Th. Ph. D.--Leiden university. / Notes bibliogr. Bibliogr. p. [430]-447. Index.

Computational Field Simulation processes are typically complex and involve execution of multiple software tools in the form of pipelines to perform simulations successfully. Very often, handling the input and output communication between the tools and allocating computing resources for the processes becomes an essential but an unimportant task for the user. A well written script can often reduce these peripheral tasks and allow the user to concentrate on the analysis. This thesis studies the aspects of design and implementation of a framework called the Integrated Simulation Environment or ISE, that not only forms a scripted environment for high level integration of simulation software tools, but is also flexible enough to accommodate new tools on the fly, while maintaining ease of use and reliability. A hierarchy based design methodology was used to implement the ISE. Hierarchies provide the framework with the flexibility to decompose the complexities of simulation process pipelines and physical entities such as grids and geometries into managable components. Also hierarchies are easily translated into standards such as XML for saving and restoring, and external communication. An Overset CFD simulation process pipeline was integrated into the framework and tested for ease of use, reliability and extensibility. Both simple and complex tools such as a curve extraction tool, a surface grid generation tool, a volume grid generation tool and tools for preparing flow solver inputs were integrated into the system and tested successfully.

<p>With today’s FPGA’s it’s possible to implement complete systems in a single FPGA. With help of Soft Processor Cores like the MicroBlaze processor several microcontrollers can be implemented in the same FPGA.</p><p>The third generation telecommunications system, cdma2000, has several channels, which has specific assignments. The Sync channel purpose is to attain initial time synchronization.</p><p>The purpose with this thesis has been to implement the Sync channel in a FPGA with use of a MicroBlaze processor. An evaluation of the concept of using a Soft Processor Core instead of ordinary DSP’s and microcontrollers would then be conducted.</p><p>This thesis has resulted in a system with a MicroBlaze processor that has the Sync channel as a peripheral. It’s possible to write information via HyperTerminal to the MicroBlaze processor which then uses this data as input to the Sync channel. The Sync channel then modulates the data according to the cdma2000 specifications and then outputs it onto an external pin at the FPGA.</p><p>The evaluation of this concept hasn’t resulted in a general recommendation whether to use ASIC or FPGA’s in a system. The concept of using Soft Processor Cores certainly has its benefits and is something that could be thought of in the future when designing a system.</p>

With today’s FPGA’s it’s possible to implement complete systems in a single FPGA. With help of Soft Processor Cores like the MicroBlaze processor several microcontrollers can be implemented in the same FPGA. The third generation telecommunications system, cdma2000, has several channels, which has specific assignments. The Sync channel purpose is to attain initial time synchronization. The purpose with this thesis has been to implement the Sync channel in a FPGA with use of a MicroBlaze processor. An evaluation of the concept of using a Soft Processor Core instead of ordinary DSP’s and microcontrollers would then be conducted. This thesis has resulted in a system with a MicroBlaze processor that has the Sync channel as a peripheral. It’s possible to write information via HyperTerminal to the MicroBlaze processor which then uses this data as input to the Sync channel. The Sync channel then modulates the data according to the cdma2000 specifications and then outputs it onto an external pin at the FPGA. The evaluation of this concept hasn’t resulted in a general recommendation whether to use ASIC or FPGA’s in a system. The concept of using Soft Processor Cores certainly has its benefits and is something that could be thought of in the future when designing a system.

Målet med projektet var att validera en jonselektiv fluoridelektrod för att säkerställa att instrumentets prestanda har för tillämpningen godtagbart mätområde, precision och riktighet. Parametrar som mellanliggande precision, repeterbarheten och LOD (Limit of detection) och LOR (Limit of reporting) har beräknats. Detta har gjorts i syfte att ta instrumentet i bruk på ALS Danderyd för analys av vattenprover.  Kalibrering av instrumentet har utförts genom att med tillverkade standarder ta fram två kalibreringskurvor. Det behövdes två kurvor för att få en bättre riktighet vid låga koncentrationer. Då koncentrationer vid lägre område inte visar på ett linjärt samband behövdes det också flera punkter inom det låga området. En kalibreringskurva omfattar analys av låg koncentrationer fluorid inom 0,1- 0,5 mg/l och en kalibreringskurva för högre koncentrationer mellan 0,5- 10 mg/l. Påverkan av interferenser som kan störa mätningarna har inte påvisats då analys av lakvatten genomfördes.  Under en 10-dagarsperiod har 3 olika kemister analyserat höga och låga halter av fluorid i syfte att ta fram mellanliggande precision och repeterbarheten. Resultaten utifrån dessa försök visar relativ standardavvikelse för repeterbarheten 1.7 % för kontroll låg och 0.5 % för kontroll hög vilket ligger innanför acceptanskriterium under &lt;5%. Mellanliggande precision för kontroll låg 2.9 % och 1.7 % för kontroll hög hamnade under acceptanskriterium &lt;10%.  Kontroll av CRM (Certified Reference Materials) av olika koncentrationer gjordes för kontroll av riktigheten. Ett utbyte på 100,02 % för CRM material av låg koncentration och 97,91 % av hög koncentration redovisades och ligger inom acceptanskriterium på runt 90-110 % som fastställs av ALS.  Slutsatser som kan dras utifrån analyser och beräkningar som har gjorts visar att instrumentet är lämpat för bruk då precision och riktighet visat goda resultat. / The goal of the project was to validate a ion selective electrode for measuring fluoride to ensure the instrument's performance has the measuring range, precision and accuracy that is needed. Parameters such as intermediate precision, repeatability and LOD (Limit of detection) and LOR (Limit of reporting) have been calculated. This has been done for the purpose of using the instrument at ALS Danderyd for analysis of water samples.  Calibration of the instrument has been performed by using manufactured standards for two calibration curves. Two curves were needed to obtain a better accuracy at low concentrations. As concentrations at the lower range do not indicate a linear relationship, several points were also needed within the low range. A calibration curve includes analysis of low concentrations of fluoride within 0.1-0.5 mg / l and a calibration curve for higher concentrations between 0.5-10 mg / l. The effect of interferences that can interfere with the measurements has not been demonstrated when analysis of leachate is performed.  During a 10-day period, 3 different chemists have analyzed high and low levels of fluoride in order to produce intermediate precision and repeatability. The results from these experiments show relative standard deviation for repeatability 1.7% for control low and 0.5% for control high which is within the acceptance criterion below &lt;5%. Intermediate precision for control was 2.9% and 1.7% for control high fell below the acceptance criterion &lt;10%.  Checking CRM (Certified Reference Materials) of different concentrations is done to check the accuracy. A yield of 100.02% for CRM materials of low concentration and 97.91% of high concentration was reported and is within the acceptance criteria of around 90-110% as determined by ALS.  Conclusions that can be drawn from the analyzes and calculations that have been made show that the instrument is suitable for use as precision and accuracy have shown good results.

Esta pesquisa faz uma avaliação de indicadores ambientais relacionados à geração de créditos de carbono contidos nos relatórios de sustentabilidade de 59 empresas brasileiras listadas no ISE (Índice de Sustentabilidade Empresarial) e no ICO2 (Índice de Carbono Eficiente), entre maio e setembro de 2011. O objetivo central deste trabalho é identificar e avaliar informações contidas nos relatórios de sustentabilidade pertinentes à potencialidade de realização de projetos de créditos de carbono por meio de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) e avaliar a percepção de especialistas sobre o mercado. A metodologia pode ser classificada como pesquisa aplicada; quanto aos objetivos, é exploratória e descritiva; em relação aos procedimentos técnicos, trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Abordou-se o problema sob o aspecto qualitativo por meio de análise de conteúdo. Foi realizada, por meio de entrevista, uma pesquisa qualitativa nas empresas certificadoras de projetos de créditos de carbono, a qual demonstrou outros benefícios proporcionados pelos investimentos socioambientais, como economia de custos, marketing empresarial, certificações, dentre outros. Estima-se que os projetos analisados tenham capacidade de obter receitas de 201,7 milhões de Euros (aproximadamente 450 milhões de reais na época) com a comercialização de créditos de carbono. Apesar deste mercado potencial, aparentemente, as empresas não estão se dedicando ao desenvolvimento de projetos de crédito carbono, muitas vezes limitando suas ações à eficiência energética, reestruturação de habitats degradados e redução de emissão de CO2. Fatos que se associam à produtividade da empresa, enquanto a geração de crédito carbono representa um ganho indireto e de longo prazo. / This research is an assessment of environmental indicators associated with the generation of credit carbon contained in the sustainability reports of 59 Brazilian companies listed on the ISE (Corporate Sustainability Index) and ICO2 Index (Carbon Capture), classified in the period from May to September 2011. The main objective of the study is to identify in sustainability reports published relevant information for assessing the potential for projects of carbon credits through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The research methodology in relation to type it is an applied research, the aims are exploratory and descriptive. As technical procedures, we used literature and documentary. In addressing the issue joined to the qualitative method for analyzing the content, and the quantitative method, by using descriptive statistics. The information contained in the indicators of environmental performance reports. A qualitative research was conducted in companies that certify carbon credit projects, which showed other interests and other opportunities for environmental investments. It is estimated that the projects analyzed have earning capacity of 201.7 million euros (about 450 million dollars at the time) from the sale of carbon credits. The projects analyzed demonstrated the ability to foster a carbon market with revenues from the sale of carbon credits of around R$ 450 million. Despite this potential market, apparently companies are not engaged in the development of carbon credit projects, limiting their actions to energy efficiency, restructuring of degraded habitats and reduction of CO2 emissions. Fact that we associate with an immediate connection with the company\'s productivity, while generating carbon credit represents an indirect gain and long term.

Esta pesquisa faz uma avaliação de indicadores ambientais relacionados à geração de créditos de carbono contidos nos relatórios de sustentabilidade de 59 empresas brasileiras listadas no ISE (Índice de Sustentabilidade Empresarial) e no ICO2 (Índice de Carbono Eficiente), entre maio e setembro de 2011. O objetivo central deste trabalho é identificar e avaliar informações contidas nos relatórios de sustentabilidade pertinentes à potencialidade de realização de projetos de créditos de carbono por meio de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) e avaliar a percepção de especialistas sobre o mercado. A metodologia pode ser classificada como pesquisa aplicada; quanto aos objetivos, é exploratória e descritiva; em relação aos procedimentos técnicos, trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Abordou-se o problema sob o aspecto qualitativo por meio de análise de conteúdo. Foi realizada, por meio de entrevista, uma pesquisa qualitativa nas empresas certificadoras de projetos de créditos de carbono, a qual demonstrou outros benefícios proporcionados pelos investimentos socioambientais, como economia de custos, marketing empresarial, certificações, dentre outros. Estima-se que os projetos analisados tenham capacidade de obter receitas de 201,7 milhões de Euros (aproximadamente 450 milhões de reais na época) com a comercialização de créditos de carbono. Apesar deste mercado potencial, aparentemente, as empresas não estão se dedicando ao desenvolvimento de projetos de crédito carbono, muitas vezes limitando suas ações à eficiência energética, reestruturação de habitats degradados e redução de emissão de CO2. Fatos que se associam à produtividade da empresa, enquanto a geração de crédito carbono representa um ganho indireto e de longo prazo. / This research is an assessment of environmental indicators associated with the generation of credit carbon contained in the sustainability reports of 59 Brazilian companies listed on the ISE (Corporate Sustainability Index) and ICO2 Index (Carbon Capture), classified in the period from May to September 2011. The main objective of the study is to identify in sustainability reports published relevant information for assessing the potential for projects of carbon credits through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The research methodology in relation to type it is an applied research, the aims are exploratory and descriptive. As technical procedures, we used literature and documentary. In addressing the issue joined to the qualitative method for analyzing the content, and the quantitative method, by using descriptive statistics. The information contained in the indicators of environmental performance reports. A qualitative research was conducted in companies that certify carbon credit projects, which showed other interests and other opportunities for environmental investments. It is estimated that the projects analyzed have earning capacity of 201.7 million euros (about 450 million dollars at the time) from the sale of carbon credits. The projects analyzed demonstrated the ability to foster a carbon market with revenues from the sale of carbon credits of around R$ 450 million. Despite this potential market, apparently companies are not engaged in the development of carbon credit projects, limiting their actions to energy efficiency, restructuring of degraded habitats and reduction of CO2 emissions. Fact that we associate with an immediate connection with the company\'s productivity, while generating carbon credit represents an indirect gain and long term.

Enligt svenska provtagningsanvisningar bör patienter vila i sittande ställning i minst 15 minuter innan provtagningen sker för att optimera resultatet av analysen. Referensintervallen som existerar idag i Sverige för olika analyser är framtagna och baserade på prover som tagits efter att deltagarna vilat 15 minuter i sittande position innan provtagningen. I denna studie samlades venösa blodprover in från patienter och personal i Karlskoga lasarett. Statistiska beräkningar utfördes för att jämföra kalium- och natriumanalyser i plasma efter att deltagaren vilat 15 minuter gentemot att deltagaren tagit en promenad på cirka 50 meter, signifikansnivån bestämdes som 0,05. Analyserna mättes genom en indirekt potentiometrisk metod, ISE, på instrumentet Advia 1800 Chemistry. Resultatet visade att det finns en signifikant skillnad av att vila 15 minuter innan provtagningen äger rum för kalium- och natriumanalyser i plasma gentemot att inte vila. Trots att studien visar att det finns en signifikant skillnad av att patienter vilar 15 minuter innan provtagningen sker är skillnaden inte tillräckligt stor för att påverka resultatet på ett sätt som förändrar läkarbedömningen. Personal bör ändå följa provtagningsanvisningarna för att optimera trovärdigheten och resultatet av analysen. / Swedish sampling guidelines encourage patients to rest for 15 minutes in a sitting position before drawing blood in order to optimize the results of the analysis. The reference ranges that is used for different blood tests in Sweden are originally based on samples taken from participants that has been resting 15 minutes in a sitting position. In this study, venous blood samples were collected from patients and staff in Karlskoga hospital. Statistical calculations was performed in order to compare potassium- and sodiumanalyzes in plasma after resting 15 minutes and after a stroll of 50 meters. The significance level was set to 0,05. The analyzes were measured using an indirectly potentiometric method, ISE, on the instrument Advia 1800 Chemistry. The study found that there is a significant difference by resting 15 minutes in a sitting position before drawing blood in order to analyze potassium and sodium compared to not resting. The difference between resting for 15 minutes in a sitting position before sampling, and not resting, is not large enough to affect the medical assessment of the analysis. However, hospital staff should still follow the Swedish sampling guidelines in order to optimize the credibility of the analysis.

<p>This Bachelor thesis is a pre-study of the possibilities of using programmable logic in the purpose to enable fast trigger based data communication. Triggerbased data communication is in this case referred to a context where the processed data is stored and examined so when the trig situation appears the data should be able read out to a computer for evaluating. The purpose of this thesis is to find difficult and time consuming elements but also to find elements that is well suited for implementation in programmable logic. The work should also support further development and verification of trig functionalities and additional hardware. This with the intent of constructing an Ethernet based oscilloscope.</p><p>The result of this thesis is a conclusion that programmable logic is well suited for many of the implemented logic function</p>

This Bachelor thesis is a pre-study of the possibilities of using programmable logic in the purpose to enable fast trigger based data communication. Triggerbased data communication is in this case referred to a context where the processed data is stored and examined so when the trig situation appears the data should be able read out to a computer for evaluating. The purpose of this thesis is to find difficult and time consuming elements but also to find elements that is well suited for implementation in programmable logic. The work should also support further development and verification of trig functionalities and additional hardware. This with the intent of constructing an Ethernet based oscilloscope. The result of this thesis is a conclusion that programmable logic is well suited for many of the implemented logic function