<p>Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared using co-precipitation method in the presence and absence of beta-cyclodextrin (&beta / -CD). Such materials were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA). The TEM shows that the surface morphology has no difference between nanoparticles prepared in the presence and absence of beta-cyclodextrin (&beta / -CD), amorphous particles with high surface area and dimensions of about 100 nm by 500 nm. The amorphous states of nanoparticles are confirmed further by XRD. The ATR-FTIR analysis confirms inclusion complex between &beta / -CD and nanoparticles.</p>

Dogs are useful preclinical models for the translation of cell transplantation therapies from the bench to the bedside. In order for canine models to be utilized for stem cell transplantation research, it is necessary to advance discoveries in the fields of canine stem cell biology and transplantation. The use of side population hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has garnered much interest for the purification of mouse HSCs and has been translated to several other species, including human. In order to assess if this method of purification of HSCs could be useful for stem cell therapies in humans, safety and efficacy studies in a large animal model, such as the dog would be required. With this objective in mind, we isolated canine bone marrow-derived side population (SP) stem cells and assessed their multilineage differentiation in vitro and engraftment potential in vivo. Utilizing a pregating strategy to enrich for small, agranular SP cells we were able to enrich for blast cells, expressing the ABCG2 transmembrane pump known to be associated with murine and human SP cells. Canine SP cells were also enriched for C-KIT positive cells and lacked expression of CD34 as identified in other species. The small, agranular SP fraction had high CFU potential after long-term culture with canine bone marrow stromal cells and cytokine supplementation. Yet, canine SP cells demonstrated low-level engraftment within the NOD/SCID-β2m-/- xenotransplantation model as compared to unfractionated canine bone marrow, which was indicative of suboptimal activation of quiescent canine SP cells within the murine bone marrow niche. A second source of transplantable canine stem cells was examined through the derivation of canine embryonic stem cells (cESCs). The cESC lines described herein were determined to have similar pluripotent stem cell characteristics to human embryonic stem cells, in that they were maintained in an undifferentiated state upon extended passaging as determined by their expression of the human stem cell markers, OCT3/4, NANOG, SOX2, SSEA3, SSEA4, TRA1-60, TRA1-81 and alkaline phosphatase. In addition, cESCs could be induced to differentiate to cells of the three germ layers within in vitro embryoid body cultures and adherent differentiation cultures. Importantly, these cESC lines were the first reported to differentiate in vivo within teratomas. One method of transplanting stem cells to canine recipients involves the delivery of donor cells to the yolk sacs of developing fetuses in utero. Utilizing cells labeled with supraparamagnetic particles conjugated to a Dragon Green fluorophore and the intracellular fluorescent dye, CMTMR, donor cells were tracked from the yolk sac injection site to fetal tissues after transplantation in early (day-25) and mid (day-35) gestation canine fetuses. Labeled cells were localized primarily to the fetal liver and developing bone marrow cavities when examined at gestational day 32, and had been redistributed to not only the fetal liver and bone marrow by day 42, but also to nonhematopoietic tissues, including the lungs and hearts. No labeled cells were detected within the yolk sacs of transplanted fetuses at either time point. These studies demonstrated the efficacy of yolk sac in utero transplantation for the delivery of donor cells to fetal tissues. Collectively, these results indicate that canine stem cells with characteristics similar to human can be isolated and their engraftment, proliferation and differentiation may be assessed in future studies utilizing the canine in utero transplantation model employing yolk sac delivery.

Le sujet de cette thèse concerne l'élaboration depolymères hydrophiles biocompatibles et fonctionnelspour la stabilisation et la bio-fonctionnalisation denanoparticules d’oxyde de fer en vue d'une utilisation entant qu’agents de contraste en imagerie par résonancemagnétique et/ou en tant que vecteurs de principesactifs ou de thérapie génique. Pour ce travail de thèse,l'objectif a été de fonctionnaliser des poly(oxyded'éthylène)s (POE) commerciaux, connus pour leurspropriétés d'hydrophilie, de biocompatibilité et defurtivité par un groupement acide phosphonique, pourchélater les nanoparticules d'oxyde de fer, et par ungroupement furane, susceptible de réagir avec desbiomolécules à fonctionnalité maléimide, facilementaccessibles, selon une réaction de Diels-Alderthermoréversible.Des POEs à extrémité acide phosphonique et àfonctionnalité furane ont été synthétisés selon deuxstratégies originales combinant des réactionsd’Atherton-Todd ou de Kabachnik-Fields et lacycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire de Huisgen, réaction dechimie « click » très efficace, orthogonale, spécifique etréalisée dans des conditions douces.Les POEs obtenus ont ensuite été greffés à la surfacede nanoparticules d’oxyde de fer selon la stratégie‘grafting onto’. L’efficacité des POEs à stabiliser lesnanoparticules d’oxyde de fer a été mise en évidence.De plus, les tests de cytotoxicité ont montré que cessystèmes sont biocompatibles. De plus, lesnanoparticules d’oxyde de fer, une fois greffées, ontconservé leurs propriétés de relaxivité autorisant leurutilisation en imagerie médicale. Enfin, l’aptitude de cesnanoparticules fonctionnalisées par des groupementsfurane à immobiliser des molécules à fonctionnalitémaléimide a été mise en évidence ainsi que lapossibilité ultérieure à libérer ces molécules sous effetd’un stimulus thermique. Ce comportement réversibleouvre des perspectives tout à fait intéressantes dans ledomaine de la vectorisation de principes actifs. / The objective of this thesis was the preparation ofbiocompatible hydrophilic functionalized polymers forthe stabilization and bio-functionalization of iron oxidenanoparticles (IONPs) for biomedical applications suchas contrast agents in magnetic resonance imagingand/or targeted drug delivery. In this work, commerciallyavailable poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEO), which havehydrophilic, biocompatibility and furtivity properties havebeen functionalized by a phosphonic acid group, thatstrong anchors on IONPs, and by a furan group that canbe coupled to maleimide-terminated biomolecules by athermoreversible Diels-Alder reaction.Phosphonic acid-terminated PEOs fonctionalized by afurane group were synthesized according to two originalstrategies combining an Atherton-Todd or a Kabachnik-Fields reaction and a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction.This latter reaction, also named ‘click’ reaction, ischaracterized by high yields, simple reaction conditions,fast reaction times, and high selectivity.These PEOs were attached to the IONPs surface usingthe 'grafting onto' strategy. The subsequent polymerstabilizedIONPs were characterized, proving thepresence of polymers on IONPs surfaces. Cytotoxicitystudies revealed that the IONPs carriers werebiocompatible. In addition, studies on the protontransverse relaxation enhancement properties of thesestabilized IONPs indicated high relaxivities in the samerange as iron oxide based commercially availablecontrast agents. Finally, polymer-stabilized IONPs weresuccessfully functionalized by maleimide-functionalizedmolecules according to the Diels-Alder reaction and thesubsequent release of these molecules via a thermalstimulus has been proven. Consequently, this type ofcontrolled-release system could be expanded to drugtherapy responding to external stimuli.

Le but de ce travail de thèse a été de synthétiser de nouveaux nano-objets pour le diagnostic et le traitement du cancer. Ainsi, nous avons développé des nanoparticules hybrides constituées d'un noyau inorganique recouvert d'une couche organique de sérum albumine humaine (HSA). Le noyau inorganique est un composite constitué d'un cœur d'oxyde de fer (IO) et d'une coquille de silice mésoporeuse (MS). L’IO permet, grâce à ses propriétés magnétiques, le diagnostic par imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) et la thérapie par hyperthermie magnétique (HM), tandis que les porosités de la MS permettent l’encapsulation de médicaments pour la chimiothérapie. La taille des pores de la coquille MS a été modulée afin d’augmenter le taux d’encapsulation en médicament et la taille du cœur d’IO a été ajustée pour améliorer les propriétés d’HM et d'IRM. L'utilisation d’un revêtement final d’HSA en tant que gatekeeper pour la délivrance de médicaments contrôlée par action enzymatique a également été étudiée. En parallèle, des nanocapsules d’HSA chargées en médicament ont été synthétisées. Enfin, les activités biologiques de ces nanoparticules ont été testées sur différentes lignées cellulaires cancéreuses. / The aim of this PhD work was to synthesize and test new nano-objects for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. For this purpose, we developed hybrid nanoparticles made of an inorganic core surrounded by a human serum albumin (HSA) organic coating. The inorganic core is a composite by itself as it is made of an iron oxide core (IO) surrounded by a mesoporous silica (MS) shell. The IO core ensures, through its magnetic properties, diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and therapy by magnetic hyperthermia, whereas the MS shell allows the loading of anticancer drugs for chemotherapy within its porosities. The pore sizes of the silica shell were modulated to enhance the drug loading content and the IO core size was also tuned to improve magnetic hyperthermia as well as T2 MRI imaging properties of the final core-shell system. The use of a thick shell of HSA as gatekeeper for controlled drug delivery triggered by its degradation with proteases was also studied. In parallel the synthesis of drug loaded HSA nanocapsules using MS as sacrificial template was performed. Finally, the biological activities of these nanoparticles were tested on various cancer cell lines.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared using co-precipitation method in the presence and absence of beta-cyclodextrin β-CD). Such materials were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA). The TEM shows that the surface morphology has no difference between nanoparticles prepared in the presence and absence of beta-cyclodextrin β-CD), amorphous particles with high surface area and dimensions of about 100 nm by 500 nm. The amorphous states of nanoparticles are confirmed further by XRD. The ATR-FTIR analysis confirms inclusion complex between β-CD and nanoparticles. The nanoparticles synthesized were used to develop an electrochemical sensor for phenolic endocrine disruptors by modifying the surface area of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Electrochemical characterization of the iron oxide β-CD nano-composites, studied in 0.1 M potassium chloride (KCl) using chronoamperometry,showed that the surface concentration of the adsorbed composite material was 8.5 x 10-8 mol/cm2. Sensor analysis of bisphenol A (BPA) was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) based on amperometric techniques which gave a linear range of 0.50 × 10-6 M to 50 × 10-6 M; limit of detection of 0.156 x 10-6 M and order of magnitude of linearity of 2.03. Hence, the sensor was further used to study 4-tert-octylphenol (TOP); the results showed that the sensitivity and the limit of detection were 11.31 nA L/mol and 0.249 x 10-6 M, respectively and order of magnitude of linearity of 2.00. / South Africa

This project relates to the non-classical growth of inorganic crystals with interesting morphologies that are highly desirable in industry. All crystals were synthesized via hydrothermal or solvothermal methods and their growth was studied by stopping each reaction at a range of different times, extracting the particles and analysing them using a variety of characterisation techniques. The main techniques used were scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy but other techniques, such as powder X-ray diffraction and thermal gravimetric analysis, were also employed. Decorated ZnO microstadiums were studied where ZnO nanocones coat the inner and outer columnar walls of ZnO microstadiums. It was revealed that the polymer in the synthetic solution enhanced the aggregation of nanocrystallites of precursor ions on the microstadium surfaces, which then underwent recrystallization, forming ZnO nanocones. The presence of organic agents was also found to be crucial in the non-classical growth mechanisms of CaCO₃ and RHO-ZIF crystals as the presence of charged groups on the organic molecules led to the aggregation of precursor molecules/ions, preventing classical growth. The disordered aggregates underwent surface recrystallization, forming ‘core-shell' structures where a thin layer of single crystal encased a disordered core. Over time the crystallisation extended from the surface inwards, towards the core, until true single crystals were formed. Organic molecules were also shown to play a role in the non-classical growth of 8-branched Cu₂O structures. In this case, however, studies of the electronic configuration of the main terminating facets of Cu₂O crystals revealed another key factor in their non-classical growth. Terminating hydroxyl groups on the Cu₂O surfaces could have different charges depending on the number of Cu⁺ ions they were coordinated to. The terminating {111} faces were the only ones to be coated with negatively charged hydroxyl groups, which explained the rapid growth on these surfaces as they were able to attract the positively charged metal/polymer precursor clusters. This new phenomenon was also found to be the main driving force in the rapid growth of branches in snowflake-like Fe₂O₃ crystals despite no organic agent being used. In this case, the {11-20} faces of the seed crystals had positively charged hydroxyl groups that were able to rapidly attract the negatively charged [Fe(CN) ₆]³⁻ ions in the aqueous solution.

Orientadores: Lena Virginia Soares Monteiro , Roberto Perez Xavier / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T15:13:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreto_CarolinaPenteadoNatividade_M.pdf: 6364154 bytes, checksum: 08d26b0642844f0ebe0c97e4f6816d34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O depósito de óxido de ferro-cobre-ouro Bacaba, situado no Cinturão de Cisalhamento Itacaiúnas, Província Mineral de Carajás, representa um alvo satélite do depósito de classe mundial Sossego, e possivelmente também representa as porções distais e profundas do mesmo sistema hidrotermal. O depósito Bacaba localiza-se ao longo de uma zona de cisalhamento com direção WNW-ESE que define o contato entre o embasamento, representado pelo Complexo Xingu (ca. 3,0 Ga), e a unidade metavulcano-sedimentar do Supergrupo Itacaiúnas (ca. 2,76 Ga). As principais rochas hospedeiras do minério no depósito Bacaba são representadas pelo Granito Serra Dourada, Tonalito Bacaba e por corpos gabróicos, que foram intensamente afetados por alterações hidrotermais sódica (albita-escapolita), potássica, clorítica e hidrolítica. Os dados de U-Pb LA-ICP-MS em zircão de uma amostra com alteração sódica do Granito Serra Dourada forneceram a idade de 2858 ± 30 Ma (MSWD = 9,7). Três amostras do Tonalito Bacaba, sendo uma com alteração potássica e duas com alteração potássica e mineralização de Cu-Au, forneceram idades em 2997,2 ± 4,7 Ma (MSWD = 1,15), 2993,1 ± 7,1 Ma (MSWD = 1,1) e 3004,7 ± 7,8 Ma (MSWD = 2,1), respectivamente. As idades em 2,86 e ca. 3,0 Ga são interpretadas como idade de cristalização do Granito Serra Dourada e do Tonalito Bacaba, respectivamente. As estruturas internas e morfologia dos cristais de zircão de ambas as rochas, observadas em imagens de catodoluminescência e de elétrons retro-espalhados, confirmam a ocorrência de processos de recristalização, que pode ser relacionado com episódios de hidrotermalismo e/ou deformação/metamorfismo que ocorreram na Província Mineral de Carajás. Contudo, esse (s) evento (s) não pode (puderam) ser datado (s) devido à ausência de abertura total do sistema isotópico U-Pb e ausência de cristais de zircão de origem hidrotermal.O Granito Serra Dourada e o Tonalito Bacaba são as rochas graníticas mais antigas até então reconhecidas no Cinturão de Cisalhamento Itacaiúnas. A presença dessas rochas tão antigas implica na existência de um importante magmatismo anterior à instalação da Bacia de Carajás (Supergrupo Itacaiúnas), e em uma história evolutiva mais complexa para o Cinturão de Cisalhamento Itacaiúnas. As similaridades petrográficas e geocronológicas dessas intrusivas félsicas do depósito Bacaba com suítes de rochas graníticas e tonalíticas reconhecidas no Terreno Granito-Greenstone Rio Maria, porção sul da Província Mineral de Carajás, implica na ocorrência de um magmatismo de ca. 3,0 e 2,86 Ga mais amplo e extenso. O Granito Serra Dourada e o Tonalito Bacaba não poderiam ser responsáveis pelo estabelecimento do sistema magmático-hidrotermal associado com a gênese do depósito Bacaba. Isso seria improvável porque outros depósitos com características similares são hospedados por unidades metavulcano-sedimentares mais novas (2,76 Ga). Nesse contexto, os depósitos de óxido de ferro-cobre-ouro do setor sul do Cinturão de Cisalhamento Itacaiúnas devem ser controlados principalmente por importantes descontinuidades crustais, como a zona de cisalhamento regional com direção WNW-ESE, ao invés de serem associados com um litotipo particular. Esses resultados indicam alto potencial de ocorrência de depósitos de óxido de ferro-cobre-ouro nas rochas mesoarqueanas do embasamento sob a Bacia de Carajás, particularmente aquelas cortadas por zonas de cisalhamento neoarqueanas. / Abstract: The Bacaba iron oxide-copper-gold deposit, situated in the Itacaiúnas Shear Belt, Carajás Mineral Province (Brazil), represents a satellite prospect of the world-class Sossego deposit, and might also represent a distal and deeper portion of the same or related hydrothermal system. The Bacaba deposit is located along a WNW-ESE-striking shear zone that defines the contact of the basement represented by the Xingu Complex (ca. 3.0 Ga) and the metavolcanosedimentary Itacaiúnas Supergroup (ca. 2.76 Ga). The main host rocks at Bacaba deposit comprise the Serra Dourada Granite, the Bacaba Tonalite and croscutting gabbro, which were intensely affected by sodic (albite-scapolite), potassic, chloritic and hydrolytic hydrothermal alterations. The U-Pb LA-ICP-MS data for zircon from sodic altered sample of the Serra Dourada Granite yielded an 2858 ± 30 Ma (MSWD = 9.7) age. Three samples from the Bacaba Tonalite, including one with potassic alteration and two with potassic alteration and Cu-Au mineralization rendered the 2997.2 ± 4.7 Ma (MSWD = 1.15), 2993.1 ± 7.1 Ma (MSWD = 1.1) and 3004.7 ± 7.8 Ma (MSWD = 2.1) ages, respectively. The 2.86 and ca. 3.0 Ga ages are interpreted as the igneous crystallization of the Serra Dourada Granite and the Bacaba Tonalite, respectively. The internal structures and external morphologies of zircon crystal from both rocks, observed in cathodoluminescence and backscattered electron images, attested the occurrence of zircon recrystallization, which could be related to hydrothermalism and/or deformation/metamorphism episodes that took place in the Carajás Mineral Province. However, the disturbing event (s) could not be dated due to the absence of the total resetting of the U-Pb system and hydrothermal crystallization of zircon. The 2.86 Ga Serra Dourada Granite and the ca. 3.0 Ga Bacaba Tonalite are the oldest granitic rocks so far recognized in the Itacaiúnas Shear Belt. The presence of such old rocks implies in the existence of an important magmatism before the Carajás Basin (Itacaiúnas Supergroup) deposition, and in a more complex evolutionary history for the Itacaiúnas Shear Belt. The petrographical and geochronological similarities of these felsic intrusions with granitic and tonalitic rock suites recognized in the Rio Maria granite-greenstone terrane, southern part of the Carajás Mineral Province, implies in a more widespread ca. 3.0 and 2.86 Ga magmatism in the province. The Serra Dourada Granite and the Bacaba Tonalite are interpreted not to be responsible for the genesis of the Bacaba deposit. This is likely because the Sossego and other deposits interpreted as part of the same hydrothermal system are hosted by younger ca. 2.76 Ga metavolcano-sedimentary units. On this context, the iron oxide-copper-gold deposit in the southern sector of the Itacaiúnas Shear Belt could be mainly controlled by important crustal discontinuities, such as the WNW-ESEstriking regional shear zone, rather than be associated with a particular rock type. These results expand the potentiality of occurrence of iron oxide-copper-gold deposits for the Mesoarchean basement rocks underlying the Carajás Basin, particularly those crosscut by Neoarchean shear zones. / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

Les travaux de cette thèse ont été consacrés à la synthèse de nanoparticules magnétiques d'oxyde de fer et d'oxyde de cobalt et de nanoparticules coeur-coquille constituées d'un coeur d'oxyde de fer recouvert d'oxyde de cobalt et à l'élaboration de nanomatériaux - composites nanostructures carbonées/nanoparticules d'oxyde métallique - pour des applications dans le domaine biomédical et celui de l'énergie. Pour la synthèse des NPs, la forme et la taille des NPs sont fortement dépendantes des conditions de réaction (nature des ligands, des solvants, température de réaction ... ) , ce qui affecte leurs propriétés magnétiques. De plus, des simulations ont montré que les chaînes de stéarate peuvent désorber plus facilement les atomes de fer que les atomes de cobalt et se libérer pour former des germes, ce qui pourrait expliquer le comportement distinctif entre les deux complexes. Ces nanoparticules magnétiques ont été synthétisées à l'intérieur de nanotubes de carbone en deux étapes aboutissant à des taux de remplissage très importants. Après fonctionnalisation, ces nanocomposites ont été introduits dans de cellules tumorales et ont été magnétiquement manipulées. Ils se sont révélés être très efficaces en tant qu'agents de contraste en IRM mais également dans le domaine de l'hyperthermie (activation sous éclairage dans le domaine de !'Infrarouge proche). Enfin, de nouveaux composites à partir de nanoparticules de Nb20 5 et de graphène (ou NTCs) ont été synthétisés et des résultat~prometteurs ont été obtenus dans des tests de batterie lithium-ion : leur utilisation en tant qu'anode a permis d'obtenir des capacités réversibles de 260 mAh/g. / This thesis was focused on the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles of iron oxide and cobalt oxide and core-shell nanoparticles, consisting of a cobalt oxide coated iron oxide and on the development of composite nanomaterials - nanostructures carbon /metal oxide nanoparticles - for applications in the biomedical field and the energy. For the synthesis of NPs, the shape and size of NPs are dependent of the reaction conditions, which further affect their magnetic properties. Meanwhile, simulation showed that stearate chains can desorb more easily from iron atoms and release to form seeds than from cobalt atoms, which might explain distinctive behavior between the bath complexes. Regarding nanostructures carbon/metal oxide nanoparticles hybrid materials, the properties of the filled magnetic CNTs as heat mediator for photothermal ablation and as contrast agent for MRI were then evaluated and promising results have been obtained. Last, new composite materials (Nb205 nanoparticles/graphene or NTCs) were synthesized and promising results were obtaines in lithium battery tests : their use as anode allowed obtaining reversible capacities of 260 mAh/g.

La greffe d'îlots de Langerhans permet de traiter le diabète de type 1 en restituant une insuline-sécrétion. La moitié des patients reprend l'insuline dans les 5 ans. Cette perte de fonction s'explique par l'absence d'outils de monitoring. Le but de notre travail était de déterminer l'efficacité de l'IRM à diagnostiquer un rejet de greffe, et d'évaluer l'intérêt du monitoring cellulaire chez les patients.Imagerie IRM chez le ratMéthodes : Des îlots syngéniques, allogéniques ou xénogéniques ont été greffés par voie intra-portale à des rats diabétiques après marquage avec une nanoparticule de fer (ferucarbotran). Les IRM étaient réalisées dans une IRM clinique 3T.Résultats : La décroissance du signal était différente suivant les 3 types de greffes. Le signal IRM des greffes allogéniques était significativement plus bas à J4 alors que la glycémie était normale. En prenant un seuil de 84% à J4, l'IRM permet d'obtenir une sensibilité de 91% et une spécificité de 70% Innnuno-monitoring cellulaireMéthodes : Des réactions lymphocytaires mixtes étaient réalisées entre les PBMC des patients greffés, et les splénocytes des donneurs. La réaction immunitaire était évaluée par la sécrétion d'IFNy (ELISpot), par la prolifération cellulaire (cytométrie du flux du Ki67), et par le dosage des cytokines (Bioplex). Le résultat était corrélé à la fonction du greffon évaluée par le (3-score).Résultats : Les patients avec une mauvaise fonction montraient une plus grande réactivité anti-donneur avec l'ELISpot IFNy (p=0,007, r=-0,50) et l'index de prolifération (p=0,006, r=-0,51). Les patients avec une mauvaise fonction avaient des taux d'IFNy, IL-5 et IL-17 plus élevés. / Langerhans islet transplantation allows curingtype 1 diabetes by restoring an endogenous insulin secretion. Halfof patients will resume insulin withinyears. This loss of function may be explained by the lack of monitoring tools able to diagnose an ongoing graft failure. The aims of our work were toevaluate the efficiency of MRI to diagnose islet graft rejection, and to assess the feasibility of immune cellular monitoring in transplanted patients.MRI in the rat mortelMethods: Syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic islets were transplanted intra-portally to diabetic rats after labeling with superparamagnetic ironoxide nanoparticles (ferucarbotran). Images were acquired on a clinical 3T MRI scanner.Results: The signal decreasing was different between the 3 types of transplantations. At day 4, the MRI signal in allogeneic group was significantlylower while glycaemia remained normal. With a cut-off value of 84% at day 4, sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 70% were obtained.Cellular immune monitoringMethods: Mixed lymphocyte cultures were performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from recipients and splenocytes from donors. Immunereactivity was assessed by the release of IFNy (ELISpot), cell prolifération (flow cytometry of Ki67), and cytokine quantification (Bioplex). Theresults were correlated to the islet graft function assessed by (5-score.Results: Patients with low islet function showed higher cellular reactivity against donor cells assessed by ELISpot IFNy ((p=0,007, r=-0,50) andproliferation index (p=0,006, r=-0,51). Patients with low graft function had higher levels of IFNy, IL-5 and 1L-17.

Les amines grasses sont présentes dans la formulation de lubrifiants automobiles, en tant que modificateurs de frottement organiques (MFO), afin d'atténuer les effets négatifs entraînés par le frottement et l'usure induits au sein des pièces sujettes aux conditions limites (c'est-à-dire, sous haute pression et basse vitesse de glissement). Outre leurs propriétés de lubrification, ces additifs présentent l'avantage d'être compatibles avec les systèmes de dépollution des gaz d'échappement, puisque leur composition organique est exempte d'éléments nocifs, tels que le soufre, le phosphore et certains métaux. Ainsi, un protocole de calcul en dynamique moléculaire classique a été mis en place et utilisé pour étudier, à l'échelle moléculaire, les propriétés des surfactants. En particulier, trois mécanismes d'action ont été considérés, à savoir : leur diffusion dans un milieu liquide, leur adsorption sur des substrats solides, et leur comportement en frottement. Dans ce contexte, différents facteurs associés à la structure des constituants des lubrifiants ont été analysés, notamment leur effet sur la performance des MFO. Les simulations révèlent que : (i) Diffusion – le coefficient de diffusion des composés aminés sont considérablement impactées par les caractéristiques de l'huile de base (exemple: leur polarité et masse moléculaire), sachant que les modèles de solvant les plus polaires et les plus lourds provoquent le ralentissement du flux diffusif des MFO ; par ailleurs, la structure des additifs jouent également un rôle dans leur diffusion, où les molécules les plus petites et les moins polaires s'avèrent relativement les plus mobiles. (ii) Adsorption – les amines primaires réagissent chimiquement avec une surface d'oxyde de fer, en formant des monocouches auto-assemblées, dont l'organisation et l'épaisseur augmentent avec leur taux de recouvrement. (iii) Frottement – les films adsorbés contenant d'amines constituées d'une chaîne hydrocarbonée C18 linéaire et saturée sont capables de réduire le frottement d'un système modèle représentant un nano-contact en régime limite ; en plus, leur efficacité dépend de la microstructure développée par les amines adsorbées sur les substrats sous compression et cisaillement ; d'ailleurs, les films permettant la formation de(s) plan(s) de glissement bien défini(s) entre les molécules organiques confinées sont davantage disposés à diminuer la résistance de glissement. Par conséquent, ces études ont permis de confirmer l'intérêt de l'apport d'une approche numérique complémentaire aux techniques expérimentales dans le but de comprendre les phénomènes élémentaires des systèmes tribologiques. / Fatty amines and their derivatives are employed as organic friction modifiers (OFM) in lubricant oils in order to mitigate the negative effects of friction and wear, both induced by the moving and rubbing components of an internal combustion engine that are subjected to boundary lubrication conditions (i.e., high contact pressure and low sliding velocity). In addition to their tribological performance, these additives exhibit the benefit of being compatible with exhaust aftertreatment systems that equip the current light-duty vehicles, owing to their sulfur- and phosphorus-free chemical composition. For these reasons, we have developed a computational protocol, composed of equilibrium and non-equilibrium (classical) molecular dynamics simulations, in order to gain a deeper understanding into their mechanisms of action at nanoscale, and in particular into their diffusion, adsorption and friction behaviors. In this context, the influence of different molecular structure factors – related to lubricant constituents – on OFM working performance were investigated. The obtained results have shown that: (i) Diffusion – OFM diffusivity is substantially affected by the base oil structure and chemistry (e.g., polarity and molar mass), where solvents with relatively larger and higher polar groups tend to slow down their diffusive rate; besides, the OFM dynamics in liquid phase is also impacted by their own composition, being the molecules with relatively smaller and less polar structure the most mobile additives. (ii) Adsorption – primary alkyl amines do chemisorb onto iron-oxide substrates, thereby forming molecular films whose packing order and thickness increase with increasing surface coverage. (iii) Friction – adsorbed layers containing primary amines with linear, saturated, C18 hydrocarbon tails are able to reduce friction in a single-asperity, boundary nano-contact model, where their efficiency is dependent on their molecular ordering under confinement and shear; in addition, the organic films allowing the formation of well-defined slippage interface(s) with little molecular interdigitation are more prone to diminish the sliding resistance of solid substrates in relative motion.Therefore, those findings are expected to foster the exploration and development of computational simulation approaches, as a complement of experimental techniques, to investigate the fundamental phenomena present in tribological-relevant engineering systems.