Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A água é um dos fatores de produção que mais limita o rendimento das plantas cultivadas. Em regiões em que a distribuição das chuvas é irregular, podem ocorrer perdas significativas no rendimento das culturas, sendo a irrigação a tecnologia que reduz os riscos de baixa produção, além de propiciar maior número de safras durante o ano. Também a baixa disponibilidade de fósforo, comum na maioria dos solos das regiões tropicais, transforma esse elemento em objeto de freqüentes estudos, para obtenção de bons rendimentos. Esta pesquisa compreendeu dois experimentos realizados no campo e em casa-de-vegetação, envolvendo feijãocaupi (Vigna ungüiculata (L.) Walp.), irrigação e adubação fosfatada. O primeiro experimento, realizado em campo, teve como objetivo estudar o comportamento do feijão-caupi cv. BRS Novaera sob diferentes lâminas de água (187, 241, 257 e 273 mm) e doses de fósforo (0, 70, 140 e 210 kg ha-1 de P2O5, aplicados na forma de superfosfato triplo) em Boa Vista, Roraima. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso no esquema de parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituída pelas lâminas de água e as sub parcelas, pelas doses de fósforo, resultando em 16 tratamentos. A irrigação foi realizada por um sistema convencional de aspersão, montado no campo segundo o sistema de aspersão em linha. Foi demonstrada que a massa seca da parte aérea e a massa de 100 grãos são influenciadas pela interação entre lâminas de água e doses de fósforo, enquanto o número de grãos por vagem e o comprimento da vagem são influenciados somente pelas doses de fósforo. A dose de máxima eficiência econômica foi de 89,45 kg de P2O5 com produtividade de 1.343 kg ha-1. O segundo experimento, realizado em casa-de-vegetação, em vasos de polipropileno com capacidade de 8 dm3 , objetivou estudar o comportamento do feijão-caupi cv. Guariba cultivado sob diferentes lâminas de água (30, 60, 90 e 120% da ECA) e doses de fósforo (0, 70, 140 e 210 kg ha-1 de P2O5, aplicados na forma superfosfato triplo). O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente ao acaso no esquema fatorial de 4 x 4, com quatro repetições. Demonstrou-se que a massa seca da parte aérea, altura de plantas, número de folhas e teor de P foliar são influenciadas significativamente pelos tratamentos. A lâmina de água influencia na altura de plantas e área foliar, sem apresentar uma interação com as doses de fósforo. O maior acúmulo de massa seca da parte aérea é obtido com 340 mm de água e 210 kg ha-1 de P2O5. / The Water is one of the production factors that limit the most the output of cultivated plants. In regions in which the rain distribution is irregular, it may occur significant losses in the output of cultures. In these cases, the irrigation is a technology that can be used to reduce the risks of low production, not to mention to propitiate a greater number of crops during the year. In Savanna areas, the phosphate contents are very low. So, it is necessary to study which strategy results in the highest productivity of cowpea used irrigation and phosphate fertilizer in this areas. This dissertation was developed at Universidade Federal de Roraima, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, situated in Boa Vista, RR. The first work was carried out to evaluate the effect of irrigation depth and phosphate fertilizer (0; 70; 140; 210 kg ha-1 of P2O5) on yield and production components of cowpea (Vigna ungüiculata L. Walp) cv. Novaera under Savanna of Roraima, Brazil. The experimental design was arranged in a completely randomized block design in split-plot and four replications. Irrigation depths were applied through a sprinkler line source system. The principal treatments were constituted by the depths of irrigation and the secondary treatments by the phosphate fertilizer. Significant effects (p < 0.05) of the depth of irrigation and phosphate fertilizer interaction with mass aerial production and mass 100 grains were observed. The number of grains per pods and size of pod were affected by the phosphate fertilizer only. The highest economic yield (1.343 kg ha-1) was obtained by the 89,45 kg of P2O5. The second work aimed to verify the behavior of cowpea cv. Guariba subjected different levels of water and phosphorous levels (0, 70, 140, 210 kg ha-1 de P2O5) in greenhouse. The experimental design was in a completely randomized block in a factorial arrangement of 4 X 4, with four replications. The Yellow Latossolo soil was used as a substrate, wrapped in polypropylene containers with 8 dm3. The studied variables were: aerial dry matter production, height of plants, number of leaves, aerial foliar and phosphorous tissue content. There was a marked plant response to phosphorous. The aerial foliar and height of plants were influenced linearly by the water levels without interaction with phosphorous applied. The best results for dry matter were obtained by 340 mm, with 210 kg ha-1 of P2O5.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar genótipos de arroz de terras altas com tolerância à herbicidas do grupo químico das imidazolinonas, em três diferentes ambientes (combinação ecossistema x sistema de plantio) e genótipos de arroz irrigado com tolerância à herbicidas em seis diferentes ambientes (combinação dois anos x três sistemas de manejo da água de irrigação) em Roraima. Foram avaliadas as características de floração média (50%), altura de plantas (cm), número de panículas por m2, número de grãos por panícula, massa de 1000 grãos (g), produtividade de grãos em (kg. ha-1) e rendimento de grãos inteiros no beneficiamento e de qualidade de cocção para ambos os sistemas e acamamento (escala de notas), severidade de doenças (escala de notas) apenas para o arroz de terras altas. As médias de produtividade dos genótipos foram submetidas às análises de adaptabilidade e estabilidade pelas metodologias propostas por Annicchiarico (1992) e Wricke (1965). Para o agrupamento das médias dos tratamentos, foi aplicado o teste de Scott e Knott, em nível de 5% de probabilidade. Para o arroz irrigado, concluiu-se que o genótipo AB 101053 (BRS Formoso (RB)////Cypress CL) é o mais promissor para lançamento em Roraima, por apresentar alta produtividade (8.260 kg.ha-1), boa estabilidade produtiva e rendimento de grãos inteiros no beneficiamento (62,1%) e grãos soltos após a cocção. Para o arroz de terras altas os genótipos A10ER7 (BRS Pepita////Cypress CL), A10ER10 (CNAs 9023////Cypress CL) e A10ER11 (BRA 01504////Cypress CL), são os mais promissores para futuros lançamentos em Roraima. / The objective of this work was to evaluate genotypes of upland rice with tolerance to herbicides of the imidazolinone chemical group in three different environments (combination ecosystem x cropping system) and rice varieties with tolerance to herbicides in six different environments (combination two years x three management systems of irrigation water) in Roraima. We evaluated the characteristics of flowering period (50%), plant height (cm), number of panicles per m2, number of grains per panicle, 1000 grains (g), grain yield (kg ha-1) and whole grain yield in processing and cooking quality for both systems and lodging (note scale), disease severity (grading scale) only for upland rice. For the average rice yield were subjected to analysis of stability and adaptability of the proposed methodologies Annicchiarico (1992) and Wricke (1965). For the grouping of the treatment means test was applied Scott e Knott at 5% probability. For rice, it was concluded that the genotype AB 101053 (BRS Formoso (RB)////Cypress CL) is the most promising for release in Roraima, due to high yield (8,260 kg ha-1), good stability productive and whole grain yield in processing (62.1%) and loose grains after cooking. For upland rice genotypes A10ER7 (BRS Pepita////Cypress CL), A10ER10 (9023 CNAs////Cypress CL) and A10ER11 (BRA 01504////Cypress CL), are the most promising for future releases in Roraima.

O presente trabalho tem, por objetivo, avaliar um sistema de produção de gramíneas irrigadas sob a dinâmica de corte rotacionado, simulando um sistema de irrigação tipo pivô central, com diferentes capacidades de armazenamento de água no solo. O manejo da irrigação foi realizado com base em tensiômetros instalados em uma parcela de referência do sistema. Realizou-se o trabalho em casa de vegetação, no Departamento de Irrigação da ESALQ/USP. Foram estudadas quatro cultivares de gramíneas: Capim Tanzânia e Capim Tifton 85 e Grama Santo Agostinho e Grama Esmeralda, sob seis estratégias de manejo da irrigação: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, sendo M3 a parcela de referência (umidade na capacidade de campo). Cada cultivar esteve submetido a quatro níveis de capacidade de água disponível (CAD), que variava em função da profundidade do solo no interior da caixa: 40, 30, 20 e 10 cm, sendo denominadas de S40, S30, S20 e S10. O solo utilizado no experimento foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, textura franco arenosa. A adubação foi realizada para corrigir e manter o sistema. O experimento foi avaliado durante um período de 11 meses (de dezembro de 2006 a outubro de 2007), tendo a freqüência de corte, estabelecido em 30 dias, induzindo uma defasagem de corte de 5 dias entre os manejos estudados. A irrigação controlada pelo manejo M3 obteve consumo de água mínimo, quando o IAF era mínimo, ou seja, quando o bloco de controle era cortado, causava estresse hídrico nos outros blocos com índices de área foliar maior, tendo como hipótese inicial que estes apresentariam a maior produção. O potencial hídrico foliar foi medido antes do corte de cada manejo, sempre ao amanhecer, para garantir o equilíbrio hídrico solo-planta. Observou-se que a produção de matéria seca (MS)(kg.m-2) da parcela de controle M3 não foi diferenciada estatisticamente, contrariando a hipótese inicial do trabalho. A profundidade do solo não teve influência na altura média das gramíneas. O potencial hídrico foliar médio foi diferente para as quatro gramíneas, mas não se correlacionou significativamente (p>0,05) com a profundidade do solo. O capim Tifton 85 foi o que apresentou o maior potencial hídrico foliar. O capim Tifton 85, comparado ao Tanzânia, produziu de 7 a 27% a mais de proteína bruta (PB)(%) em relação à época de corte. A produção de MS(kg.m-2) foi maior para o capim Tanzânia, a única gramínea afetada pela profundidade de solo disponível. / The present work aims to evaluate a production system of irrigated grasses under rotary pasture system with center pivot irrigation simulation, considering four different total available water (TAW) in the soil profile, being the irrigation scheduling accomplished with tensiometers installed at a reference plot in the field. The work was carried out under greenhouse conditions at the Agricultural Department - Irrigation Sector at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Four varieties of grasses were studied: Tanzania, Tifton 85, Saint Agostinho and Esmerald, under six strategies of irrigation scheduling: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, being M3 the reference plot (soil moisture maintain at field capacity). Each grass variety was submitted to four levels of soil depth inside the box: 40, 30, 20 and 10 cm, being denominated S40, S30, S20 and S10 TAW treatments. The soil was classified as Red Yellow Latossolo (silt sandy texture). Traditional fertilizer doses were applied for initial correction and maintenance of the system. The experiment was evaluated during a period of 11 months (December 2006 to October of 2007). Cutting frequency was established at 30 days, with a 5 days delay between irrigation scheduling treatments (M1 to M6). The M3 irrigation plot presented the minimum consumption of water when the leaf area index (LAI) was minimum. Just after cutting the reference plot the following treatments (M4 - M6) with higher LAI were submited to water stress conditions. Considering the initial hypothesis, M3 treatment would present the highest production. The water leaf potential was measured before cutting always at predawn to assure the water equilibrium at soil-plant system. It was observed that the production of dry matter (DM) at the reference plot M3 was not statistical differentiated, contradicting the initial hypothesis of the experiment. The average water leaf potential was different among grasses analysed, being not correlated significantly (p>0,05) with the soil depth (irrigation management considered the soil depth of each plot). Tifton 85 grass presented the highest water leaf potential. Tifton 85 grass compared to Tanzania produced 7 to 27% higher level of gross protein (GP). Tanzania grass presented the highest dry matter production (DM) and was the only grass affected by soil depth (TAW).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:36:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_ Carla_ Machado_ da_ Rosa.pdf: 1288182 bytes, checksum: 260f00e4ed48ff97092cf3316a59cb05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-31 / In the south region from Rio Grande do Sul State, in,Brazil, 950 thousand hectares of soils are cultivated with rice, an important agricultural activity in that region, under an irrigation (flooded) system, using different soil management techniques. Studies regarding the organic matter (OM) dynamic in these soils are incipient, so this work aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigated rice management systems on the composition and quality of the OM from an Albaqualf, as well as, to investigate the OM stabilization mechanisms in this soil. Soil samples were collected in a long-term field experiment (21 years), from the 0-0,025, 0,025-0,05, 0,05-0,10 and 0,10-0,20 meters. The treatments evaluated are: ST traditional rice crop system: one year with rice crop under conventional tillage and two years of fallow; APC continuous rice crop system under conventional tillage and weeds control with herbicides; APD no-tillage system with rye-grass in the winter and rice in the summer; SN soil under natural conditions with native grassland. Soil samples were submitted to OM physical fractionation, and total organic carbon (TOC) and C contend in fractions were determinate by dry combustion analyzer, and carbon stocks adjusted according to the equivalent soil s mass. The chemical and molecular characteristics from this soil and OM fraction were determined by FTIR spectroscopy, RMN 13C (CP/MAS), and laser-induced fluorescence. No-tillage rice/rye-grass succession system was efficient in maintenance or increase SOM stocks until 0.05m deph. Particulate fraction increase demonstrates a higher maintenance level for carbon, showing the feasibility of this conservative system to contribute to the soil quality. Occluded light OM fraction was not susceptible to the effects of tillage systems used in irrigated rice crop, demonstrating a lower efficiency of the OM physical protection in soil aggregates. This situation may be related to the flooded condition affecting aggregates process. The OM spectroscopy characterization demonstrates for the flooded soil that functional groups are similar to the oxided soils. However, the portion of the CO-aquil structures from the free light and occluded light OM fraction were increased (from 39% to 52%), demonstrating a low level of OM decomposition in the deficient drainege environment. The OM from APC system were more humified than OM from APD and SN systems, mainly in the superficial levels, due to the loss of light OM fractions during the soil tillage. / A região sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, apresenta 950 mil hectares de solos de várzea, cultivados com arroz irrigado, em diferentes sistemas de manejo, constituindo uma das mais importantes atividades agrícolas para a região. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de sistemas de manejo de arroz irrigado sobre o conteúdo e qualidade da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) de um solo representativo da região, bem como, buscar um maior entendimento dos mecanismos de estabilização da MOS neste solo. Amostras de um Planossolo Háplico foram coletadas em um experimento de campo de longa duração (21 anos), nas profundidades de 0-0,025, 0,025-0,05, 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, nos tratamentos: STSistema tradicional de cultivo: um ano arroz (preparo convencional) e dois anos com pousio; APC- Sistema de cultivo contínuo de arroz (preparo convencional) e controle de invasoras com herbicida; APD- Sucessão azevém/arroz em plantio direto e SN- Solo mantido com vegetação natural. As amostras foram submetidas aos fracionamentos granulométrico e densimétrico e o teor de carbono do solo e das frações da MOS quantificados em analisador de combustão seca, corrigindo-se os estoques de carbono pela massa equivalente de solo. As características químicas e moleculares do solo e das frações da MOS foram determinadas por espectroscopia de FTIR, RMN 13C (CP/MAS) e fluorescência induzida por lazer. O uso do solo sob o sistema sucessão arroz/azevém em plantio direto mostrou-se eficiente na manutenção ou incremento dos estoques de MOS do solo, até a profundidade de 0,05 m, e o incremento da fração grosseira conferiu um maior índice de manejo de carbono (IMC), mostrando a capacidade deste sistema conservacionista em promover a qualidade do solo. A fração leve oclusa da MOS não foi sensível aos efeitos dos diferentes sistemas de manejo utilizados no cultivo do arroz irrigado, evidenciando uma baixa eficiência da proteção física da MOS por oclusão em agregados, o que pode estar relacionada à condição de má drenagem no processo de agregação deste solo. A caracterização espectroscópica da MOS do solo de várzea mostrou que seus grupos funcionais são semelhantes aos de solos oxidados, no entanto, a proporção de estruturas CO-alquil das frações leve livre e leve oclusa foram elevados (39 a 52%), evidenciando um baixo grau de decomposição da MOS no ambiente mal drenado. A MO do sistema APC apresentou se mais humificada do que a MOS dos sistemas APD e SN, principalmente nas camadas superficiais, refletindo as perdas das frações mais lábeis da MOS, pelo preparo do solo.

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Scott A. Staggenborg / Irrigated cropping systems on the High Plains are dominated by water intensive continuous corn (Zea mays L.) production, which along with other factors has caused a decline in the Ogallala aquifer. Potentially demand for water from the aquifer could be decreased by including drought tolerant crops, like grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), in the cropping systems. This study calibrated the CERES-Maize, CERES-Sorghum, and CROPGRO-Cotton models for the High Plains and studied the simulated effects of different irrigation amounts and initial soil water contents on corn, cotton, and grain sorghum. Input files for calibration were created from irrigated and dryland research plots across Kansas. Information was collected on: soil physical properties, dry matter, leaf area, initial and final soil water content, management, and weather. CERES-Maize simulated grain yield, kernel number, ear number, and seed weight across the locations with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 2891 kg ha-1, 1283 kernels m-2, 1.6 ears m-2, and 38.02 mg kernel-1, respectively. CERES-Sorghum simulated grain yield, kernel number, head number, and seed weight with RMSEs of 2150 kg ha-1, 5755 kernels m-2, 0.13 heads m-2, and 4.51 mg kernel-1. CROPGRO-Cotton simulated lint yield and boll number with RMSEs of 487 kg ha-1 and 25.97 bolls m-2. Simulations were also conducted with CERES-Maize, CERES-Sorghum, and CROPGRO-Cotton to evaluate the effects of irrigation amounts and initial soil water content on yield, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE), available soil water at maturity, and gross income per hectare. Simulations used weather data from Garden City, KS from 1961 to 1999. Irrigation amounts were different for all variables for corn and grain sorghum. For cotton, yield, WUE, soil water, and gross income were not different between the top two irrigation amounts. For corn and grain sorghum, initial soil water content was only different at 50% plant available water. Initial soil water had no affect on cotton, except for ET at 50%. Simulations showed that cotton yields are similar at lower irrigation. Also, cropping systems that include cotton have the potential to reduce overall irrigation demand on the Ogallala aquifer, potentially prolonging the life of the aquifer.

Orientador: Salatiér Buzetti / Banca: Marco Eustáquio de Sá / Banca: Carlos Alexandre C. Crusciol / Resumo: A utilização de cultivares de trigo de alto potencial produtivo e a adubação nitrogenada são essenciais para obtenção de altas produtividades. Todavia, os estudos sobre a resposta dos componentes de produção e produtividade do trigo à adubação nitrogenada são insuficientes, e devem ser estudadas em condições específicas de ambiente, como a região dos cerrados de baixa altitude, onde há necessidade do uso da irrigação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses e fontes de N, sendo uma o sulfonitrato de amônio com inibidor de nitrificação (Entec), aplicadas totalmente em semeadura ou em cobertura, em diferentes cultivares de trigo irrigado, sob plantio direto. O experimento foi desenvolvido em área experimental pertencente à Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - UNESP, em Selvíria - MS, em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico. O delineamento estatístico foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x3x2x4 (em 2006) e 5x3x2x2 (em 2007), ou seja, cinco doses de N (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1), três fontes de nitrogênio (Entec, sulfato de amônio e uréia) e duas épocas de aplicação (semeadura ou cobertura). Em 2006, foram utilizados quatro cultivares de trigo (E 21, E 22, E 42 e IAC 370), com 3 repetições. Já em 2007, foram utilizados os cultivares E 21 e IAC 370, com 4 repetições. Os cultivares mais produtivos foram o IAC 370 e E 21. Não houve diferença entre o Entec, sulfato de amônio e uréia para produtividade de grãos e para maioria dos componentes de produção. A aplicação do N totalmente em semeadura ou em cobertura foram semelhantes no desempenho da cultura. O teor de N foliar e o teor de clorofila (SPAD) correlacionam-se positivamente, comprovando a relação nitrogênio e clorofila. As doses de nitrogênio influenciaram o teor de N foliar, teor de clorofila (SPAD) e aumentaram a produtividade de grãos ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of wheat cultivar of high productive potential and the nitrogen fertilization are essential to get high income. Though, the studies about the response of the production components and productivity of wheat to nitrogen fertilization are insufficient, and it should be studied in specific environmental conditions, as the savannah area of low altitude, where there is need the use of irrigation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different doses and sources of N, using one ammonium sulfonitrate with nitrification inhibitor (Entec), applied totally at sowing or at covering, in different wheat cultivars irrigated, under no till. The experiment was conducted at experimental area belonging to UNESP - Ilha Solteira Campus, located in Selvíria - MS, in an Acrustox. A randomized block design was used, in a factorial scheme 5x3x2x4 (in 2006) and 5x3x2x2 (in 2007), being five doses of N (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1), three sources of nitrogen (Entec, ammonium sulfate and urea) and two application times (at sowing or at covering). In 2006, it was used four wheat cultivars (E 21, E 22, E 42 and IAC 370), with 3 repetitions. In 2007, it was used just the two best cultivars: E 21 and IAC 370, with 4 repetitions. The IAC 370 and E 21 wheat cultivars presented the highest productivity. There was no difference among Entec, ammonium sulfate and urea for grain yield and for majority of the production components. To the application of N totally at sowing or at covering it there was not difference between them. The N leaf and the chlorophyll contents (SPAD) were correlated positively, proving the relationship between nitrogen and chlorophyll contents. The doses of nitrogen influenced the N content, chlorophyll content (SPAD) and they increased the grain yield up to the dose of 118,5 kg ha-1 of N, independent of cultivar, source of N and application time. / Mestre

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A study was conducted between 2000 and 2002 in the lower Berg River catchment of the semi-arid Western Cape Province to investigate the effect of irrigation developments (wheat fields to table grapes) on the quality of the Berg River as well as the sustainability of these developments. This study was necessitated by the mineralisation of both the Breede and Berg River, probably due to irrigation together with the higher pressure on these water resources from the growing demand for fresh water from the Cape Town metropolitan area. Water and Salt balances of two dominant soil patterns (Glenrosa/Swartland and Oakleaf/Hutton soil forms) from the catchment area were monitored at two localities. Vineyard blocks of different ages in the same soil forms were used to study the effect of irrigation over time. The electrical conductivity of the soil water extracts (ECe) was measured three times over depth at the selected sites and the quality of irrigation and drainage return-flow were monitored. Soil water storing capacities of these stony (high rough fragment' fractions) soils were also characterised for more efficient drainage quantity prediction. Glenrosa/Swartland soils showed the highest ECe's (200-400 mx.m") that decreased significantly after four to five years of irrigation and distribution became more uniform over depth. These high salt concentrations were explained due to natural occurrence of salts, mineral weathering and salts from the irrigation water. Oakleaf/Hutton soils showed lower ECe's « 200 nfS.m") but they are subject to the quality of the irrigation water, which is not that constant over years. Localised salt accumulation was observed due to the irrigation method and became more prominent over years. Drainage quantities were under predicted because of the big/high rough fragment fractions and the occurrence of preferential-flow. This prohibited the accurate calculation of the soil water house holding characteristics. It also led to the under calculation of salt return-flow, but it was very evident that the most salt retumflow occurred from the Glenrosa/Swartland soils. Effective irrigation management to achieve and maintain optimal soil water levels and to reduce the negative impact of high ECe's is essential for the sustainability of these irrigation developments. At present it does not seem that the irrigation return-flow is causing dramatic mineralisation of the lower Berg River, but it is a situation that must be monitored as the developments extent and become older (come into production). It seems that irrigation return-flow only has an influence on the quality of the river at the beginning of such a development, but after about three years the influence directly correlates with the quality of irrigation water and mineral weathering. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Studie is gedurende die jare 2000 tot 2002 in die benede Bergrivier opvanggebied van die semi-ariede Wes-Kaap Provinsie gedoen om die effek van besproeiingsontwikkelings (koringlande na tafeldruiwe) op die kwaliteit van die Bergrivier se water, asook die volhoubaarheid van besproeiingslandbou te ondersoek. Hierdie studie was genoodsaak deur toenemende versouting van beide die Breede- en Bergrivier, waarskynlik a.g.v. besproeiing, tesarne met groter druk op hierdie waterbronne van wee die groeiende aanvraag na vars water deur die Kaapstadse metropool. Water- en soutbalanse van twee dominante grondpatrone (Glenrosa/Swartland en Oakleaf/Hutton grondvorms) binne die opvanggebied was by twee lokaliteite gemoniteer. Wingerdblokke van verskillende ouderdomme binne dieselfde grondvorms is gebruik om die effek van besproeiing oor tyd te ondersoek. Die elektriese geleiding van die grondwaterekstrak (EGe) was drie maal op verskillende dieptes by geselekteerde persele gemeet en die kwaliteit van besproeiingswater en dreineringsterugvloei was deurgaans gemoniteer. Grondwaterstoringskapasiteite van hierdie klipryke ( hoe 'growwe fragment fraksie) gronde was ook gekarakteriseer vir meer doeltreffende voorspellings van dreineringshoeveelhede. Glenrosa/Swartland gronde het die hoogste EGe's getoon (200-400 mx.m') wat na vier tot vyf jaar se besproeiing aansienlik afgeneem het en meer uniform met diepte versprei was. Die hoe soutkonsentrasies is veroorsaak deur die natuurlike voorkoms van sout in die grond, minerale verwering en sout vanuit die besproeiingswater. Oakleaf/Hutton gronde het laer EGe's getoon « 200 mS.m-I ), maar hierdie gronde se soutinhoud is ook onderhewig aan die kwaliteit van die besproeiingswater en dreinering wat oor jare nie baie konstant was en nog is nie. Gelokaliseerde soutaansarneling tussen wingerdrye is ook waargeneem a.g.v. die besproeiingsmetode en dit word meer prominent oor jare. Dreineringshoeveelhede was onder-voorspel a.g.v. die groot/hoe growwe fragment fraksies en voorkoms van voorkeurvloei, wat die akkurate modellering van grondwaterhuishouding beperk het. Dit het ook daartoe gelei dat soutterugvloei ondervoorspel was, maar dit was duidelik dat die meeste soutterugvloei vanuit die Glenrosa/Swartland gronde plaasvind. Effektiewe besproeiingsbestuur, om optimale grondwaterpeile te handhaaf en om negatiewe effekte van hoe EGe te beperk, is noodsaaklik vir die volhoubaarheid van hierdie tipe besproeiingsontwikkelings. Tans blyk dit nie of besproeiingsterugvloei drarnatiese versouting van die benede Bergrivier veroorsaak nie, maar dit is egter 'n situasie wat deeglik gemoniteer moet word soos wat ontwikkelings uitbrei en ouer word (in produksie kom). Besproeiingsterugvloei het dus net aan die begin van so 'n ontwikkelling 'n invloed op die EG van die rivier, maar na ongeveer drie jaar hou die invloed direk verband met die kwaliteit van die besproeiingswater en minerale verwenng.

L'objectif est d'évaluer sur le plan agro-climatique les options de réalisation d'une culture de printemps dans les hautes vallées du Nord du Vietnam. A partir d'hypothèses sur les contraintes agro-climatiques s'exerçant sur ces options, un modèle de simulation et le dispositif expérimental permettant de le caler et de l'évaluer ont été élaborés. Une expérimentation virtuelle replaçant les cultures de printemps envisagées (riz, riz « aérobie », maïs et soja) dans le climat de trois régions contrastées sur ce plan a ensuite été réalisée, le long d'un gradient d'altitude, et sous différentes modalités techniques, notamment de dates de semis. Cette démarche a été appliquée successivement aux deux grands cas de figure rencontrés dans les montagnes : irrigation des parcelles dès le printemps, et conduite en régime pluvial (irrigation praticable seulement pour le cycle estival). Elle a conduit à identifier, pour chacun de ces cas de figure et chacune des régions et cultures étudiées des fenêtres de semis favorables, intervalles de dates de semis pour lesquelles la culture de printemps présente peu de risques. La taille de cette fenêtre constitue ainsi un indicateur synthétique de la contrainte climatique pour une culture donnée dans un lieu donné : plus cette fenêtre est étroite, plus on peut s'attendre à ce qu'il soit délicat pour les producteurs de pratiquer la culture. Les résultats confirment clairement que même lorsque l'eau d'irrigation est abondante, le climat des montagnes du Vietnam ne permet pas partout de pratiquer une culture de printemps. Les risques identifiés sont la destruction par le froid pendant les stades précoces de la croissance végétative, l'allongement du cycle au-delà de la date où le riz irrigué d'été doit être installé selon la pratique actuelle, l'obtention de rendements nettement abaissés du fait de la faiblesse du rayonnement global et des températures pendant la première partie de la saison. Pour ce contexte irrigué, la culture qui échappe le mieux à ces contraintes dans les simulations est le soja, suivie du maïs et du riz conduit en semis en plein champ. Le riz semé en pépinière et repiqué est apparu comme le plus sensible aux contraintes de températures.En conditions pluviales, la culture de printemps est nettement plus délicate tout particulièrement à cause des retards de levée et des stress hydriques pendant la phase de croissance végétative liés aux faibles précipitations de début de saison. Le soja reste la culture pour laquelle la contrainte de durée de cycle est la plus faible, mais son rendement simulé est fortement réduit par les stress hydriques. Le riz « aérobie » et le maïs sont des options envisageables en conditions strictement pluviales aux altitudes relativement modestes dans tous les climats étudiés. La géographie de l'extension des cultures de printemps au Vietnam est ainsi esquissée. Des perspectives de recherche sont proposées en vue d'accroître cette aire d'extension. Outre ces acquis importants pour l'agriculture locale, cette thèse confirme l'intérêt et l'efficacité d'une approche de modélisation ad hoc pour ce type de question agro-climatique. / The goal of this thesis was to assess the agro-climatic feasibility of introducing a supplementary crop during the spring season in the high valleys of the mountainous northern Vietnam. From hypotheses drawn about the way climate constrained such crops, a simulation model and the experimental device required for calibrating and evaluating it were elaborated. A virtual experiment was carried out in order to submit the candidate crops (rice, “aerobic rice”, maize and soybean) under the contrasted climates of three regions, along the elevation gradient and under several technical management, especially sowing dates. This approach was applied consecutively to the two major cases occurring in these mountains: crop irrigated during the whole spring, and rainfed crop (land irrigable during summer only). This approach led to identify, for each of these two cases and for each of the studied regions and crops, favourable sowing windows, i.e. intervals of sowing dates for which the risks associated to spring crop are low. The size of such windows provides a synthetic indicator of the climatic constraint for a given crop at a given place: the narrower the window, the more difficult it is expected to be for farmers to practice the option.Results clearly confirmed that even if irrigation water is abundant, the climate of the mountains in Vietnam does not allow practicing the spring crop everywhere. The risks that were identified were crop destruction by lethally cold temperature during early vegetative stages, maturity delayed beyond the date at which the irrigated rice of summer must have been sown according to current practice, and obtaining yield neatly decreased due to low global radiation and temperature during the first half of the season. Under irrigated conditions, the simulated crop that best escaped these constraints was soybean, followed by maize and direct seeded rice. Rice sown in nurseries and transplanted showed more sensitive to temperature constraints.Spring crop showed strongly trickier under rainfed conditions, especially due to delays in seedlings emergence and water stresses during vegetative growth, in relation with low rainfall during the early part of the season. Soybean remained the crop with the shortest duration, but its simulated yield was strongly reduced by water stresses. “Aerobic rice” and maize were possible options under fully rainfed regime at relatively low elevations only, under any of the regional climates studied. Thus, the feasibility area of spring crops was thus sketched. Research perspectives were proposed, aiming at increasing this area. Additionally to these results, targeted at serving local agriculture, this work confirmed the value and effectiveness of an ad hoc modelling approach for agro-climatic studies of this kind.

Dans un contexte d’aménagement de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal et de développement de l’agriculture irriguée, les populations d’éleveurs mettent en avant un ensemble de stratégies afin de renforcer leurs exploitations familiales. En effet, depuis les crises de sécheresse des années 1970-1980, la situation de l’élevage transhumant dans la vallée ne cesse de se détériorer et sa pérennisation remise en cause, en raison de la réduction des parcours pastoraux. L’objectif de ce travail est de faire comprendre les stratégies de survie mises en application par les éleveurs pour maintenir leurs exploitations viables. Un travail d’enquête chez 41 chefs d’exploitations a permis d’analyser les logiques de diversification agricole et de capitalisation foncière chez les Peul Walwalbé. Pour face faire à l’expansion des Périmètres Irrigués Villageois, les éleveurs ont choisi de renforcer leur pratique de l’agriculture irriguée afin de varier leurs sources de revenus et d’avoir un meilleur accès aux parcours post-culturaux. Dans les communautés rurales de Gamadji et de Guédé village situées dans la moyenne vallée, les éleveurs sont très présents dans les systèmes de production irriguée. Plusieurs modes de tenures foncières leur permettent, en plus des cultures céréalières de décrues ou pluviales, de développer les spéculations maraîchères (tomate et oignon) plus rentables. L’agriculture irriguée offre aussi aux agro-éleveurs un accès privilégié aux parcours post-culturaux. Leur présence dans les terroirs du Waalo est aussi un moyen de garantir leur droit foncier traditionnel sur ces terres. Ainsi la pratique de l’agriculture irriguée répond à des logiques financières et foncières. Alors que la pratique d’élevage ne permet pas aux éleveurs Peul d’avoir accès à la terre, l’agriculture irriguée apparaît comme une stratégie détournée de capitalisation foncière. La pratique conjointe de l’agriculture irriguée et de l’élevage transhumant a permis l’émergence d’un territoire agropastoral autour du département de Podor composé: de parcours de décrue, de parcours post-culturaux, de points d’abreuvement sur fleuve, de piste de transhumance…. Pour autant, les mouvements de transhumance restent la pratique centrale chez les éleveurs Peul de la moyenne vallée et les déplacements de longues durées encore de mises. / In the development of the Senegal River Valley and more precisely irrigated agriculture, pastoralist populations put forward a set of strategies to strengthen family farms. Since the 1970-1980 drought crises the situation of nomadic livestock as well as sustainability challenges in the valley continues to deteriorate, due to the reduction of rangeland. This work aims to understand the survival strategies adopted by farmers to keep their farms viable. Survey work in 41 farm managers was used to analyze the logic of agricultural diversification and land capitalization among Fulani Walwalbé. To face to the expansion of Irrigated Village Perimeters, ranchers have chosen to strengthen their practice of irrigated agriculture to vary their sources of income and have better access to postharvest lands. Farmers in rural communities of Gamadji and Guede towns located in the middle valley are very present in irrigated production systems. In addition to the rain fed cereal production, the several modes of land tenure permit them to speculate on profitable horticulture, such as vegetable crops (tomato and onion). Irrigated agriculture also provides breeders the privilege to access to post- harvest lands. Their presence in the Waalo land is also a means of ensuring their traditional land rights on these lands. Thus the practice of irrigated agriculture meets financial and property logic. While farming practice does not allow Fulani herders have access to land, irrigated agriculture appears as a strategy to move away from land capitalization. The joint practice of irrigated agriculture and livestock transhumance has encouraged the emergence of an agro-pastoral area around Podor made of: golf recession, post-crop lands, water points, transhumance pathways.... However, transhumance movements remain the central practice among Fulani herders of the middle valley and long displacement periods still possible.

Dans plusieurs territoires agricoles, les débits des rivières pendant l’étiage sont régulièrement inférieurs aux normes, signant des situations de « déséquilibre structurel » entre offre et demande en eau. Les différents acteurs du territoire peinent à s’accorder sur les changements à engager, d’autant que les impacts de ces changements sont incertains. Que valent alors les différentes propositions avancées pour résoudre le déséquilibre hydrique ? Je réponds à cette question en concevant une démarche d’évaluation multicritère multi-acteur que je déploie sur le territoire de l’Aveyron aval – Lère (Sud-Ouest de la France). Quatre scénarios - trois visant à réduire l’irrigation et un à améliorer le stockage de l’eau - sont comparés au travers de simulations informatiques (modèle MAELIA) et de jugements d’acteurs (outil KERBABEL DST). Les scénarios se différencient en termes d’intensité et de diversité des impacts simulés, d’intérêts ou préjudices perçus par les acteurs, et de capacité à produire du consensus ou de la discorde. Les connaissances développées à l’issue de cette thèse sont d’ordres agronomique, socioéconomique et méthodologique. / In many agricultural landscapes, river flows during the low-water period regularly fall below regulatory thresholds, indicating situations of structural imbalance between the water offer and demand. The various stakeholders disagree on the changes to implement, especially since the impacts of these changes are uncertain. In this context, how valuable are the different proposals to solve the water imbalance? I answer this question by designing a multi-actor multicriteria evaluation method, which I adapt to the downstream Aveyron watershed (South-Western France). Four scenarios – three aiming to reduce irrigation withdrawals and one improving water storage – are compared based on computer simulations (MAELIA model) and stakeholder judgments (KERBABEL deliberation support tool). Scenarios differ from each other in terms of magnitude and diversity of the simulated impacts, perceived advantages and weaknesses, and capability to generate consensus or discord among stakeholders. Agronomic, socioeconomic and methodological knowledge is derived from this thesis.