The European Union is proposing that the additional protection for geographical indications afforded to wine and spirits in section 23.1 of the TRIPS agreement be extended to include geographical indications of other agricultural products. Those opposing increased protection for geographical indications represent those countries which do not have a strong history of traditional food products and are generally considered new world countries. South Africa, as part of the new world, has as of yet failed to take a position on the matter. In light of this debate, this study sets out to investigate the relevance of geographical indications in a South African context in order to make recommendations for South Africa’s position in the debate at multi-lateral level. The topic is approached by first contextualizing the subject matter where after the economic rationale for the protection thereof is explored. A comprehensive literature study identifies the factors which contribute to a product’s potential to benefit from geographical indication protection. Based on these factors, three South African products, Rooibos, Klein Karoo ostrich and Honeybush, are analyzed and an ex ante judgment made as to their potential to benefit from geographical indication protection. It is hypothesized that geographical indications are indeed relevant in a South African context given that there are many South African products which are considered to be highly localized with a strong association between the region and the product. The Rooibos scenario is used to illustrate the need for timely protection of our national assets and sets the tone for the discussion of the two further case studies. It is found that despite widespread reputation, Klein Karoo ostrich may not ideally benefit from geographical indication protection given its lack of specificity. In contrast, it is found that Honeybush tea is a highly localised product with strong specificity and therefore stands to benefit from geographical indication protection. The study concludes that there are indeed South African products which could potentially benefit from geographical indication protection. Based on this, recommendations are made for South Africa’s position in the debate at multi-lateral level. It is recommended that the South African government take note of the potential of geographical indications to foster rural development and the need to protect our national assets from foreign appropriation. It is further recommended that this be done by firstly coming out in support of the European proposal for a mandatory system of registration for all products bearing a geographical indication and secondly, by providing for the development of an institutional framework within which to protect geographical indications domestically. / Dissertation (M.COM (Economic Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

The problem that was identified is that physical surveillance is not generally used by general detectives in the South African Police Service as a technique during their investigations. According to the researcher’s experience, this can be due to lack of understanding or experience or may stem from ignorance. A lack of training on the use of physical surveillance as a method to obtain information for the investigation process was also identified as a problem. This study therefore investigated the role and use of physical surveillance within the forensic investigation process. The focus of the research was on basic static (stationary), foot and vehicle surveillance as these types of surveillance are usually conducted in conjunction with each other. An empirical research design was used to conduct the research. A qualitative research approach enabled the researcher to obtain first-hand information from interviews with general detectives. Information was also obtained from a thorough literature study and from the researcher’s own experience on the topic. To conduct effective investigation, it is important for investigators to be familiar with the concept of physical surveillance, its elements, its influence and its values. A physical surveillance operation is a forensic tool used to gather evidence, to recover stolen property, and to identify and arrest the perpetrator. The use of physical surveillance during investigations serves the purpose of gathering evidence and information that can be used as intelligence. Successful forensic investigation requires skill and places extraordinary demands on detectives to utilise all available methods and techniques. The recognition of the use of physical surveillance as a method of evidence gathering is of outmost importance. The research has revealed that general detectives do not acknowledge the importance of physical surveillance as a method to obtain information for the investigation process. It is of vital importance that all detectives be properly trained with the necessary knowledge and skills to make use of this valuable investigative tool. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study presents the results of radiometric investigation of soil and beach sand in Zanzibar. The activity concentration of natural radionuclides (40K, and 232Th and 238U decay products) in beach sand and soil samples was measured in-situ using the NaI(Tl) and the MEDUSA gamma ray detectors and ex-situ using the low background HPGe detector system. The activity concentrations of 232Th, 238U and 40 K in beach sand are much lower than in soil samples, with one major exception at Kukuu. Two beach sand samples from Kukuu beach were found to have enhanced radioactivity levels due to the presence of heavy minerals. The spatial distributions maps for 40K, 238U and 232Th show large variation in soil samples for two relatively small islands. These strong variations are unexpected, that could have implications for agriculture, is one of the major outcomes of this study. The outdoor gamma dose rates obtained in beach sand and soil samples ranged from 3 to 2156 nGy h-1 and 50 to 294 nGy h-1, respectively. The highest absorbed dose rates in soil samples and beach sand are respectively 5 and 38 times higher than the average world level of 57 nGyh-1 for terrestrial doses (UNSCEAR, 2008). Apart from the Kukuu black sand samples that contain the high 238U and 232Th levels, the beach sands and soil in this study do not pose any radiological threat to the public using beaches for various activities. Based on elemental concentrations, the beach samples in the study area have been classified into four groups; silicate sand (rich in SiO2), carbonate sand (dominated with CaO), mixed sand (with high amount of CaO and SiO2) and heavy mineral sand (with high contents of Fe2O3 and TiO2. A strong correlation between SiO2, Fe2O3, TiO2, Zr, V, Ce, Nb, Hf, Y, La, and Nd show these elements are linked with high activity concentration of 232Th in the studied samples. Moreover, the high concentrations of Y, V, P2O5 and Fe2O3 in the beach sand samples may relate to high 238U activity concentration. This study set out to investigate how radiometric studies can quickly and easily provide an idea of the variation of soil type found over a large area as well as provide detailed information on a small scale such as the beach where heavy minerals were found. The in-situ laboratory measurements were supplemented by XRF and ICP-MS measurements of samples to investigate the distribution of heavy mineral sands.

Abstract in English and Afrikaans / This study has a twofold purpose in that it attempts to identify how knowledgeable investigators are about the collection and use of DNA in relation to the building of a criminal case, and to establish how optimally DNA as evidence is utilised. The study has revealed several shortcomings which render the use of DNA evidence inadmissible in criminal proceedings. The researcher also analysed other aspects relating to DNA evidence, namely: identification, individualisation, criminal investigation, forensic investigation, and objectives of criminal investigation. For criminal investigators to be successful in their investigation of cases involving DNA, it is imperative for them to have a clear understanding of the basic concepts surrounding DNA investigations and the value of DNA evidence. It is submitted that, because of a lack of knowledge in DNA-related investigations by detectives, a lack of training in DNA-related cases and delays in the collection of DNA evidence, valuable evidence is often lost and/or contaminated. This causes such evidence to become inadmissible in criminal proceedings, and has a negative impact on the conviction rate for such crimes. / Hierdie studie het ’n tweevoudige doel in die poging om te identifiseer hoe kundig ondersoekers is aangaande die insameling en gebruik van DNA in terme van die bou van ’n kriminele saak en die vasstel van hoe DNA optimal [sic] as bewys gebruik kan word. Die studie het getoon dat daar verskeie tekortkominge is wat teweeg gebring het dat die gebruik van DNA bewys onaanvaarbaar was in kriminele prosedure. Die navorser het ook ander aspekte geanaliseer aangaande DNA bewyse, naamlik: identifikasie, individualisering van onderwerpe tydens ondersoek, kriminele ondersoek, forensiese ondersoek, en die aspekte van kri-minele ondersoeke. Vir die kriminele ondersoekers om suksesvol te wees in hulle ondersoek van sake waarby DNA betrokke is, is dit vir hulle van kardinale belang om ’n suiwere begrip van die basiese konsep rondom DNA ondersoeke en die waarde van DNA bewyse te hê. Dit is voortgebring dat, as gevolg van die tekort aan kennis in DNA ondersoeke, asook opleiding van DNA-sake by die speurders, en vertraging in die versameling van DNA bewysstukke, waardevolle bewyse is telkens verlore of gekontamineer. Dit veroorsaak dat sulke bewyse verwerp word in kriminele prosesse, en het ’n negatiewe impak op die vonnis statestieke [sic] vir sulke misdade. / Criminology and Security Science / M.Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Prior research has suggested that there may be differences in voice quality between black and white speakers of South African English who had attended well-resourced middle-class schools. The principal objective of the study is to address the question of whether there is any acoustic evidence of such differences. The study then proceeds to describe such acoustic evidence for differences in voice quality. The author interviewed 36 female South African English speakers (18 white and 18 black) between the ages of 18 and 22. The research subjects had all attended well-resourced middleclass schools. In order to control for the possibility of substrate influences on voice quality, all black participants were of an isiXhosa language background. High quality sound recordings were conducted, consisting of both a set of read sentences as well as semi-structured interviews, the latter of which formed the core dataset for the subsequent acoustic analysis. The acoustic data were analyzed using VoiceSauce, a program specifically designed for the acoustic analysis of voice quality. Measurements were based on automatically segmented speech samples using FAVE and PRAAT. The VoiceSauce measurement data were statistically analyzed by means of a linear mixed effects regression analysis and Wilcoxon rank sum tests using the statistical package R to evaluate the significance of ethnicity as a variable. The effect of ethnicity was found to be significant for several measures of spectral tilt (including for example, 2K*-5K, H4*-2K*, H1*-H2* and H1*-A1*) and cepstral peak prominence with a nearly significant effect for the subharmonics-to-harmonics ratio. Black speakers exhibited consistently higher values for most harmonic differential measures (for example, H1*-A1*) overall, while white speakers exhibited higher values for fundamental frequency, harmonics-tonoise ratio and cepstral peak prominence. The author concludes that the acoustic evidence is most consistent with the hypothesis that the white speakers overall typically use a voice quality iii characterized by greater vocal fold constriction, thickness and stiffness in comparison to the black speakers, hypothesized to use a voice quality characterized by more breathiness. By providing a description of voice quality variation, the research contributes towards a more complete account of sociolinguistic variation in South African English.

Sweden suffer from housing shortage. This is due to the long process from the initiation of a project to a finished building. Detailed planning is a long process because of all the questions that need answers and investigations that are needed for a detailed plan to be realized. In this work, I have studied 12 different plan description from four different municipalities. Plan Description is used for the reader to gain a greater insight into what needs to be done for a detailed plan to be enforced. I have studied the "external" and "internal" investigations made. Internal investigations are usually simpler questions that the municipalities themselves can resolve. External investigations are when municipalities need help from a consultants. These investigations are often more complex. With the help of this study, I have observed the questions that need answers varies. Some are recurring and some are specific. Investigations that need to be done depends on the site conditions, type of settlement etc. How often municipalities need to take the help of consultants has varied. Most external investigations, that I encountered in projects is nine and three external investigations when it was at its lowest. / Sverige lider bostadsbrist. Detta beror bland annat på den långa processen ifrån initiering av projekt till färdig byggnad. Detaljplaneläggning är en lång process på grund av alla frågor som behöver besvaras och utredningar som behöver göras för att detaljplan ska realiseras. I detta arbete har jag studerat 12 olika planbeskrivning ifrån fyra olika kommuner. Planbeskrivning används för att läsaren ska få en större inblick i vad som behöver göras för att en detaljplan ska vinna laga kraft. I dessa har jag studerat de ”externa” och ”interna” utredningarna som gjorts. Interna utredningar är oftast enklare frågeställningar som kommunerna själva kan lösa. Externa utredningar är när kommuner behöver ta hjälp av konsulter. Dessa utredningar är ofta mer komplicerade. Med hjälp av studien har jag sett att frågeställningar som behöver besvaras varierar. Vissa är återkommande och vissa är specifika. Vilka utredningar som behöver göras beror på platsens förutsättningar, typ av bebyggelse mm. Hur ofta kommunerna behöver ta hjälp av konsulter har också varierat. Flest externa utredningar som jag stött på i projekt är nio stycken och tre externa utredningar när det skedde som minst.

Swimming pools constructed with reinforced concrete require a high level of expertise within both, its planning and execution. To build waterproof concrete shells, extensive concrete technology knowledge, detailed planning of joint formation and high quality safety measures are needed. This thesis evaluates concrete technology features for swimming pool construction in Germany and Sweden. In particular, guidelines by DafStb, DIN and DgfdB provide the planner with detailed advice and specifics about swimming pools. It also gives an overview about the actual condition of swimming pools in Sweden that reached an age of at least 30 years and shows structural consequences of mistakes in planning and construction of swimming pools. The aspect of financial consequences is also analyzed. With the support of the software “Legep”, the methodology of LCC was used to estimate costs in the future. Additionally, a proposal of post tensioned concrete as a more sustainable technology for watertight concrete basins is shown and under equal aspects analyzed and compared.

Magister Artium - MA / The trend in metropolitan planning is to provide overarching objectives for development, leaving detailed interpretation at the local level. The unspecific nature of these guidelines, however, coupled by the parochial interests of constituent local municipalities, can result in development that is unfavourable in terms of the metropolitan vision. The aim of this research was to consider a more detailed basis according to which the metropolitan plan for the Cape Metropolitan Area, the Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework (MSDF), could possibly be promoted. The approach was to focus on vacant land since this will be the target of future development.

The primary objective of this biomechanical study was to investigate the effect of decompressive surgery, specifically dorsal laminectomy and discectomy, on the stability of the lumbosacral joint in the dog. Different size laminectomies were compared with respect to their effect on lumbosacral stability. A total of eighteen lumbosacral motion units were collected from cadavers and divided into three groups. Group 1 was a control group and received no modification, Group 2 specimens received mini-dorsal laminectomies and discectomies (lamina of L7 caudal to the dorsal spinous process excised, lamina of S1 not affected) while Group 3 specimens received standard dorsal laminectomies and discectomies (75% of L7 lamina and 50% of S1 lamina excised). All specimens were potted in aluminium tubing and mounted in a four-point bending jig and tested in a load cell. Specimens were stressed to 21° in dorsiflexion and ventroflexion. The relevant surgical modification was then performed and the specimens re-tested to 21° in dorsiflexion and ventroflexion. All specimens were then tested to failure in ventroflexion. Force and angular displacement was recorded and used to obtain load-deformation curves for each specimen (5 curves for each specimen). From the load-deformation curves the stiffness (gradient of the graph) was determined at three set angles of deflection. These points were 6°-8°, 12°-16° and 18°-20°. The percentage change in stiffness for each specimen in both dorsiflexion and ventroflexion was obtained. Peak force at failure and angular deformation at failure were obtained when tested to failure in ventroflexion. When examining the overall stiffness of the specimen (dorsiflexion and ventroflexion and all angles of deflection) mini-dorsal laminectomy was shown to result in a 48.3% reduction in stiffness (P < 0.001) while standard dorsal laminectomy and discectomy resulted in a 59.8% reduction in stiffness (P < 0.001). These results were statistically significant. The difference between the two different types of laminectomies could be described as approaching significance (P=0.066). Larger group size would be required to determine whether this is in fact statistically significant Dorsal laminectomy combined with discectomy does have an effect on the stability of the lumbosacral joint. This may contribute to the relatively high recurrence rate following surgical treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis especially in large breed highly active dogs. The study provides further support for decompressive surgery combined with a stabilisation technique when treating degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. It also provides potential support for the use of mini-dorsal laminectomies. / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Companion Animal Clinical Studies / unrestricted

Three cluster analysis programs were used to group the same 64 individuals, generated so as to represent eight populations of eight individuals each. Each individual had quantitative values for seven attributes. All eight populations shared a common attribute variance-covariance matrix. The first program, from F. J. Rohlf's MINT package, implemented single linkage. Correlation was used as the basis for similarity. The results were not satisfactory, and the further use of correlation is in question. The second program, MDISP, bases similarity on Euclidean distance. It was found to give excellent results, in that it clustered individuals into the exact populations from which they were generated. It is the recommended program of the three used here. The last program, MINFO, uses similarity based on mutual information. It also gave very satisfactory results, but, due to visualization reasons, it was found to be less favorable than the MDISP program.