京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23760号 / 医博第4806号 / 新制||医||1056(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 平井 豊博, 教授 湊谷 謙司, 教授 森信 暁雄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

A lesão por isquemia-reperfusão (I/R) é o mecanismo fisiopatológico central no desenvolvimento da insuficiência hepática pós-operatória. Diversas estratégias para minimizar suas consequências estão sendo desenvolvidas, mas ainda sem resultados satisfatórios. Recentemente o pré-condicionamento isquêmico remoto (PCIR), método em que ciclos breves de I/R aplicados em um órgão ou membro é capaz de atenuar os resultados da I/R em um órgão distante, vem sendo utilizado, em modelos experimentais, com resultados promissores. No entanto seu mecanismo de ação ainda não foi esclarecido. Um dos mecanismos propostos é a modulação na expressão das citocinas sintetizadas durante a resposta inflamatória que acompanha o processo de I/R. Foram utilizados 36 ratos (Rattus norvegicus), machos, com peso entre 250 e 280 g, divididos em três grupos: Grupo Sham, cirurgia simulada; Grupo IR, isquemia de 70% do fígado por 45 minutos e reperfusão; e Grupo PCIR, pré-condicionamento isquêmico remoto do fígado através de seis ciclos de isquemia-reperfusão da pata do animal, com quatro minutos de isquemia e quatro minutos de reperfusão em cada ciclo, seguido de isquemia hepática semelhante ao do Grupo IR. Terminado os procedimentos cirúrgicos, metade dos animais foi morta decorridos 60 minutos de reperfusão, e a outra metade após 180 minutos. Foi coletado tecido hepático do lobo submetido à isquemia, para estudo histopatológico, utilizando o índice de injúria hepática modificado; e sangue, para dosagem plasmática de TNF-&#945;, IL-6, IL-10 e ALT. A análise histopatológica mostrou que a necrose celular foi significativamente reduzida no Grupo PCIR quando comparado com Grupo IR (p <0,0001). As transaminases mostraram o mesmo padrão com redução significativa dos seus valores no Grupo PCIR quando comparados com o Grupo I-R (p <0,0001). A dosagem das interleucinas mostrou redução significativa na expressão da IL-6 no Grupo PCIR quando comparado com o Grupo IR (p<0,001). Houve aumento da expressão de IL-10 nos grupo PCIR, porém não atingiu significância estatística. Não foi identificada diferença na dosagem de TNF-&#945; nos grupos estudados. O PCI-R foi eficaz na redução na necrose celular resultante da lesão por I-R nos grupos estudados. A redução na síntese de IL-6 segue o padrão observado em outros estudos. / Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important pathophysiological mechanism in the postoperative liver failure. Different strategies to minimize the I/R liver injury have been developed during the last decades but the results had been disappointing. Recently, the remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), a method that involves a brief ischemic episode on an organ or tissue that subsequently affords protection to a remote organ or tissue, have been use in various experimental models with promising results. The precise pathway activated by the RIPC isnt clear, but cytokine release modulation has been proposed as a candidate mechanism. Thirty-six male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided in 3 groups: Sham; I/R injury, a 45 minutes lobar (70%) liver ischemia and reperfusion; and RIPC, 6 cycles of 4 minutes of ischemia and 4 minutes of reperfusion of the right hindlimb followed by a 45 minutes lobar (70%) liver ischemia and reperfusion. Liver tissue in the affected lobe and blood samples were collected after 60 minutes and 180 minutes of reperfusion for histopathological study of liver I/R, plasma cytokines (TNF-&#945;, IL-6 and IL-10) and liver aminotransferases measurement (ALT). The histopathological study demonstrated a significant lesser degree of liver necrosis in the RIPC group (p <0,001). The aminotransferases levels followed the same pattern, with significant lower levels in the RIPC group (p <0,001). The cytokines assessment showed a reduction in the expression of IL-6 in the RIPC when compared with the I/R group (p <0,01). Interleukin-10 levels were higher in the RIPC group, but the difference wasnt significant. The TNF-&#945; measurement didnt show any difference in the groups. The RIPC model presented consistently reduced the I/R injury to the liver and the IL-6 expression was similar to the reported in other studies.

A lesão por isquemia-reperfusão (I/R) é o mecanismo fisiopatológico central no desenvolvimento da insuficiência hepática pós-operatória. Diversas estratégias para minimizar suas consequências estão sendo desenvolvidas, mas ainda sem resultados satisfatórios. Recentemente o pré-condicionamento isquêmico remoto (PCIR), método em que ciclos breves de I/R aplicados em um órgão ou membro é capaz de atenuar os resultados da I/R em um órgão distante, vem sendo utilizado, em modelos experimentais, com resultados promissores. No entanto seu mecanismo de ação ainda não foi esclarecido. Um dos mecanismos propostos é a modulação na expressão das citocinas sintetizadas durante a resposta inflamatória que acompanha o processo de I/R. Foram utilizados 36 ratos (Rattus norvegicus), machos, com peso entre 250 e 280 g, divididos em três grupos: Grupo Sham, cirurgia simulada; Grupo IR, isquemia de 70% do fígado por 45 minutos e reperfusão; e Grupo PCIR, pré-condicionamento isquêmico remoto do fígado através de seis ciclos de isquemia-reperfusão da pata do animal, com quatro minutos de isquemia e quatro minutos de reperfusão em cada ciclo, seguido de isquemia hepática semelhante ao do Grupo IR. Terminado os procedimentos cirúrgicos, metade dos animais foi morta decorridos 60 minutos de reperfusão, e a outra metade após 180 minutos. Foi coletado tecido hepático do lobo submetido à isquemia, para estudo histopatológico, utilizando o índice de injúria hepática modificado; e sangue, para dosagem plasmática de TNF-&#945;, IL-6, IL-10 e ALT. A análise histopatológica mostrou que a necrose celular foi significativamente reduzida no Grupo PCIR quando comparado com Grupo IR (p <0,0001). As transaminases mostraram o mesmo padrão com redução significativa dos seus valores no Grupo PCIR quando comparados com o Grupo I-R (p <0,0001). A dosagem das interleucinas mostrou redução significativa na expressão da IL-6 no Grupo PCIR quando comparado com o Grupo IR (p<0,001). Houve aumento da expressão de IL-10 nos grupo PCIR, porém não atingiu significância estatística. Não foi identificada diferença na dosagem de TNF-&#945; nos grupos estudados. O PCI-R foi eficaz na redução na necrose celular resultante da lesão por I-R nos grupos estudados. A redução na síntese de IL-6 segue o padrão observado em outros estudos. / Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important pathophysiological mechanism in the postoperative liver failure. Different strategies to minimize the I/R liver injury have been developed during the last decades but the results had been disappointing. Recently, the remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), a method that involves a brief ischemic episode on an organ or tissue that subsequently affords protection to a remote organ or tissue, have been use in various experimental models with promising results. The precise pathway activated by the RIPC isnt clear, but cytokine release modulation has been proposed as a candidate mechanism. Thirty-six male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided in 3 groups: Sham; I/R injury, a 45 minutes lobar (70%) liver ischemia and reperfusion; and RIPC, 6 cycles of 4 minutes of ischemia and 4 minutes of reperfusion of the right hindlimb followed by a 45 minutes lobar (70%) liver ischemia and reperfusion. Liver tissue in the affected lobe and blood samples were collected after 60 minutes and 180 minutes of reperfusion for histopathological study of liver I/R, plasma cytokines (TNF-&#945;, IL-6 and IL-10) and liver aminotransferases measurement (ALT). The histopathological study demonstrated a significant lesser degree of liver necrosis in the RIPC group (p <0,001). The aminotransferases levels followed the same pattern, with significant lower levels in the RIPC group (p <0,001). The cytokines assessment showed a reduction in the expression of IL-6 in the RIPC when compared with the I/R group (p <0,01). Interleukin-10 levels were higher in the RIPC group, but the difference wasnt significant. The TNF-&#945; measurement didnt show any difference in the groups. The RIPC model presented consistently reduced the I/R injury to the liver and the IL-6 expression was similar to the reported in other studies.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2017-12-18T19:17:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lúcio Kenny Morais - 2012.pdf: 9402569 bytes, checksum: 89e112868051e02f9a662b75b5fff235 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-12-19T12:09:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lúcio Kenny Morais - 2012.pdf: 9402569 bytes, checksum: 89e112868051e02f9a662b75b5fff235 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-19T12:09:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lúcio Kenny Morais - 2012.pdf: 9402569 bytes, checksum: 89e112868051e02f9a662b75b5fff235 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-27 / Introduction: Improved liver function from non-heart-beating donors seems to be related to short periods of warm ischemia; hence ischemia-reperfusion injury is a critical unsolved issue. Remote Ischemic preconditioning (PC) has been shown to protect the liver from ischemia-reperfusion injury. However little is known about the usefulness of ischemic precondition as a strategy to improve tolerance of non-heart-beating liver grafts to warm ischemia. Therefore we designed an experimental study aiming the effects of ischemic preconditioning on liver transplantation from non-heart-beating donors. Methods: Protocol was approved by Federal University of Goias Ethics Committee. Twentyfour Landrace pigs were assigned into 4 groups: I: after cardiac arrest livers were procured and transplanted; II: after PC and cardiac arrest livers were procured and transplanted; III: after PC and cardiac arrest, a 15 minutes period of warm ischemia was observed before livers were procured and transplanted; IV: after PC and cardiac arrest, a 30 minutes period of warm ischemia was observed before livers were procured and transplanted. Donors: cardiac arrest was obtained by ligation of coronary arteries and interruption of ventilation. PC (10` x 10`) and warm ischemia waiting time were observed accordingly. Livers were flushed with 4°C HTK solution cooled and procured. Recipients: standard technique was used. After one hour of reperfusion, blood and liver samples were collected and euthanasia was carried out. Non-parametrical statistical tests were applied. Results were expressed as medians. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: AST, ALT, lactic acid and factor V levels were similar for the different studied groups by the end of one hour of reperfusion. A trend towards a deteriorated liver function was observed in group IV. When histological variables were addressed, vacuolization of hepatocytes and cell dropout scores were similar in all groups. Congestion score, vacuolization of hepatocytes and cell dropout scores tended to be higher in animals from group IV, but with no statistical significance. Conclusions: Remote ischemic preconditioning showed no benefits to liver grafts from nonheart- beating donors. Even though it did not result in benefits, no prejudice could be noticed in this research, as well. / Introdução: A melhora na função hepática em doadores de coração parado parece estar relacionada a curtos períodos de isquemia normotérmica, logo a lesão de isquemia e reperfusão é uma questão crucial não resolvida. O pré-condicionamento isquémico remoto (PC), promove proteção ao fígado da lesão de isquemia e reperfusão. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a utilidade do PC como uma estratégia para melhorar a tolerância de enxertos de doadores em parada cardíaca frente à isquemia normotérmica. Portanto, foi desenvolvido um estudo experimental visando os efeitos do pré-condicionamento isquêmico no transplante de fígado de doadores em parada cardíaca.Métodos: O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado na Universidade Federal de Goiás pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Vinte e quatro suínos da raça Landrace foram divididos em 4 grupos: I: após parada cardíaca, o fígado foi captado e transplantado; II: após o PC, promoveu-se a parada cardíaca, seguida de captação e transplante hepático; III: após o PC, promoveu-se a parada cardíaca, seguida de um período de 15 minutos de isquemia normotérmica, com captação e transplante hepático em seguida; IV: após o PC, promoveu-se a parada cardíaca, seguida de um período de 30 minutos de isquemia normotérmica, com captação e transplante hepático em seguida. Nos doadores, a parada cardíaca foi obtida pela ligadura das artérias coronárias e interrupção do suporte ventilatório. O PC (10 'x 10') e o tempo de isquemia normotérmica foram observados em conformidade com a padronização. O fígado foi perfundido com solução HTK resfriada a 4 ° C e posteriormente captado. Para o receptor foi utilizada a técnica padrão. Após uma hora de reperfusão, amostras de sangue e de tecido hepático foram coletadas, seguida da realização da eutanásia. Foram aplicados testes estatísticos não-paramétricos. Os resultados foram expressos em medianas. O valor de p <0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Os valores encontrados de AST, ALT, lactato e fator V foram semelhantes para os diferentes grupos estudados até o fim do experimento. No entanto, foi observado uma tendência para piora da função hepática no grupo IV. Em relação às variáveis histológicas, a vacuolização dos hepatócitos e a desestruturação celular foram semelhantes em todos os grupos; houve uma tendência de aumento da congestão no grupo IV, sem significância estatística. Conclusões: O pré-condicionamento isquêmico remoto não mostrou benefício para enxertos de fígado de parada cardíaca. Mesmo que o PC não tenha promovido benefícios nesta pesquisa, também não foram observados danos.

La méthode de préservation d’organes la plus utilisée actuellement en transplantation rénale est la conservation statique en hypothermie. Cependant, ce mode de conservation induit des dommages inhérents aux lésions du syndrome d’ischémie/reperfusion (I/R). Cette étude a eu pour objectif d’identifier de nouvelles conditions de préservation des greffons, afin de limiter les lésions d’I/R, en modulant la température de conservation ou par ajout d’un transporteur d’oxygène. Nous avons utilisé deux modèles : in vitro avec des cellules endothéliales et in vivo en autotransplantation rénale chez le porc.Les résultats ont confirmé les effets délétères de la conservation à 4°C contrairement à des conservations à 19°C, 27°C et surtout 32°C, permettant d’obtenir une activité métabolique, une viabilité et une intégrité cellulaire supérieures ainsi qu’une diminution des marqueurs de l’inflammation et du stress oxydant. Nous avons aussi démontré les bénéfices d'un nouveau transporteur d’oxygène, M101, dans deux des solutions de conservation les plus utilisés, UW et HTK. L'utilisation de M101 en conservation statique permet une meilleure reprise de fonction à court terme et une réduction de la fibrose, cause principale de la perte du greffon. Enfin, nous avons montré une conservation des bénéfices de M101 à des doses réduites et déterminé que cette protection était due à une multifonctionnalité de la molécule, combinant un transporteur d’oxygène, une activité superoxyde dismutase et une taille importante (permettant de réguler la pression oncotique). Ce travail a montré de nouvelles pistes de réflexion vers une préservation, et donc une qualité, supérieure des organes à transplanter. / The most used preservation method in renal transplantation is hypothermic cold storage (CS). However, this method induces damages inherent to the ischemia/ reperfusion (I /R) syndrome.My study was aimed at identifying new grafts preservation conditions, to limit I/R damage, by varying storage temperature or by adding an oxygen carrier.We used two models: in vitro with endothelial cells and in vivo in pig renal autotransplantation. The results confirmed the deleterious effects of 4°C storage in contrast to conservations at 19°C, 27°C and above 32°C, resulting in improved metabolic activity, cellular viability and integrity as well as a significant reduction in markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Then we demonstrated the benefits of a new oxygen carrier, M101, in the two most used preservation solutions, UW and HTK. Indeed, use of M101 in CS protocols improved short-term function recovery and reduced fibrosis development, main cause of graft loss. Finally, we have shown that the benefits of M101 were preserved at lower doses and we determined that this protection was due to a multifunctionality of the molecule, combining oxygen transport, superoxyde dismutase activity and a large size (regulating oncotic pressure). This work permitted the uncovering of new concepts towards improved organ preservation and quality for transplantation.

The effect of cold acclimation on body of mammals has been studied for many decades by using relatively low temperatures for acclimation (6-10 řC). The results of these experiments have shown the important role of the adrenergic and thyroid system during acclimation and negative impact on renal system at the same time. In contrast, a recent study on winter swimmers suggests a possibility of positive influence of hardening on cardiovascular system. There is no available study investigating a relationship between cold adaptation and ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of this study was to establish a protocol of isolated rat heart and its fixation at our workplace. Furthermore, to find the impact of mild cold acclimation on the ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat. Methods of ex vivo heart perfusion and fixation were successfully established. The effect of 5 weeks long cold acclimation in 10 ± 2 řC on left ventricle ischemia-reperfusion injury was observed. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Assessment of lung edema by gravimetrical analysis is a standard method to evaluate the severity of experimentally induced ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. The aim of this study was to compare gravimetrical assessment of pulmonary edema with a stereological approach which allows for qualitative and quantitative distinction between intravascular and edematous fluids by light microscopy. Eight experimental groups which differed in mode of preservation, ischemic storage and pharmacological treatments were studied in an extracorporeal rat lung model. Analysis of the pooled data showed that the wet/dry ratio values mainly reflected the amount of intra-alveolar edema (rs = 0.442; p = 0.0057) but only stereological assessment of edema formation revealed differences depending on the treatment used. Only stereological data correlated significantly with oxygen tension measured at the end of reperfusion (rs = –0.530; p = 0.0009). We conclude that gravimetry is of minor functional importance compared to assessment by stereological methods which prove to be a reliable and efficient tool for the evaluation of IR injury in the different experimental settings. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Background: Despite recent advances in surgical procedures and immunosuppressive regimes, early pancreatic graft dysfunction, mainly specified as ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI)— Remains a common cause of pancreas graft failure with potentially worse outcomes in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT). Anesthetic conditioning is a widely described strategy to attenuate IRI and facilitate graft protection. Here, we investigate the effects of different volatile anesthetics (VAs) on early IRI-associated posttransplant clinical outcomes as well as graft function and outcome in SPKT recipients. Methods: Medical data of 105 patients undergoing SPKT between 1998–2018 were retrospectively analyzed and stratified according to the used VAs. The primary study endpoint was the association and effect of VAs on pancreas allograft failure following SPKT; secondary endpoint analyses included “IRI- associated posttransplant clinical outcome” as well as long-term graft function and outcome. Additionally, peak serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipase during the first 72 h after SPKT were determined and used as further markers for “pancreatic IRI” and graft injury. Typical clinicopathological characteristics and postoperative outcomes such as early graft outcome and long-term function were analyzed. Results: Of the 105 included patients in this study three VAs were used: isoflurane (n = 58 patients; 55%), sevoflurane (n = 22 patients; 21%), and desflurane (n = 25 patients, 24%). Donor and recipient characteristics were comparable between both groups. Early graft loss within 3 months (24% versus 5% versus 8%, p = 0.04) as well as IRI-associated postoperative clinical complications (pancreatitis: 21% versus 5% versus 5%, p = 0.04; vascular thrombosis: 13% versus 0% versus 5%; p = 0.09) occurred more frequently in the Isoflurane group compared with the sevoflurane and desflurane groups. Anesthesia with sevoflurane resulted in the lowest serum peak levels of lipase and CRP during the first 3 days after transplantation, followed by desflurane and isoflurane (p = 0.039 and p = 0.001, respectively). There was no difference with regard to 10-year pancreas graft survival as well as endocrine/metabolic function among all three VA groups. Multivariate analysis revealed the choice of VAs as an independent prognostic factor for graft failure three months after SPKT (HR 0.38, 95%CI: 0.17–0.84; p = 0.029). Conclusions: In our study, sevoflurane and desflurane were associated with significantly increased early graft survival as well as decreased IRI-associated post-transplant clinical outcomes when compared with the isoflurane group and should be the focus of future clinical studies evaluating the positive effects of different VA agents in patients receiving SPKT.

No description available.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden zwei Verfahren untersucht, die eine erfolgreiche Protektion vor hepatischer Ischämie/Reperfusionsschädigung versprachen: ischämische Präkonditionierung (IP) und pharmakologische Konditionierung mit Methylprednisolon (MP). Dabei wurde zunächst das Ausmaß der hepatozellulären Schädigung nach warmer Leberischämie durch Abklemmen der blutzuführenden Gefäße im Ligamentum hepatoduodenale (Pringle-Manöver) analysiert, wobei beide Behandlungsstrategien eine vergleichbar starke Gewebsprotektion erzielten. Nach 70%-iger Leberteilresektion mit Pringle-Manöver war jedoch trotz reduzierter Ischämie/Reperfusionsschädigung die Leberregeneration nach IP-Behandlung nachhaltig eingeschränkt. Im Gegensatz dazu waren die regenerativen Vorgänge nach MP-Behandlung nicht schneller, aber doch mit einer vergleichbaren Kinetik zu unbehandelten, ischämischen Kontrollen abgelaufen. Zusammenfassend gilt, daß sowohl IP- als auch MP-Behandlung die Ischämie/Reperfusionsschädigung deutlich reduzieren. Dies hat jedoch keinen positiven Einfluß auf die nachfolgende Regeneration nach Leberteilresektion mit Pringle-Manöver. / The present study analyses two strategies to protect from hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury: ischemic preconditioning (IP) and pharmacologic administration of methylprednisolone (MP). First, the extent of hepatocellular damage after warm liver ischemia induced by cross clamping of the hepatic vessels in the hepatoduodenal ligament (Pringle manöver) was analysed demonstrating comparable tissue protection by both treatment modalities. After 70% partial hepatectomy including Pringle manöver however, the hepatocellular regerneration was markedly decreased after IP treatment, despite reduced ischemia-reperfusion injury. Moreover, MP treatment did not improve hepatic regeneration since it showed a comparable timing to untreated, ischemic controls. In conclusion, both IP and MP significantly reduced hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, no beneficial effects on hepatocellular regeneration after partial hepatectomy including pringle manöver were observed.