<p>Today most ice rinks in Sweden use secondary refrigeration systems with a solution of calcium chloride and water as secondary refrigerant. Due to the large amount of energy such a system uses more efficient systems would be desired.An earlier study concluded in the possibilities of using carbon dioxide as secondary refrigerant with copper tubes as the loops in the ice rink. Since then 3 ice rink refrigeration systems has been built with carbon dioxide in copper tubes. Excluding the ones being direct involved in those projects there is still very little knowledge about how these system works. This study has been made primarily with the aim of adding to the knowledge concerning availability and cost and secondary to look at possibilities for improvement.A comparison between systems with carbon dioxide, calcium chloride respective ammonium solved in water has been made by using Decision Matrix. The comparison indicates that carbon dioxide is the more appropriate successor for the calcium chloride solvent.By using carbon dioxide the pump energy can be reduced considerably. With carbon dioxide there is also potential to use self circulation most of the time, and by doing so reduce the energy consumption even more.One area where knowledge seems to be lacking with carbon dioxide systems is in the ranges and availabilities of the required components. This study has shown that even if the ranges in some cases are limited it is still considerably easy to find suitable components. The price estimation made in this study estimates the total sum of the components for a carbon dioxide system at a bit over 900 000 SEK and a bit over 600 000 SEK for a system using calcium chloride. These numbers are mainly excluding costs for pipes and work.The second area where more knowledge seems to be needed is about ensuring the safety of the public while using carbon dioxide systems. The largest risk seems to be in the relatively high pressure of 3 MPa. But by using a good control system and having safety valves in all the critical spots there shouldn’t be any real risk for accidents. The risk for leakages is relatively easily countered by installing an alarm system with detectors for carbon dioxide. The large space inside an indoor ice rink also helps negotiating any leakage of carbon dioxide to the extent of possibly making it totally harmless even if undetected.</p><p> </p>

Today most ice rinks in Sweden use secondary refrigeration systems with a solution of calcium chloride and water as secondary refrigerant. Due to the large amount of energy such a system uses more efficient systems would be desired.An earlier study concluded in the possibilities of using carbon dioxide as secondary refrigerant with copper tubes as the loops in the ice rink. Since then 3 ice rink refrigeration systems has been built with carbon dioxide in copper tubes. Excluding the ones being direct involved in those projects there is still very little knowledge about how these system works. This study has been made primarily with the aim of adding to the knowledge concerning availability and cost and secondary to look at possibilities for improvement.A comparison between systems with carbon dioxide, calcium chloride respective ammonium solved in water has been made by using Decision Matrix. The comparison indicates that carbon dioxide is the more appropriate successor for the calcium chloride solvent.By using carbon dioxide the pump energy can be reduced considerably. With carbon dioxide there is also potential to use self circulation most of the time, and by doing so reduce the energy consumption even more.One area where knowledge seems to be lacking with carbon dioxide systems is in the ranges and availabilities of the required components. This study has shown that even if the ranges in some cases are limited it is still considerably easy to find suitable components. The price estimation made in this study estimates the total sum of the components for a carbon dioxide system at a bit over 900 000 SEK and a bit over 600 000 SEK for a system using calcium chloride. These numbers are mainly excluding costs for pipes and work.The second area where more knowledge seems to be needed is about ensuring the safety of the public while using carbon dioxide systems. The largest risk seems to be in the relatively high pressure of 3 MPa. But by using a good control system and having safety valves in all the critical spots there shouldn’t be any real risk for accidents. The risk for leakages is relatively easily countered by installing an alarm system with detectors for carbon dioxide. The large space inside an indoor ice rink also helps negotiating any leakage of carbon dioxide to the extent of possibly making it totally harmless even if undetected.

With the increasing importance of CO2 as natural refrigerant with low Global Warming Potential(GWP) ejectors have been used in a number of recent installations to recover expansion work atthe high operating pressures of these systems. In colder climates, this is particularly seen in combinationwith heat recovery due to the high compressor discharge pressures.This work analyses the field measurement data of two ice rink refrigeration systems with integratedvapor ejectors and two supermarket refrigeration systems with integrated liquid ejectors, alllocated in northern Europe. The aim is to evaluate the interaction of the ejector with the refrigerationsystem in practical applications. A theoretical model of the ejector systems is developed andevaluated in parallel as a reference for the analysed system installations.The model of the analysed vapor ejector system shows an increasing eciency improvement potentialby the ejector for higher gas cooler outlet temperatures, while the liquid ejector systemmodel indicates higher eciency improvement potential at relatively lower gas cooler outlet temperaturesand pressures.From the vapor ejector field data evaluation, this is confirmed with additional findings of lowejector work recovery eciencies at low gas cooler outlet temperatures. Furthermore, problemsin the ejector operation are found for too low evaporation temperatures in one of the systems. Inaddition, an unstable ejector control at certain operating conditions is linked to a decreasing ejectorperformance. While the ejector is found not to provide any significant savings in one of the systemsmainly due to low evaporation temperatures, the other ice rink system is found to achievetotal energy savings of 7% from the ejector.For the liquid ejector field data evaluation, the ejectors are found to work as expected for the purposeof removing liquid from the low-pressure receiver. However, overfed evaporation conditionsare only found temporarily for most cabinets in the analysed systems, with remaining high averagesuperheat values. Low required air supply temperatures in the cabinets and the dimensioning of theexpansion valves at the evaporator inlet are identified as possible limitations for a further decreaseof the superheat and increase of the evaporation temperature. / Med den ökande betydelsen av CO2 som naturligt köldmedium med låg global uppvärmningspotential(GWP) har ejektorer använts i ett antal nya installationer för att återvinna expansionsarbetevid de höga drifttrycken i dessa system. I kallare klimat är detta särskilt vanligt i kombination medvärmeåtervinning på grund av de höga utloppstrycken i kompressorerna.I detta arbete analyseras fältmätdata från två kylsystem för isbanor med integrerade ångejektoreroch två kylsystem för livsmedelsbutiker med integrerade vätskeejektorer. Samtliga system finns inorra Europa. Syftet med studien är att utvärdera ejektorns samverkan med kylsystemet i praktiskatillämpningar. En teoretisk modell av ejektorsystemen utvecklas och utvärderas parallellt som referensför de analyserade systeminstallationerna.Modellen för det analyserade ångejektorsystemet visar att potentialen för e ektivitetsförbättringgenom ejektorn ökar vid högre utloppstemperaturer för gaskylare, medan modellen försystemet med vätskeutkastare visar att potentialen för e ektivitetsförbättring ökar vid relativt lägreutloppstemperaturer och tryck för gaskylare.Detta bekräftas i utvärderingen av fältdata från ångejektorsystemen som vid låga utloppstemperatureri gaskylaren samtidigt ger låg e ektivitet för ejektorn. Dessutom noteras problemmed ejektorns funktion vid för låga förångningstemperaturer i ett av systemen. En instabilstyrning av ejektorn vid vissa driftsförhållanden leder vidare till en minskad ejektore ektivitet.Medan ejektorn inte ger några betydande besparingar i det ena systemet, främst på grund av lågaavdunstningstemperaturer, har en total energibesparing på 7% från ejektorn hittats i den andra isbanan.När det gäller utvärderingen av fältdata för vätskeejektorer konstateras att ejektorerna fungerar somförväntat för att avlägsna vätska från vätskeavskiljaren. För de flesta kyldiskar i de analyseradesystemen syns dock bara kortvarigt flödad tillstånd i förångrarna, och i övrigt en kvarvarande höggenomsnittlig överhettning. Låg erforderlig tilluftstemperatur i kyldiskarna och dimensioneringenav expansionsventilerna vid förångarens inlopp identifieras som möjliga begränsningar för enytterligare minskning av överhettningen och en ökning av förångningstemperaturen.