The methodology for investigation of drug-related crime is the topic of this thesis. There are a few reasons why I have chosen this topic. The issue of drugs, drug-related crime, drug addiction and also illegal drug traffic has become recently the worldwide problem which intervenes into many areas of human life and therefore we must constantly pay attention to it. Especially this fact, together with other reasons as my personal connection with drug issue (few-year-long involvement in the program focused on the primary prevention from drugs at secondary schools) made me to choose this topic. My thesis is divided into 6 parts. In the first two chapters I define the general notions related to the drug issue and I provide with the division of drugs into groups under chosen criteria. For the better orientation in this issue I have listed the most common types of drugs with the description of their effect on the organism of humans. In the third part of my thesis I focus on the criminal prosecution of drug offences and the historical development of the legal regulation of this issue. More deeply I analyze the Act No. 140/1961 Coll., the Criminal Act, as amended and the actual legal regulation governing the prosecution of drug offences, the Act No. 40/20096 Coll., the Criminal Code, as amended. The forth...

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. / (DFAS) vendor payment transactions through Unsupervised Modeling (cluster analysis). Clementine Data Mining software is used to construct unsupervised models of vendor payment data using the K-Means, Two Step, and Kohonen algorithms. Cluster validation techniques are applied to select the most useful model of each type, which are then combined to select candidate records for physical examination by a DFAS auditor. Our unsupervised modeling technique utilizes all the available valid transaction data, much of which is not admitted under the current supervised modeling procedure. Our procedure standardizes and provides rigor to the existing unsupervised modeling methodology at DFAS. Additionally, we demonstrate a new clustering approach called Tree Clustering, which uses Classification and Regression Trees to cluster data with automatic variable selection and scaling. A Recommended SOP for Unsupervised Modeling, detailed explanation of all Clementine procedures, and implementation of the Tree Clustering algorithm are included as appendices. / Major, United States Marine Corps

Large areas of the UK have witnessed intense industrialisation since the industrial revolution in the latter part of the 18th Century. Increased environmental awareness and pressure to redevelop brown field sites, have resulted in the majority of civil engineering projects undertaken within the UK encountering some form of contamination. In order to collect the vast amount of information required to assess a potentially contaminated site, a multi-stage site investigation (preliminary investigation, exploratory and detailed investigation) is usually undertaken. The information collected during the investigation allows the three components of the risk assessment process to be identified. These components are the source of contamination, possible pathways for the movement of contaminants and vulnerable targets on and off site. A prototype knowledge-based system (ATTIC Assessment Tool for The Investigation of Contaminated Land) has been developed to demonstrate that knowledge-based technology can be applied to the preliminary stage of the investigation of contaminated land. ATTIC assesses information collected during the preliminary stage of an investigation (past use, geological map, hydrological maps etc.) and assists with the risk assessment process, with the prediction of potential contaminants, hazards and risk to neighbouring areas. The system has been developed, using CLIPS software. It consists of four knowledgebases (source, pathway, target and health and safety knowledge-base), containing 1600 rules. The knowledge within the knowledge-bases was obtained from two main sources. The initial and main source was the technical literature. Obtaining knowledge from technical literature involved reviewing published material, extracting relevant information and converting information into rules suitable for the knowledge-base system. The second source of knowledge was domain experts via a knowledge elicitation exercise. The exercise took the form of a questionnaire relating to the rules and parameters within the system. A Visual Basics interface was also developed in conjunction with the knowledge-based system, in order to allow data entry to the system. The interface uses a series of forms relating to different components within the risk assessment process. On completion of compiling the prototype, the system was validated against a number of case studies. The system predicted the likely contaminants with a reasonable match to those observed, even though the input data for the case studies was limited. The assessment of risks to neighbouring target areas was generally in agreement with the case study reports, matching similar risk values and directions. In addition to the development of the prototype system, a database modelled on the Association of Geotechnical Specialists electronic format for the transfer of ground investigation data was also developed to store preliminary investigation information. The data structures were implemented using Microsoft Access relational database management system software. This allowed the database to be developed within a Microsoft Windows environment.

Le droit processuel d'enquête vieillissant couplé à une infiltration législative fulgurante, ont indéniablement complexifié l'enquête pénale. Force est de constater que cette dernière, se trouve actuellement disséminée par branche, au sein du Code de procédure pénale. Au delà de la dichotomie classique des cadres d'enquête de police (enquête de flagrance et enquête préliminaire) gravitent d'autres types d'enquête, pour la majorité de création récente, qui ont pour effet de troubler de manière importante la compréhension et la lisibilité du droit ; à savoir l'enquête de mort suspecte, de l'enquête aux fins de recherche de mort disparue, de l'enquête de personne en fuite et enfin des enquêtes dérogatoires liées à la criminalité organisée. Tous sont autant de symboles d'une enquête inadaptée et obsolète. L'objectif est donc de permettre une simplification de la procédure afin de proposer, tant aux justiciables qu'aux professionnels, une enquête pénale policière à la fois simple et équilibrée. En d'autres termes, il est fondamental de rendre toute la clarté nécessaire à l'enquête pénale policière profondément obscurcie ces dernières années. Dans cet objectif de simplification, le rôle des acteurs de l'enquête, l'office du juge, ainsi que les actes d'investigation seront revus. Pour ce faire la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme et sa jurisprudence associée ainsi que les droits de la défense subiront une attention particulière, puisqu'ils restent la clef de voûte d'un système modéré. / The aging procedural law for investigations coupled with lightning-quick legislative infiltration have undeniably complicated criminal investigations. It must be noted that the latter is currently spread across multiple branches in the Code de procédure pénale (French Criminal Code). Beyond the classic dichotomy in the framework of police investigations (On the spot and preliminary investigations) have grown others, recent creations for the most part, which have severely impaired the comprehension and clarity of the law; specifically, investigations into the death of a suspect, investigations for research purposes of people missing and presumed dead, investigations of fugitives, and finally special investigations related to organized crime. These are all just as much symbols of inadequate and obsolete investigations. Therefore, the objective is to simplify proceedings and offer police criminal investigations that are simple and balanced to both parties before the court and legal professionals. In other words, it is essential to provide the full clarity required for police criminal investigations that have been seriously clouded in recent years. As part of this objective to simplify, the role of the actors in the investigation, the court, as well as the investigative acts will be reviewed. For this purpose, particular attention will be paid to the European Convention on Human Rights and its related case law as well as rights of the defense, as they remain the keystone of a moderated system

O objeto primordial desta dissertação é conceituar a investigação criminal defensiva, sob a ótica da eficiência e do garantismo, e demonstrar a necessidade deste instituto nos ordenamentos jurídicos em que a investigação pública é tendencialmente acusatória. Para tanto, nos dois capítulos iniciais, esclarecem-se alguns aspectos gerais condizentes ao tema em análise, a saber: a definição de investigação criminal e suas principais características; a questão da parcialidade do Ministério Público e a investigação do crime por este órgão; e a definição de inquérito policial e sua disciplina legal no Brasil. Em seguida, aborda-se a relação da investigação defensiva com os princípios constitucionais da igualdade e da ampla defesa, que se encontram na base de um processo penal acusatório e asseguram às partes igual oportunidade de comprovarem os seus argumentos. Por conta disso, se um sistema jurídico prescreve a investigação do crime pelo próprio órgão acusatório, é de rigor que o imputado tenha direito equivalente, sob pena de se violar os mencionados direitos fundamentais. Ademais, a investigação defensiva, ao permitir a obtenção de elementos que serão contrapostos à investigação pública, amplia o campo cognitivo do Magistrado, o qual disporá de um maior número de dados materiais para fundamentar decisão acerca da viabilidade da acusação e da adoção de medidas cautelares. Após a análise constitucional da investigação defensiva, estuda-se o tratamento conferido pelo Direito estrangeiro a esta matéria, particularmente na Itália, onde o tema está em voga e é objeto de importantes e auspiciosos debates jurídicos. Ao final, a dissertação cuida da concretização da investigação defensiva, isto é, o modo como deve se desenvolver, as suas limitações, a utilização do seu resultado e a possibilidade de inserção no ordenamento jurídico pátrio. / The main subject of this dissertation is to create a concept of the criminal defense investigation, under the efficiency and the guarantism perspectives, and to demonstrate the need of such institute in the legal system in which the public investigation has an acusatory tendency. For this purpose, in the first two chapters, the dissertation clarifies certain general aspects regarding the subject under analysis, such as: the definition of criminal investigation and its main characteristics; the question of partiality of the Public Prosecutor\' s Office and the criminal investigation ran by this office; and the definition of criminal investigation and its legal regulation in Brazil. Following, the dissertation approachs the relation of defensive investigation with the constitutional principles of equality and of full defense, which are in the base of an accusatory criminal procedure and assure the parties equal opportunities to prove their arguments. For this reason, if a legal system provides for a criminal investigation to be conducted by the accusatory party itself, it is imperative that the accused has equivalent rights, otherwise the legal system will be violating the above mentioned fundamental rights. Furthermore, in allowing gathering elements which shall be confronted with the official investigation, the defense investigation expands the cognitive field of the Magistrate, who will have more material data to pronounce a decision regarding the accusation\'s viability and the adoption of cautionary measures. After the constitutional analysis of the defense investigation, the dissertation enters into the foreign law on this subject, particularly from Italy, where the matter is highly in evidence and is the subject of important and auspicious legal debates. In the end, the dissertation provides for the materialization of the defense investigation, i.e., the manner in which it shall be developed, its limitations, the use of its results and the possible insert in our national legal ordinance.

Ever growing population and increased energy consumption across all industries has resulted in higher atmospheric concentration of the greenhouse gases (GHG) and therefore an increase in the planet's average temperature, which has led to increasingly demanding and more strict legislations on pollutant sources, and more specifically, the automotive industry. As a consequence of all this, the demand for research into alternative energy sources has greatly increased. In this study combustion characteristics, engine performance, and exhaust emission of diesel-ethanol and diesel-gasoline are investigated in an optical direct injection diesel engine. In particular, effects of different substitution ratios and diesel injection strategies are studied when the total fuel energy is kept constant. The three main substitution ratios used in this study include 45% (45% of fuel energy from port-injected ethanol/gasoline and 55% from direct injection diesel), 60%, and 75%. The engine used for this investigation is a Ricardo Hydra single cylinder optical engine running at 1200 rpm. In-cylinder pressure measurement is used for calculating all engine parameters, heat release rate, and efficiency. In addition to the thermodynamic analysis of the combustion parameters, high speed camera was used alongside with a copper vapor laser or the high speed image intensifier in the high speed video imaging for the optical analysis of the effect of the above-mentioned parameters on autoignition and combustion processes, while Horiba particulate analyser and AVL smoke meter were utilized in monitoring and recording emissions for every tested condition. Depending on the testing conditions, such as injection strategy and intake conditions, both dual-fuel operations were able to deliver high efficiency and improved emissions compared to that of a pure diesel engine operation, with the diesel-gasoline operation offering more consistency in improved thermal efficiency, and the diesel-ethanol operation delivering lower emission output. The optical analysis of the combustion represents the main difference in the flame propagation, distribution and quality for each substitute fuel and its substitution percentage, as well as the condition under examination.

Propõe-se com essa pesquisa avaliar a metodologia da investigação científica Ensinar Ciências fazendo Ciência no contexto da prática, numa perspectiva de construção de paradigmas de ensino na educação básica. Trata-se de um estudo de caso realizado nos cursos de Férias, patrocinado pelo Espaço Ciências, com professores e gestores do sistema municipal de ensino, e, estudantes do curso de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas do Centro de Ensino Superior do Vale do São Francisco. Participaram também desta pesquisa 25 tutores que aplicaram essa metodologia em suas aulas no ensino Fundamental e Médio. Os resultados demonstram aprovação da metodologia, sendo avaliada pelos participantes do curso de Férias como excelente por 76% dos gestores, 57% dos professores e 100% dos estudantes do curso de Ciências Biológicas. Corroborado por 100% dos tutores que aplicaram essa metodologia no ensino fundamental e Médio, como boa (nota 9) e excelente(10). Em relação à metodologia investigada foram avaliadas as seguintes categorias: participação dos estudantes, aprendizagem, quantidade e qualidade de conteúdos, competências e habilidades mobilizadas pelos estudantes da educação básica, bem como a percepção dos ministrantes quanto às vantagens e desvantagens na aplicação da metodologia para os respectivos níveis de escolaridade. / It is proposed in this research was to evaluate the methodology of scientific research Teaching Science doing science in the context of practice, from the perspective of construction of educational paradigms in basic education. This is a case study in Holiday courses , sponsored by the Science Space, with teachers and managers of the municipal school system , and Bachelor's Degree students in Biological Sciences Higher Education Center of San Francisco Valley. Also participated in this study 25 tutors who applied this methodology in their classes in primary and secondary education. The results show approval of the methodology being evaluated by Holiday course participants as excellent by 76% of managers, 57% of teachers and 100% of the undergraduate students of Biological Sciences. Supported by 100% of tutors who applied this methodology in elementary school and high school, as good (note 9) and excellent (note10). Regarding the methodology investigated the following categories were evaluated: student participation, learning, quantity and quality of content, skills and mobilized skills by students of basic education, as well as the perception of worshipers as the advantages and disadvantages in the application of the methodology for their levels of education.

Portland cement (PC) concrete has historically been the most commonly used construction material within the United Arab Emirates (UAE), however, as the demand increases to reduce CO2 emissions most of newly-built facilities make use of modern concrete formulations adopting various PC substitutes, and these ‘blended cements’ typically involve mineral admixtures such as ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF). The percentage of PC replaced in these concrete mixtures varies depending on the type of cement and design criteria as well as other related issues such as fire resistance. The use of PC replacements in ready-mixed concrete has been made obligatory in Dubai from 1st April 2015. This recent move towards using greener concretes has been implemented with little research on their heat resistant properties and as such an understanding of their behaviour on exposure to high temperatures in structural fires is limited. Furthermore, the applicability of forensic engineering techniques for the assessment of any deterioration in these concrete formulations is largely untested. For this reason, a range of analytical techniques have been investigated as part of this research in order to establish the chemical and physical changes taking place as well as the practical applicability of the techniques used. Three key areas were addressed as part of this research. Firstly, a review of urban fires in Dubai and a survey of fire investigation related issues within the region was undertaken. This formed a base from which the research questions could be refined. Secondly, nine concrete mixtures were assessed using 15 analytical techniques. The concrete mixtures were exposed to 4 temperatures (150°C, 300°C, 600°C, and 900°C) within a muffle furnace and the chemical, mineralogical, physical and mechanical changes were investigated using TGA, DSC, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, BET surface area, residual compressive strength, density loss, carbonation depth, visual colour change, rebound hammer, UPV, portable 3D laser scanning and micro CT scanning. Finally, a set of test concrete mixtures most closely linked to those used in construction in the UAE were exposed to a real fire and were analysed post fire using a reduced set of the analytical techniques. The techniques were assessed as to how well they could define the temperature range to which the concrete had been exposed as well as ascertaining the degree of concrete degradation based on the confirmation of the chemical, mineralogical, physical and mechanical changes which had occurred. Findings indicate that the use of blended cement concrete improves the thermal resistance of the material when compared with PC concrete up to a certain temperature, usually below 600°C. Discolouration in heated concrete sections were visualised using simple digital photography. Changing the cement composition influenced the rate of carbon ingress into the concrete matrix, however this did not result in any significant colour change in heated mortar surfaces. By contrast, colour changes within the aggregates was observed at temperatures > 300°C and was strongly determined by the mineralogy of the material. The analytical data demonstrated that there were three temperature regions that provide measurable data and information to inform fire investigators of the thermal history experienced by the concrete matrix. Between 70°C-200°C the evaporation of non-chemically bound water and dissociation of ettringite, gypsum and gel-like calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) occur, and can be detected using a range of the techniques used. The heat flux required for these reactions to occur was greater in all mixtures containing GGBS. Observed chemical and physical transformations between 300°C and 500°C were mainly due to the oxidation of iron hydroxide and the dehydroxylation of portlandite. Further chemical changes at 650°C and above were identified as a direct result of the decarbonation of CaCO3. At elevated temperatures, the absence of certain minerals within the concrete formulations provided an indication of the temperature which would have been reached by the concrete matrix. It was also revealed that in some cases the minerals present rehydrated during cooling of the concrete and this was also detectable using a number of the analytical methods employed. For the test samples exposed to real fire conditions, the rebound hammer, UPV and compressive strength measurements all provided good indications of physical losses experienced by the concrete, however these methods were not good estimators of the exposure temperature. The results from TGA, DSC and FTIR in particular were more reliable but differed from the reference models in that water used in suppression and absorbed by the concrete affected some of the predicted features. XRD also revealed peaks which could be related to various phases of change within the concrete, which was helpful in revealing the thermal history of concrete. Discolouration of cross-sections of the concrete samples produced trends similar to the lab-heated specimens however this was hard to visualise on the surface of the concrete due to the soot layer resulting from the fire. The results characterised, for the first time, chemical and physical changes occurring within a range of concrete mixtures used in the UAE and linked these to specific temperature ranges to which the concrete were exposed. Furthermore, this work has demonstrated that a number of the analytical techniques used can be helpful in the determination of the thermal history of concrete which has been exposed to fire conditions.

No description available.

Este trabalho analisa as concepções de alunos em formação, cursando Licenciatura em Matemática na Universidade de São Paulo, acerca do uso das atividades de investigação na sua prática profissional futura. O foco de nossa pesquisa pode ser representado pela questão: é possível estabelecer uma relação entre a formação e a disponibilidade do professor para a adoção de novas práticas, em especial, o uso de atividades de investigação, nas aulas de Matemática? O referencial teórico apoia-se principalmente no trabalho de Ponte, Brocardo e Oliveira (2003), no que se refere às atividades de investigação; em Fiorentini, Grando e Miskulin (2009), por seu trabalho com a formação de professores relacionada à pratica investigativa e em Onuchic (1999), por sua contribuição para análise do ensino-aprendizagem a partir da resolução de problemas, além dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (1998), principal documento que norteia o ensino de Matemática no Brasil. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, classificada como mista, foram aplicados três questionários, cuja análise permitiu observar as concepções dos alunos de Licenciatura a respeito das condições de trabalho, de sua própria formação, de seu grau de confiança, vontade e disponibilidade para incluir as atividades de investigação em seus planejamentos, como professores de Matemática. / This essay targets at analyzing the graduation students conceptions, taking Mathematics Education at the University of São Paulo, about the use of investigative activities in their upcoming professional practices. The aim of our research can be represented by the inquiry: is it possible to establish any relations between the teachers education and their willingness for the adoption of new practices, especially, the use of investigation activities, in Mathematics classes? Reference is mainly supported by the work of Ponte, Bocardo and Oliveira (2003), for their work with teacher Education related to investigative practices, and by Onuchic (1999), for her contribution for the analysis of teaching and learning from problem-solving, besides The Brazilian National Curricular Parameters (1998), most important document to guide the Mathematics teaching practices in Brazil. For the survey development, considered as hybrid, three questionnaires were use, which analysis allowed us to observe Graduation students conceptions about work conditions, about their own education process, about their confidence level, and willingness to include investigation activities in their class plans, as Mathematics teachers.