Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-11-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:41:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_rm_dr_jabo.pdf: 437070 bytes, checksum: e5cd6f576c7b9ff4974078130d3e9da5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A administração intravenosa de anestésicos voláteis halogenados pode ser considerada uma alternativa à aplicação pela via inalatória, e neste contexto, as formulações emulsificadas têm mostrado segurança, eficiência e bons planos anestésicos. Neste estudo, objetivou-se comparar os efeitos hemodinâmicos e respiratórios das administrações intravenosa e inalatória de isofluorano em cães, após a determinação da taxa de infusão intravenosa de 6,99 mL/kg/h deste halogenado em emulsão lipídica. Para tanto, foram utilizados oito cães, os quais formaram três grupos distintos: grupo IV – anestesia intravenosa por infusão de emulsão lipídica com isofluorano; grupo E - anestesia inalatória com isofluorano, associada à infusão intravenosa de emulsão lipídica sem o halogenado; e grupo IN - anestesia inalatória com isofluorano, associada à infusão intravenosa de solução de NaCl 0,9%. Foram evidenciadas diminuições da contratilidade cardíaca, índice cardíaco e pressão arterial sistêmica a partir de 10 e 40 minutos de anestesia, respectivamente, nos grupos IV e E. A hipotensão no grupo IV resultou em acidose metabólica, porém, hipoxemia não foi observada. O grupo IN apresentou manutenção do índice cardíaco, apesar de reduções do índice de resistência vascular sistêmica e pressão arterial. A taxa de infusão intravenosa determinada foi efetiva na manutenção de plano de anestesia cirúrgica em cães. As infusões intravenosas de isofluorano e emulsão lipídica causaram depressão cardíaca e hipotensão. Em relação à função respiratória, nenhum dos grupos mostrou efeitos deletérios. / The intravenous administration of halogenated anesthetics can be considered an alternative to the application by the inhalation route, moreover, emulsified formulations have been showing safety, efficiency and appropriated anesthetic depth. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of isoflurane anesthesia by intravenous or inhalational route on hemodynamic and respiratory variables, after the determination of the intravenous infusion rate of 6.99 mL/kg/h of this anesthetic in lipid emulsion, in dogs. Therefore, eight dogs were distributed in three different protocols: IV group – intravenous anesthesia with emulsified isoflurane; E group – inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane associated to intravenous infusion of lipid emulsion; and IN group - inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane associated to intravenous infusion of 0.9% NaCl solution. The results regarding IV and EM groups revealed decreases of heart contractility, cardiac index and systemic blood pressure starting from 10 and 40 minutes of anesthesia, respectively. The hypotension in the IV group resulted in metabolic acidosis, however, hypoxemia was not observed. The IN group demonstrated maintenance of cardiac index, despite of reduction of the blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance index. The intravenous infusion rate determined was effective in the maintenance of an anesthetic depth of general anesthesia in dogs. The intravenous infusions of isoflurane and lipid emulsion caused cardiac depression and hypotension. In relation to respiratory function, the inhalational route and the intravenous infusions of isoflurane and lipid emulsion did not result in harmful effects.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e validar um método analítico empregando microextração em fase sólida (SPME) para detecção e quantificação de isoflurano (ISO) na forma volátil e incluso em nanoemulsões intravenosas e, ainda, avaliar o efeito biológico destas. A detecção do ISO foi realizada através de cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de ionização de chama (CG/DIC). As condições ideais para realização da pré-concentração e extração de ISO através da técnica de SPME foram temperatura ambiente, agitação constante, 30 min de extração e 2 min de dessorção no injetor do CG. O método desenvolvido foi validado avaliando os parâmetros de especificidade, linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação, precisão, exatidão e robustez. As nanoemulsões contendo ISO foram desenvolvidas através da homogeneização à alta pressão, e apresentaram diâmetro médio, índice de polidispersão, potencial zeta e pH de 150 ± 0,78 nm, 0,08 ± 0,01, - 18 ± 2,4 mV e 6,03 ± 0,04, respectivamente. O pH foi ajustado para 7,4 (valor fisiológico). O teor de ISO nas formulações foi de 98,4 %. Não houve modificação das características físico-químicas das nanoemulsões após 30 dias de armazenamento a 8 ºC. Análises de espalhamento de luz múltiplo não demonstraram tendência a fenômenos de instabilidade física para as formulações. Os estudos do efeito anestésico das nanoemulsões intravenosas contendo ISO em cães evidenciaram uma redução significativa (p < 0,05) na dose comparada com a administração de ISO volátil. Não houve alterações no débito cardíaco, saturação de oxigênio na hemoglobina e nos biomarcadores das funções renal, hepática e muscular. Uma queda na pressão arterial dos cães foi observada em todos os tratamentos devido ao efeito hipotensor do ISO. Após administração das nanoemulsões contendo ISO e branca, observou-se taquipnéia, edema, eritema, e baixas concentrações de dióxido de carbono expiradas. Assim, a nanoemulsificação do ISO foi realizada com sucesso e a aplicação na anestesia geral intravenosa foi demonstrada. / The aims of this work were to develop and validate an analytical method using solidphase microextraction (SPME) to detect and quantify isoflurane (ISO) inhalation liquid and loaded in intravenous nanoemulsions, and also evaluate the biological effect of the formulations. ISO detection was made by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID). The ideal conditions setting for the pre concentration and extraction of ISO through SPME were environmental temperature, constant stirring, 30 min for extraction and 2 min for analyte desorption in the GC inlet port. The developed method was validated by means of specificity, linearity, detection and quantification limits, precision, accuracy and robustness. The ISOloaded nanoemulsions were formulated by high-pressure homogenization, and presented average diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential and pH of 150 ± 0.78 nm, 0.08 ± 0.01, -18 ± 2.4 mV and 6.03 ± 0.04, respectively. The pH was adjusted to 7.4 (physiological value). The drug content on the formulations was 98.4 %. After 30 days of storage at 8 ºC no changes on nanoemulsion’s physicalchemical characteristics were observed. Multiple light scattering analysis did not demonstrate any physical destabilization phenomena for the formulations. The anesthetic effect study for the intravenous ISO-loaded nanoemulsions in dogs highlighted a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in dosage regimen when compared to the volatile ISO administration. There were no alterations on cardiac rate, oxygen hemoglobin saturation and on biomarkers of the renal, hepatic and muscle functionalities. A decrease in dog’s arterial blood pressure in all treatments due the hypotensive effect caused by ISO was observed. After the administration of the nanomulsions, ISO-loaded and unloaded, occurred tachypnea, edema, erythema and low end tidal concentrations of carbon dioxide. Taking all above into account, the method was considered easy on execution and suitable for laboratory routines, the ISO nanoemulsification was made successfully and its application on general anesthesia was demonstrated.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e validar um método analítico empregando microextração em fase sólida (SPME) para detecção e quantificação de isoflurano (ISO) na forma volátil e incluso em nanoemulsões intravenosas e, ainda, avaliar o efeito biológico destas. A detecção do ISO foi realizada através de cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de ionização de chama (CG/DIC). As condições ideais para realização da pré-concentração e extração de ISO através da técnica de SPME foram temperatura ambiente, agitação constante, 30 min de extração e 2 min de dessorção no injetor do CG. O método desenvolvido foi validado avaliando os parâmetros de especificidade, linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação, precisão, exatidão e robustez. As nanoemulsões contendo ISO foram desenvolvidas através da homogeneização à alta pressão, e apresentaram diâmetro médio, índice de polidispersão, potencial zeta e pH de 150 ± 0,78 nm, 0,08 ± 0,01, - 18 ± 2,4 mV e 6,03 ± 0,04, respectivamente. O pH foi ajustado para 7,4 (valor fisiológico). O teor de ISO nas formulações foi de 98,4 %. Não houve modificação das características físico-químicas das nanoemulsões após 30 dias de armazenamento a 8 ºC. Análises de espalhamento de luz múltiplo não demonstraram tendência a fenômenos de instabilidade física para as formulações. Os estudos do efeito anestésico das nanoemulsões intravenosas contendo ISO em cães evidenciaram uma redução significativa (p < 0,05) na dose comparada com a administração de ISO volátil. Não houve alterações no débito cardíaco, saturação de oxigênio na hemoglobina e nos biomarcadores das funções renal, hepática e muscular. Uma queda na pressão arterial dos cães foi observada em todos os tratamentos devido ao efeito hipotensor do ISO. Após administração das nanoemulsões contendo ISO e branca, observou-se taquipnéia, edema, eritema, e baixas concentrações de dióxido de carbono expiradas. Assim, a nanoemulsificação do ISO foi realizada com sucesso e a aplicação na anestesia geral intravenosa foi demonstrada. / The aims of this work were to develop and validate an analytical method using solidphase microextraction (SPME) to detect and quantify isoflurane (ISO) inhalation liquid and loaded in intravenous nanoemulsions, and also evaluate the biological effect of the formulations. ISO detection was made by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID). The ideal conditions setting for the pre concentration and extraction of ISO through SPME were environmental temperature, constant stirring, 30 min for extraction and 2 min for analyte desorption in the GC inlet port. The developed method was validated by means of specificity, linearity, detection and quantification limits, precision, accuracy and robustness. The ISOloaded nanoemulsions were formulated by high-pressure homogenization, and presented average diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential and pH of 150 ± 0.78 nm, 0.08 ± 0.01, -18 ± 2.4 mV and 6.03 ± 0.04, respectively. The pH was adjusted to 7.4 (physiological value). The drug content on the formulations was 98.4 %. After 30 days of storage at 8 ºC no changes on nanoemulsion’s physicalchemical characteristics were observed. Multiple light scattering analysis did not demonstrate any physical destabilization phenomena for the formulations. The anesthetic effect study for the intravenous ISO-loaded nanoemulsions in dogs highlighted a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in dosage regimen when compared to the volatile ISO administration. There were no alterations on cardiac rate, oxygen hemoglobin saturation and on biomarkers of the renal, hepatic and muscle functionalities. A decrease in dog’s arterial blood pressure in all treatments due the hypotensive effect caused by ISO was observed. After the administration of the nanomulsions, ISO-loaded and unloaded, occurred tachypnea, edema, erythema and low end tidal concentrations of carbon dioxide. Taking all above into account, the method was considered easy on execution and suitable for laboratory routines, the ISO nanoemulsification was made successfully and its application on general anesthesia was demonstrated.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-20T13:17:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sarah Barboza Martins - 2013.pdf: 2809487 bytes, checksum: bf21b99c3be3beb9a86f860a74b72247 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-20T14:32:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sarah Barboza Martins - 2013.pdf: 2809487 bytes, checksum: bf21b99c3be3beb9a86f860a74b72247 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-20T14:32:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sarah Barboza Martins - 2013.pdf: 2809487 bytes, checksum: bf21b99c3be3beb9a86f860a74b72247 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-15 / The availability of blood products for cats is low, with one of the determining factors the requirement of sedation or anesthesia for blood collection. The blood pressure measurement is routine in clinical and anesthesiology, and may be used either the indirect methods, with easy implementation and low risk to the animals, or the direct method, more reliable. This study evaluated the safety of two anesthetic protocols and accuracy of two methods of indirect blood pressure measurement for blood collection in cats. We used five animals weighing 4.3 ± 0.5 kg submitted to two different anesthetic protocols at intervals of 30 days. For the femoral artery and jugular vein catheterization, the animals were anesthetized with isoflurane. Thirty minutes after end of instrumentation, anesthesia was again induced and maintained either with isoflurane (GI) or ketamine (10 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.2 mg / kg) (GCM) IM. After that we collected the whole blood (53mL) and replaced volume with ringer's lactate solution (20 mL / kg), and then allowed the anesthetic recovery. We analyzed the cardiac (FR) and respiratory (f) rate, the systolic (PAS), diastolic (PAD) and mean (PAM) arterial pressure with direct and oscillometric method, and PAS with Doppler ultrasound; oxyhemoglobin saturation ( SpO2) and central venous pressure (PVC). It were also collected arterial blood samples for analysis of blood gases and electrolytes. Animals were evaluated before induction to blood collection (T0), immediately after induction (Tind), immediately after blood collection (Tcol) and after volume replacement (Trep). Tha PAS, PAD and PAM obtained by oscillometric and Doppler methods were compared to invasive method in GCM when animals were awake (CONS), anesthetized (ANEST) and after collection of blood (HIPOV). All animals had PAS, PAD and PAM decreased at Tcol. There was no statistical difference between the groups in any variable evaluated. Both indirect methods of blodd pressure measurement underestimated the blood pressure at CONS e ANEST, although the Doppler method had better correlation with the direct method. We conclude that isoflurane and ketamine/midazolam anesthesia are safe and efficient for blood collection in cats. Between the two indirect methods of blood pressure evaluated, the Doppler method had the best accuracy for measurement of PAS during the blood collection process in cats. Knowing the underestimation of the blood pressure obtained, it is recommended to consider not just the values obtained, but also the clinical signs like pulse quality and membrane mucosa color, to detection of hypotension with indirect methods. / A disponibilidade de derivados sanguíneos em felinos é baixa, sendo um dos fatores determinantes a obrigatoriedade de sedação ou anestesia para a colheita de sangue. A aferição da pressão arterial é rotineira na clínica e na anestesiologia, podendo ser utilizados os métodos indiretos, de fácil execução e baixo risco para os animais, ou o método direto, mais fidedigno. Neste estudo foi avaliada a segurança de dois protocolos anestésicos e a acurácia de dois métodos indiretos de aferição da pressão arterial comparados ao método direto, para colheita de sangue em gatos. Foram utilizados cinco animais pesando 4,3±0,5 kg submetidos a dois protocolos anestésicos diferentes com intervalo de 30 dias. Para a cateterização da artéria femoral e da veia jugular, os animais foram anestesiados com isofluorano e ao final foi permitida a recuperação anestésica. Trinta minutos após o final da instrumentação, a anestesia foi induzida e mantida novamente com isofluorano (GI) ou com cetamina (10mg/kg) e midazolam (0,2mg/kg) via IM (GCM). Em seguida, realizou-se colheita de sangue total (53mL) e reposição volêmica com solução de Ringer com lactato (20 mL/kg), para então permitir a recuperação anestésica. Foram avaliadas as frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (f); as pressões arteriais sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e média (PAM), pelos métodos invasivo e oscilométrico e a PAS pelo uso de Doppler vascular; a saturação periférica da oxihemoglobina (SpO2) e a pressão venosa central (PVC). Foram ainda colhidas amostras de sangue arterial para análise dos gases sanguíneos e dos eletrólitos. Os animais foram avaliados antes da indução para colheita (T0), imediatamente após a indução (Tind), imediatamente após a colheita (Tcol) e depois da reposição volêmica (Trep). A PAS, PAD e PAM obtidas pelo método oscilométrico e a PAS obtida pelo Doppler vascular foram comparadas às obtidas pelo método invasivo nos animais do GCM quando acordados (CONS), anestesiados (ANEST) e após a colheita do sangue (HIPOV). Todos os animais apresentaram diminuição da PAS, PAD e PAM em Tcol. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em nenhuma variável avaliada. Os dois métodos indiretos subestimaram a pressão arterial no momento CONS e ANEST, contudo o método Doppler Vascular apresentou melhor correlação com o método direto. Concluiu-se que a anestesia com isofluorano ou cetamina-midazolam é segura e eficiente para colheita de sangue em gatos. Dos métodos indiretos avaliados o Doppler foi mais acurado para aferição da PAS durante o processo de colheita de sangue em gatos. Tendo em vista a subestimação dos valores, deve-se por tanto considerar, além do valor obtido, as variáveis clinicas como qualidade de pulso e coloração das mucosas para detecção de hipotensão pelos métodos indiretos.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to gain more insight into the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD)-contrast functional MRI (fMRI) in the brain and its connection to EEG, both in global and local scales of their temporal and spatial relations. BOLD signal changes were studied during hyperventilation (HV) induced EEG reactivity of intermittent rhythmic delta activity (IRDA). The BOLD signal in gray matter decreased 30% more in subjects with IRDA (N = 4) than in controls (N = 4), during the first two minutes of HV. This difference disappeared during IRDA in EEG. BOLD signal changes may provide additional information about dynamic hemodynamic changes relative to HV induced EEG reactivity. BOLD signal changes were investigated during sudden deepening of thiopental anesthesia into EEG burst-suppression level in pigs (N = 5). Positive (6–8%) or negative (-3– -8%) group average BOLD signal changes correlated to the thiopental bolus injection were seen. Positive and negative responses covered 1.6% and 2.3% of the brain voxels, respectively. BOLD signal changes in brain are associated with sudden deepening of thiopental anesthesia into EEG burst-suppression level, but they are spatially inconsistent and scarce. Somatosensory BOLD response was studied in brain before and after globally induced methotrexate (MTX) exposition in pigs (N = 4). After the MTX exposure, reduced (from 2–4% to 0–1%) or negative (-2% to -3%) BOLD responses were detected. Somatosensory BOLD-contrast response shows a slight difference in brain before and after globally induced MTX exposition. An experimental epilepsy model for development of simultaneous EEG and BOLD-contrast fMRI in the localization of epilepsy was developed and tested. Dynamic penicillin induced local epilepsy was applied in deep isoflurane anesthesia in pigs (N = 6). Relatively high (10–20%) and localized BOLD signal increase was found. The dynamic penicillin induced focal epilepsy model in deep isoflurane anesthesia with simultaneous EEG and BOLD-contrast fMRI is feasible for the development of these methods for localization of epileptic focus or foci. In conclusion, with careful experimental design and analysis, BOLD-contrast fMRI with EEG provides a potential tool for monitoring and localising functional changes in the brain.

No description available.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of South Florida, 2006. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 52 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Assessment of trophic interactions between increasing populations of New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) and fisheries in southern Australia is limited due to a lack of species specific demographic data and an understanding of the factors influencing population growth. To establish species specific demographic parameters a cross-sectional sample of New Zealand fur seal females (330) and males (100) were caught and individually-marked on Kangaroo Island, South Australia between 2000 and 2003. The seals were aged through examination of a postcanine tooth, which was removed from each animal to investigate age-specific life-history parameters. Annual formation of cementum layers was confirmed and accuracy in age estimation was determined by examination of teeth removed from individuals of known-age. Indirect methods of assessing reproductive maturity based on mammary teat characteristics indicated that females first gave birth between 4-8 years of age, with an average age at reproductive maturity of 5 years. Among reproductively mature females, age-specific reproductive rates increased rapidly between 4-7 years of age, reaching maximum rates of 70-81% between 8-13 years, and gradually decreased in older females. No females older than 22 years were recorded to pup. Age of first territory tenure in males ranged from 8-10 years. The oldest female and male were 25 and 19 years old, respectively. Post-weaning growth in females was monophasic, characterised by high growth rates in length and mass during the juvenile growth stage, followed by a gradual decline in growth rates after reproductive maturity. In contrast, growth in males was biphasic and displayed a secondary growth spurt in both length and mass, which coincided with sexual and social maturation, followed by a rapid decline in growth rates. Age-specific survival rates were high (0.823-0.953) among prime-age females (8-13 yrs of age) and declined in older females. Relative change in annual pup production was strongly correlated with reproductive rates of prime-age females and adult female survival between breeding seasons.

This thesis has, commissioned by Dräger, an international company at the forefront of medical and safety technology, examined how the use of inhalational anesthetics affects the climate and environment. The purpose of this work is to examine how the Swedish healthcare sector currently works with inhalational anesthetics, how different anesthetic machines affect the emissions, as well as alternatives available to reduce anesthetic gases emissions. Climate change is a current issue in today’s society, but the impact of anesthetic gases on the climate is not widely known, despite their everyday use in the healthcare sector. Through data collection from two Swedish hospitals; Linköping University Hospital and Örebro University Hospital, an interview with medical and medical engineering staff, as well as a literature study the main question of the thesis could be answered; How do the most common anesthetic gases affect the environment? The results are presented in the form of diagrams showing the amount of anesthetic gas used in the aforementioned hospitals during surgeries. The results have been analyzed and discussed based on the research questions, and the different results from each hospital have been compared to each other. It can be seen that Dräger’s anesthesia machines have a relatively low consumption of sevoflurane, but it is impossible to draw any definitive conclusions due to lack of data, and lack of access to machines from other manufacturers. / Detta examensarbete har, på uppdrag av Dräger, ett internationellt företag i framkant inom medicin- och säkerhetsteknik, undersökt hur användning av inhalationsanestetika påverkar miljön. Målet med arbetet är att undersöka hur den svenska sjukvården för närvarande arbetar med inhalationsanestetika, hur olika anestesimaskiner påverkar utsläppen, samt alternativ som finns tillgängliga för att minska dessa utsläpp. Klimatförändringar är en aktuell fråga i dagens samhälle men påverkan av anestesigaser på klimatet är inte allmänt känt, trots att dessa används dagligen i hälsovården. Genom datainsamling från två svenska sjukhus; Linköpings Universitetssjukhus och Örebro Universitetssjukhus, intervjuer med medicinsk- och medicinteknisk personal, samt en litteraturstudie har arbetets problemställning besvarats; Hur påverkar de mest frekvent använda anestesigaserna miljön? Resultaten visar i diagramform hur mycket anestesi gas som använts i tidigare nämnda sjukhus under operationer. Resultaten har analyserats och diskuterats utifrån forskningsfrågorna, dessutom har de olika resultaten från respektive sjukhus jämförts med varandra. Det kan ses att Drägers anestesimaskiner har en relativt låg konsumtion av sevofluran, men brist på data samt brist på tillgång till maskiner från andra producenter gör det omöjligt att dra en konkret slutsats.

In this research, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) sensor was investigated for specific detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for point-of-care (POC) diagnosis of the physiological conditions of humans. A PEMFC is an electrochemical transducer that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. A Redox reaction takes place at its electrodes whereas the volatile biomolecules (e.g. ethanol) are oxidized at the anode and ambient oxygen is reduced at the cathode. The compounds which were the focus of this investigation were ethanol (C2H5OH) and isoflurane (C3H2ClF5O), but theoretically, the sensor is not limited to only those VOCs given proper calibration. Detection in biosensing, which needs to be carried out in a controlled system, becomes complex in a multivariate environment. Major limitations of all types of biosensors would include poor selectivity, drifting, overlapping, and degradation of signals. Specific detection of VOCs in multi-dimensional environments is also a challenge in fuel cell sensing. Humidity, temperature, and the presence of other analytes interfere with the functionality of the fuel cell and provide false readings. Hence, accurate and precise quantification of VOC(s) and calibration are the major challenges when using PEMFC biosensor. To resolve this problem, a statistical model was derived for the calibration of PEMFC employing multivariate analysis, such as the “Principal Component Regression (PCR)” method for the sensing of VOC(s). PCR can correlate larger data sets and provides an accurate fitting between a known and an unknown data set. PCR improves calibration for multivariate conditions as compared to the overlapping signals obtained when using linear (univariate) regression models. Results show that this biosensor investigated has a 75% accuracy improvement over the commercial alcohol breathalyzer used in this study when detecting ethanol. When detecting isoflurane, this sensor has an average deviation in the steady-state response of ~14.29% from the gold-standard infrared spectroscopy system used in hospital operating theaters. The significance of this research lies in its versatility in dealing with the existing challenge of the accuracy and precision of the calibration of the PEMFC sensor. Also, this research may improve the diagnosis of several diseases through the detection of concerned biomarkers.