como para verificar que sequências intraverbais dos estímulos envolvidos nos treinos e testes. Após os treinos e testes de equivalência, os participantes passavam novamente pelas condições de filmagem do comportamento de se coçar e da montagem das sequências intraverbais. Na Etapa II os mesmos participantes assistiram a vídeos que apresentavam uma frase e depois uma estória com os mesmos estímulos (A1, B1 e C1). Antes e depois de ouvir a frase e a estória, os participantes eram novamente filmados Os resultados da Etapa I revelaram que os participantes se coçaram durante as tarefas de Matching-To-Sample (MTS), mais precisamente nas tarefas do Treino AC (desesperadamente/coçar), revelando que o estímulo do Conjunto A exerceu controle sobre o comportamento de se coçar, independentemente do tom de voz do estímulo oral A1. O tom de voz não foi uma variável alteradora de função dos estímulos durante as tarefas de MTS, não tendo exercido a função autoclítica. Os treinos e testes de equivalência também não exerceram efeito instrucional sobre o comportamento de se coçar bem como sobre o sequenciar estímulos de modo intraverbal. Já os resultados da Etapa II revelaram que todos os participantes emitiram o comportamento de se coçar após ouvirem a frase e a estória que continham os mesmos estímulos da etapa anterior, só que no formato de sequência intraverbal com os estímulos relacionados por conectivos, pronomes e artigos; por autoclíticos. Tal diferença nos resultados entre as duas etapas pode estar no encadeamento e interligação explícita existente na frase e na estória em comparação com o existente nas tarefas de equivalência / The goal of this research was 1) to verify if the formation of equivalent stimuli classes acquires instructional control over the non-verbal response of the listener (scratching behavior), 2) check if after the formation of equivalence, intraverbal sequences between the stimuli of the classes appear, 3) compare the instructional control over the listener through equivalence and through intraverbal sequences and finally, 4) identify if the autoclitic voice tone manipulation in one of the class stimuli alters the behavior of the listener in both conditions (equivalence of stimuli and intraverbal sequences).The research was attended by nine children with ages from eight to ten years old. Every children went through specific phases and steps of two Experimental Stages (Stage I and Stage II). Stage I involved pre-training with familiar stimuli to the participants and training and tests of equivalence with the experimental stimuli. The oral stimulus: DESPERATELY was presented at times with alteration in the voice tone and sometimes without, according to the Phase. The dependent variable was the behavior of scratching. Before the training and tests of equivalence, every children was filmed, to both measure the dependent variable in baseline conditions and to verify which intraverbal sequences of the stimuli were involved in the training and tests. After the training and tests of equivalence, the participants would again go through the conditions of shooting of the behavior of scratching and the assembly of the intraverbal sequences. On Stage II, the same participants watched videos that featured a sentence and afterwards a story with the same stimuli (A1, B1 and C1). Before and after listening the sentence and the story, the participants were again filmed. The results of Stage 1 revealed that the participants scratched themselves during the Matching-To-Sample (MTS) tasks, more precisely in the AC Training tasks (desperately/scratch), revealing that the stimulus of Group A had control over the behavior of scratching, regardless of the voice tone of the oral stimulus A1. The voice tone wasnt an altering variable of the stimuli function during the MTS tasks, not having exerted the autoclitic function. The training and tests of equivalence also did not exert an instructional effect over the behavior of scratching as well as over the sequencing of stimuli in the intraverbal way. On the other hand, the results of Stage II revealed that all the participants emitted the behavior of scratching after listening the sentence and the story which contained the same stimuli of the previous stage, but in the format of the intraverbal sequence with the stimuli related through connectors, pronouns and articles; through autoclitics. Such difference in the results between both stages may be in the chaining and explicit interconnection existing in the sentence and the story in comparison with the one existing in the equivalence tasks
3

Controle instrucional do autoclítico em tarefas de formação de classes de equivalência e em sequências intraverbais / Instructional control of the autoclitic in tasks of class formation of equivalent stimuli and in intraverbal sequences

Marcos Roberto Garcia 25 September 2013 (has links)
Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: 1) verificar se a formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes adquire controle instrucional sobre uma resposta não verbal do ouvinte (comportamento de se coçar); 2) verificar se após a formação de equivalência emergem sequências intraverbais entre os estímulos das classes; 3) comparar o controle instrucional sobre o ouvinte via equivalência e via sequências intraverbais e, por fim, 4) identificar se a manipulação do autoclítico tom de voz em um dos estímulos da classe altera o comportamento não verbal do ouvinte em ambas as condições (equivalência de estímulos e sequências intraverbais). Nove crianças, com idades variando de oito e dez anos, foram participantes. Cada criança passou por fases e passos específicos em duas Etapas Experimentais (Etapa I e Etapa II). A Etapa I envolveu pré-treinos com estímulos familiares aos participantes e treinos e testes de equivalência com os estímulos experimentais. O estímulo oral - DESESPERADAMENTE - era apresentado ora com alteração no tom de voz ora sem, de acordo com a Fase. A variável dependente foi o comportamento de se coçar. Antes dos treinos e testes de equivalência todas as crianças eram filmadas, tanto para medir a variável dependente em condição de linha de base, como para verificar que sequências intraverbais dos estímulos envolvidos nos treinos e testes. Após os treinos e testes de equivalência, os participantes passavam novamente pelas condições de filmagem do comportamento de se coçar e da montagem das sequências intraverbais. Na Etapa II os mesmos participantes assistiram a vídeos que apresentavam uma frase e depois uma estória com os mesmos estímulos (A1, B1 e C1). Antes e depois de ouvir a frase e a estória, os participantes eram novamente filmados Os resultados da Etapa I revelaram que os participantes se coçaram durante as tarefas de Matching-To-Sample (MTS), mais precisamente nas tarefas do Treino AC (desesperadamente/coçar), revelando que o estímulo do Conjunto A exerceu controle sobre o comportamento de se coçar, independentemente do tom de voz do estímulo oral A1. O tom de voz não foi uma variável alteradora de função dos estímulos durante as tarefas de MTS, não tendo exercido a função autoclítica. Os treinos e testes de equivalência também não exerceram efeito instrucional sobre o comportamento de se coçar bem como sobre o sequenciar estímulos de modo intraverbal. Já os resultados da Etapa II revelaram que todos os participantes emitiram o comportamento de se coçar após ouvirem a frase e a estória que continham os mesmos estímulos da etapa anterior, só que no formato de sequência intraverbal com os estímulos relacionados por conectivos, pronomes e artigos; por autoclíticos. Tal diferença nos resultados entre as duas etapas pode estar no encadeamento e interligação explícita existente na frase e na estória em comparação com o existente nas tarefas de equivalência / The goal of this research was 1) to verify if the formation of equivalent stimuli classes acquires instructional control over the non-verbal response of the listener (scratching behavior), 2) check if after the formation of equivalence, intraverbal sequences between the stimuli of the classes appear, 3) compare the instructional control over the listener through equivalence and through intraverbal sequences and finally, 4) identify if the autoclitic voice tone manipulation in one of the class stimuli alters the behavior of the listener in both conditions (equivalence of stimuli and intraverbal sequences).The research was attended by nine children with ages from eight to ten years old. Every children went through specific phases and steps of two Experimental Stages (Stage I and Stage II). Stage I involved pre-training with familiar stimuli to the participants and training and tests of equivalence with the experimental stimuli. The oral stimulus: DESPERATELY was presented at times with alteration in the voice tone and sometimes without, according to the Phase. The dependent variable was the behavior of scratching. Before the training and tests of equivalence, every children was filmed, to both measure the dependent variable in baseline conditions and to verify which intraverbal sequences of the stimuli were involved in the training and tests. After the training and tests of equivalence, the participants would again go through the conditions of shooting of the behavior of scratching and the assembly of the intraverbal sequences. On Stage II, the same participants watched videos that featured a sentence and afterwards a story with the same stimuli (A1, B1 and C1). Before and after listening the sentence and the story, the participants were again filmed. The results of Stage 1 revealed that the participants scratched themselves during the Matching-To-Sample (MTS) tasks, more precisely in the AC Training tasks (desperately/scratch), revealing that the stimulus of Group A had control over the behavior of scratching, regardless of the voice tone of the oral stimulus A1. The voice tone wasnt an altering variable of the stimuli function during the MTS tasks, not having exerted the autoclitic function. The training and tests of equivalence also did not exert an instructional effect over the behavior of scratching as well as over the sequencing of stimuli in the intraverbal way. On the other hand, the results of Stage II revealed that all the participants emitted the behavior of scratching after listening the sentence and the story which contained the same stimuli of the previous stage, but in the format of the intraverbal sequence with the stimuli related through connectors, pronouns and articles; through autoclitics. Such difference in the results between both stages may be in the chaining and explicit interconnection existing in the sentence and the story in comparison with the one existing in the equivalence tasks
4

Further Evaluation of Blocked Trials to Teach Intraverbal Conditional Discriminations: Effects of Criterion-level Probes

Haggar, Jennifer Lynn 05 1900 (has links)
Individuals with autism often have deficient intraverbal repertoires. Previous research has found success in using a blocked trials procedure to facilitate discrimination training. A previous study (unpublished) from our laboratory extended this procedure to intraverbal training. The current study continued this line of research by exploring the outcomes of probing the criterion performance more frequently. Three children with autism, ages 7-13, participated. Eight question pairs were taught. One question was presented repeatedly until a specified number of consecutive correct responses occurred, then the other question was presented. Contingent on specific mastery criteria, the trial blocks were faded into smaller blocks until the questions were presented in quasi-random order. Between each step, a criterion probe was conducted to determine if further steps were necessary. The procedure has been successful for two of the three participants. Criterion probe performance showed that not all teaching steps were needed every time. The procedure may have facilitated acquisition over time, because the number of trials to mastery generally decreased over successive targets.
5

Teaching Idiomatic Expressions to Children with Developmental Delays Using the PEAK Relational Training System

Eberhardt, Brittney Elizabeth 01 December 2016 (has links)
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF BRITTNEY E. EBERHARDT, for the Master of Science degree in Behavior Analysis and Therapy, presented on August 2016, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: TEACHING IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS TO CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS USING THE PEAK RELATIONAL TRAINING SYSTEM MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Mark R. Dixon Idiomatic expressions are commonly used phrases, which require the listener to interpret the meaning figuratively rather than literally. The purpose of this study was to expand the research in the area of stimulus equivalence to determine whether untaught symmetrical and transitive responding in relation to idiomatic expressions would emerge for two participants with developmental delays. The first phase of the study involved directly training participants to respond with the statement (B stimuli; i.e.: “Go to bed.”) that corresponded with an intraverbal (A stimuli; i.e.: “What do you do at night after you put on your pajamas?”). After participants mastered these relationships, they were directly trained to respond with the idiomatic expression (C stimuli; i.e.: “Hit the hay”) when the experimenter verbally asked, “What is another way to say [A stimuli]?”. The results indicate that both participants achieved mastery criteria during the first phase of the study on A-B relations, however they were unable to demonstrate the derived equivalence A-C relation or C-B relation. After training on the B-C relationship, participants were again able to achieve criteria on the trained relationship and demonstrated some of the derived symmetrical relationships as well as derived transitive relationships. In addition, this study utilized the procedures from the PEAK-E relational training system to aid in replication in research and clinical practice.
6

The Effects of a Peer-Mediated Intervention on Intraverbal Behavior of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Lemut, Stephanie Marie 28 December 2016 (has links)
No description available.
7

Comparação do tempo de apresentação de dois tipos de dicas no ensino de respostas intraverbais a crianças com desenvolvimento típico / Comparison of the increase in the time of presentation of two types of prompts in teaching intraverbal responses and their effects for children with typical development

Tardem, Marcio Felipe 01 October 2018 (has links)
Estudar o comportamento humano é uma tarefa desafiadora pela sua complexidade e multideterminação. Dentre as relações comportamentais complexas estão as relações verbais. A Análise do Comportamento estuda tais eventos destacando as variáveis fundamentais envolvidas, analisadas pela tríplice contingência. Uma das maiores características de uma criança com atraso no desenvolvimento é o atraso ou prejuízo em aquisição ou expansão da linguagem. Nesse sentido, estudos anteriores buscaram identificar procedimentos efetivos na aquisição e expansão de operantes verbais. Dentre os procedimentos efetivos, estão aqueles que empregam dicas. Já se sabe que a história de reforçamento com determinada dica influencia a velocidade de aquisição do operante intraverbal, outros estudos apontam a hipótese de que o tempo de permanência da dica exposta aos participantes pode influenciar na aquisição do operante intraverbal, porém, essa variável não havia sido mensurada e controlada até o momento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar se o aumento no tempo de apresentação das dicas textuais e de tato tem efeito sobre o responder intraverbal. Os resultados demonstraram que para três dos cinco participantes, o tempo de permanência das dicas teve efeito no aumento da velocidade de aquisição de respostas intraverbais, já que para esses participantes, ocorreu diminuição no blocos de tentativas para atingir o critério de aprendizagem quando houve a manipulação do tempo de apresentação das dicas / Studying human behavior is a challenging task because of its complexity and multi-determination. Among complex behavioral relationships are verbal relations. Behavior Analysis studies such events prioritizing the fundamental variables involved, analyzed by the three term contingency. One of the greatest characteristics of a child with developmental disorder is the delay in language acquisition or expansion. In this sense, previous studies have sought to identify effective procedures in the acquisition and expansion of verbal operants. Among the effective procedures are those that employ prompts. It is already known that the history of reinforcement with a certain prompt influences the speed of intraverbal operant acquisition. Previous studies point to the hypothesis that the time of exposed prompts to the participants may influence intraverbal operant acquisition. However, this variable did not exist been measured and controlled so far. The objective of the present study was to compare increased time of exposed presentation of textual and tact prompt and verify effects on intraverbal responses acquisition. The results showed that for three of the five participants, the time of presentation of the prompts had an effect on the speed of acquisition of intraverbal responses, one can conclude this because there was a decrease in the blocks of attempts to reach the learning criterion when there was manipulation of the time of exposed of the prompts
8

Comparação do tempo de apresentação de dois tipos de dicas no ensino de respostas intraverbais a crianças com desenvolvimento típico / Comparison of the increase in the time of presentation of two types of prompts in teaching intraverbal responses and their effects for children with typical development

Marcio Felipe Tardem 01 October 2018 (has links)
Estudar o comportamento humano é uma tarefa desafiadora pela sua complexidade e multideterminação. Dentre as relações comportamentais complexas estão as relações verbais. A Análise do Comportamento estuda tais eventos destacando as variáveis fundamentais envolvidas, analisadas pela tríplice contingência. Uma das maiores características de uma criança com atraso no desenvolvimento é o atraso ou prejuízo em aquisição ou expansão da linguagem. Nesse sentido, estudos anteriores buscaram identificar procedimentos efetivos na aquisição e expansão de operantes verbais. Dentre os procedimentos efetivos, estão aqueles que empregam dicas. Já se sabe que a história de reforçamento com determinada dica influencia a velocidade de aquisição do operante intraverbal, outros estudos apontam a hipótese de que o tempo de permanência da dica exposta aos participantes pode influenciar na aquisição do operante intraverbal, porém, essa variável não havia sido mensurada e controlada até o momento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar se o aumento no tempo de apresentação das dicas textuais e de tato tem efeito sobre o responder intraverbal. Os resultados demonstraram que para três dos cinco participantes, o tempo de permanência das dicas teve efeito no aumento da velocidade de aquisição de respostas intraverbais, já que para esses participantes, ocorreu diminuição no blocos de tentativas para atingir o critério de aprendizagem quando houve a manipulação do tempo de apresentação das dicas / Studying human behavior is a challenging task because of its complexity and multi-determination. Among complex behavioral relationships are verbal relations. Behavior Analysis studies such events prioritizing the fundamental variables involved, analyzed by the three term contingency. One of the greatest characteristics of a child with developmental disorder is the delay in language acquisition or expansion. In this sense, previous studies have sought to identify effective procedures in the acquisition and expansion of verbal operants. Among the effective procedures are those that employ prompts. It is already known that the history of reinforcement with a certain prompt influences the speed of intraverbal operant acquisition. Previous studies point to the hypothesis that the time of exposed prompts to the participants may influence intraverbal operant acquisition. However, this variable did not exist been measured and controlled so far. The objective of the present study was to compare increased time of exposed presentation of textual and tact prompt and verify effects on intraverbal responses acquisition. The results showed that for three of the five participants, the time of presentation of the prompts had an effect on the speed of acquisition of intraverbal responses, one can conclude this because there was a decrease in the blocks of attempts to reach the learning criterion when there was manipulation of the time of exposed of the prompts
9

Treino de relações intraverbais e implicações para a reversibilidade da relação / Training of intraverbal relations and its outcomes for reversibilility

Santos, Maxleila Reis Martins 11 May 2006 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maxleila Reis Martins Santos.pdf: 1885351 bytes, checksum: 5715fa020e379673d040080126c52d38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Intraverbal is a verbal operant in which a verbal stimulus is the occasion for a particular verbal response - with no point-to-point correspondence to the verbal stimulus that evoked it - to be emitted, and that response is maintained by a generalized reinforcement stimulus. Translation is a special case of intraverbal behavior, in which stimuli are in one language and responses are in another. When two languages are acquired independently there may be little intraverbal connections between them. The aim of this work was to investigate (a) the production of intraverbal behavior involving pairs of words in Portuguese-English and English-Portuguese, (b) how the establishment of these pairs would influence the acquisition of new intraverbal behavior with similar characteristics to those already produced, and (c) whether the training that promotes the acquisition of an intraverbal - for example, stimulus-word-in-Portuguese and response-word-in-English - would suffice to produce the emergence of another corresponding intraverbal in the opposite direction. Eleven participants, whose native language was Portuguese and with little or no knowledge of English, concluded the study. In a trial-and-error procedure, each participant realized a task in the computer which consisted of typing the translation for a word shown in the center of the screen. If the stimulus-word was in English, a response in Portuguese was demanded, and vice-versa. When the stimulus-word was shown, the participant could ask for hints (pressing tab or enter), and it was up to him/her to end the attempt once he/she considered it finished, at which moment a message would indicate a hit or miss. Typing errors at each letter were shown as well. In each experimental stage, the same set of words was presented in random order, half of them being in Portuguese and half in English. Once the set of words was finished, it was re-presented until the participant met the criterion for completion of that stage. This procedure involved 4 experimental phases: on Phase 1 a set of 20 words was presented; on Phase 2 the direction of the training was inverted - words presented in English on Phase 1 were presented in Portuguese and vice-versa. On Phase 3, a new set of 10 words was presented, and Phase 4 consisted of the inversion of that set. Results indicate that more training was necessary in order to obtain some precision in the establishment of intraverbal relations in which the stimulus-word was in the participants' native language and the response-word was in foreign language, at least when words are presented in written dimension and responses are demanded in the same dimension. Results also indicate that reversibility cannot be expected, since in many cases the training in one direction did not suffice for the intraverbal relationship to remain intact when what was previously a response-word became a stimulus-word and vice-versa. Results show, however, that intraverbal training which presents stimulus-words in one language and demands as a response the emission of a word in another language has some effect over the participants' performance when the inverse intraverbal, or even new intraverbals with other pairs of words, are demanded. However, this effect may be quite different, depending on the initial direction of the training - initial training based on stimulus-words in the native language and response-words in the foreign language though apparently more difficult at first, made the emission of the intraverbal chain more probable when those words were inverted. The role of diverse behavioral histories (familiarity) with words in one language and previous knowledge of the second language, as well as characteruistics of individual words and of sub-set of words are discussed as relevant variables in determining performance / Intraverbal é um operante verbal no qual o estímulo verbal é a ocasião para que determinada resposta verbal particular - sem correspondência ponto-a-ponto com o estímulo verbal que a evocou - seja emitida e essa resposta é mantida por um estímulo reforçador generalizado. A tradução é um caso especial de comportamento intraverbal, no qual os estímulos estão em uma língua e as respostas em outra. Quando duas línguas são adquiridas independentemente pode haver poucas conexões intraverbais entre elas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar (a) a produção de operantes intraverbais envolvendo pares de palavras em português-inglês e inglês-português, (b) como o estabelecimento desses pares participaria na aquisição de novos intraverbais com características semelhantes aos já produzidos, e (c) se o treino que promove a aquisição de um intraverbal por exemplo, palavra-estímulo-em-português e palavra-resposta-em-inglês seria suficiente para produzir a emergência de outro intraverbal correspondente na direção inversa. Onze participantes, cuja língua materna foi o português e com pouco ou nenhum conhecimento de inglês concluíram a pesquisa. Em um procedimento por tentativas, o participante realizava uma tarefa no computador que consistia em digitar a tradução de uma palavra apresentada no centro da tela. Se a palavra-estímulo estivesse em inglês se exigia resposta em português e vice-versa. Diante da palavra na tela, o participante podia solicitar dicas (pressionando tab ou enter) e a ele cabia encerrar a tentativa quando terminava a digitação, quando uma mensagem indicava acerto ou erro. Erros de digitação a cada letra eram indicados também. Em cada fase experimental, o mesmo conjunto de palavras era apresentado em ordem aleatória, sendo que metade das palavras era apresentada em português e metade em inglês. Encerrado o bloco (ou conjunto de palavras), este era re-apresentado até que o participante atingisse o critério de encerramento da fase. O procedimento envolveu 4 fases experimentais: na Fase 1, um conjunto de 20 palavras foi apresentado. Na Fase 2, inverteu-se a direção do treino: palavras apresentadas em inglês na Fase 1 passaram a ser apresentadas em português e vice-versa. Na Fase 3, novo conjunto de 10 palavras foi apresentado e na Fase 4 se fez a inversão desse conjunto. Os resultados indicam que foi necessário mais treino para se obter precisão no estabelecimento de relações intraverbais em que a palavra-estímulo estava na língua materna e a palavra-resposta na língua estrangeira, pelo menos quando as palavras são apresentadas na dimensão escrita e se exige respostas nesta mesma dimensão. Os resultados indicam também que não se pode esperar reversibilidade: que o treino em uma direção não foi suficiente para que a relação intraverbal se apresentasse intacta quando o que era palavra-resposta se tornava palavra-estímulo e vice-versa, em muitos casos. Os resultados mostram, no entanto, que o treino intraverbal em que palavras-estímulo são apresentadas em uma língua e se exige como resposta a emissão de uma palavra em outra língua tem algum efeito sobre o desempenho do participante quando se exige desempenho inverso, ou mesmo quando se exige intraverbais que envolvem outros pares de palavras. Contudo, tal efeito é bastante diferente a depender da direção de treino inicial: o treino inicial palavra-estímulo na língua materna e palavra-resposta na língua estrangeira, ainda que aparentemente mais custoso inicialmente, tornou mais provável a emissão da cadeia intraverbal quando se inverteram as palavras. Discute-se o papel das diferentes histórias comportamentais (a familiaridade) com palavras em uma língua, o conhecimento da segunda língua e características das palavras como variáveis relevantes na determinação do desempenho
10

Comparison of Acquisition Rates and Child Preference for Varying Amounts of Teacher Directedness when Teaching Intraverbals

Smith, Victoria Lynn 01 January 2013 (has links)
The intraverbal is argued to be the most socially significant verbal operant and yet it is the least studied. Heal and Hanley (2011) suggest that different teaching strategies will lead to different rates of acquisition and child-preference with the tacting operant. This study continued this research into the realm of intraverbals, with focus on whether the embedded teaching strategy could be punishing on play or engaging in learning opportunities. The teaching strategies of discovery teaching, embedded prompting, and direct teaching were compared to see which strategy correlated with higher rates of acquisition and higher child preference. The study utilized a multi-element design by rapidly alternating teaching strategies while evaluating rate of acquisition and number of learning opportunities within the teaching strategies. Child preference was also demonstrated through card selection of associated teaching strategies in a concurrent chains agreement design. The teaching strategies differed in the amount of teacher directedness and taught intraverbal "Wh" questions. It was found through this study that embedded prompting did not punish play or the engagement in learning opportunities. The three participants preferred the three strategies differently and all participants were responding correctly the highest percentage of the time during the direct teaching contingencies by the end of the teaching sessions.

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