Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are carcinogenic persistent contaminants. Although their manufacturing in North America ceased in the late 1970s, their high heat resistance made their use widespread over their production lifetime. As a result, PCB contamination has occurred globally and in particular has plague brownfield redevelopment in urban environments. The remediation of PCB contaminated soil or sediments has historically been dealt with through the expensive and unsustainable practice of excavation followed by off-site disposal or incineration. One potential technology that has shown some success with on-site remediation of PCB contamination is solvent extraction. Solvent extraction is technically simple; it involves excavating the contaminated soil, placing it in a vessel and adding solvent. The PCBs are extracted by the solvent and the treated soil is returned for use on site. Although successful at removing a large quantity of PCBs from some soils, this technology can be improved upon by extracting additional PCB mass and making the extraction more efficient and suitable for colder climates. This thesis aimed to identify the factors controlling PCB extraction with solvents in order to optimize PCB extraction as it is applied on different soil types and in various climates. The research investigated the impact of elevated moisture contents (≤ 20% by weight) on solvent extraction efficiency, the effects of low temperatures (<5ºC) on solvent extraction, and developed a kinetic model to represent PCB solvent extraction. As past research has shown, weathered PCB in soil is more difficult to remove. Contaminated field samples from Southern Ontario, Canada were used for this work, rather than synthetically prepared samples. The impact of elevated moisture contents and low temperature on extraction efficiency was determined through a series of screening experiments using polar and non-polar solvents at both 20ºC and 4ºC. It was hypothesized that improved extractions may be possible with combinations of polar and non-polar solvents. Based on the results of these screening experiments, a factorial experiment was designed using solvent combinations to further assess the role of moisture contents and low temperatures. The role of PCB mass distribution among grain sizes was also evaluated to see if optimization based on grain size separation is possible. Finally, experiments were performed to generate data suitable for the development of a kinetic model that incorporates key factors affecting solvent extraction. Four suitable solvents for solvent extraction in Ontario were identified through a literature review and these were used for this work: isopropyl alcohol (polar), ethanol (polar), triethylamine (non-polar) and isooctane (non-polar). Triethylamine outperformed isooctane and performed best on its own rather than in combination with polar solvents. An interaction between soil moisture content and choice of polar solvent (isopropyl alcohol versus ethanol) was established: a given polar solvent achieves optimal PCB extraction at a specific moisture content range. Temperature was also identified as significantly influencing PCB extraction. Although it was determined that PCBs were distributed unevenly amongst grain sizes, a simple relationship between grain size and fractional organic carbon or organic content was not found. A simple two-compartment kinetic model was developed which is suitable for predicting the PCB concentrations extracted up to 24 hours. The model incorporates both temperature and soil to solvent ratio in order to estimate PCB concentration extracted.

Abstract Biological processes have been proven to be economical and effective for control of VOCs with concentration of <1,000 mg C/m3. This study armed to develop a biofilter packed only with fern chips for the removal of airborne isopropyl alcohol (IPA). A three-stage down-flow biofilter (2.2 m in height and 0.4 m¡Ñ0.4 m in cross-sectional area) was constructed for the performance test. The first stage serviced as a humidifier for the incoming gas and the following two stages, both packed with fern chips with a packing space of 0.30 m ¡Ñ 0.40 m ¡Ñ0.40 m, as trickling bed biofilters for the VOC removal. Air with a nearly constant IPA concentration of 100 mg/Am3 (@ an average temperature of 34 oC) and a flow rate in the range of 100-400 L/min was fed to the reactor in Phase I test. The flow rate gave an empty bed retention time (EBRT) in the range of 12-48 s for the gas flowing through the two bed media. Solutions of urea-N, phosphate-P, and milk powder were supplied daily to the fern chips for the microbial nutrition in Phase I experiment which lasted for 26 days. Following the Phase, Phase II test operated with a constant EBRT of 12 s and without any nutrient supplementation for 30 days. Experimental results show that with an influent gas temperature of 29-40oC (average 34 oC) and relative humidity of 43-93% (average 73%), with a proper moistening of the bed media, the effluent gas could achieved a temperature of 26-35oC (average 29 oC) and a relative humidity of 98%. The proceeding medium experienced a greater moisture variation (12-68%, average 38%) than that (65-82%, average 72%) of the following one. The former and the latter media had pH in the range of 6.11-7.78 (average 6.77) and 6.13-7.36 (average 6.59), respectively. With no additional nutrient supplementation for 30 days, approximately 98% of the influent IPA of 100 mg/m3 could be removed at the EBRT of as short as 12 s which corresponded to a loading of 60 g IPA/m3.h.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can detrimentally affect human health directly and indirectly. However, the main environmental concern of VOCs involves the formation of smog. In the presence of nitrogen oxides, VOCs are the precursors to the formation of ground level ozone. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and toluene are extensively used in industry as solvents. They are all highly toxic to animals and humans. Accordingly, IPA and toluene are strongly associated with problems of VOCs. Catalytic incinerations and a regenerative catalytic oxidizer (RCO) were adopted to decompose VOCs herein. Various catalysts were prepared and developed in this study. The screening test of catalytic activity and the influences of the operational parameters on VOCs removal efficiencies were widely discussed through catalytic incinerations of VOCs. The more effective and cheaper catalysts through above discussions of catalytic incineration were selected. And they were utilized in an RCO to investigate their performance in VOCs oxidation and RCO operations. Experimental results demonstrate that 10 wt%CuCo/(G) catalyst performed well in an RCO because it has the excellent performance in incineration efficiency and economic efficiency. The achievements of this study are summarized as follows: (1) Treatment of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) using ceramic honeycomb(CH) catalyst The eighteen ceramic honeycomb catalysts we prepared by various methods (co-precipitation, wet impregnation and incipient impregnation), various metal weight loadings (5 ~ 20 wt %), and various metals (Cu and CuCe) were used in the experiment. The results indicate that 20 wt%CuCe/(CH) catalyst prepared by wet impregnation had the best performance in CO2 yield because TC50 and TC95 were 245¢J and 370¢J, respectively, under the following operating conditions; a space velocity of 12000 hr-1, an inlet IPA concentration of 1600 ppm, an oxygen concentration of 21%, and a relative humidity of 25%. Given the operational parameters of IPA oxidation experiments, the CO2 yields increased with higher temperature and oxygen concentration, but decreased with inlet IPA concentration, space velocity and the relative humidity increased. Moreover, the stability test results show that the 20 wt%CuCe/(CH) catalyst had excellent stability. (2) Treatment of toluene using molecular sieve(MS) catalyst Molecular sieve catalysts with various metals (Cu, Co, Mn, CuMn, CuCo, MnCo) and various loadings (5~10 wt %) were produced by wet impregnation to treat toluene. The results indicate that 10 wt%CuCo/(MS) had the best performance in toluene conversion because T50 and T95 were 295¢J and 425¢J, respectively, at an influent concentration of toluene of 900 ppm, an oxygen concentration of 21%, a space velocity of 12000 hr-1, and a relative humidity of 26%. The conversions of toluene increased with the reaction temperature and the influent concentration of oxygen, but decreased as the initial concentration of toluene and the space velocity increased. Moreover, we did not find any decay between the fresh and used catalysts using SEM and EDS. (3) Treatment of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) using Cu/(CH) and CuCo/(CH) catalysts We used the 20 wt% CuCo/(CH) and 20 wt% Cu/(CH) catalysts in a pilot RCO to test IPA oxidation performance under various conditions. The best catalyst was selected, and the economic efficiency of RCO and the phenomenon of RCO operations were more widely discussed. The results demonstrate that 20 wt% CuCo/(CH) catalyst performed well in an RCO because it was effective in treating IPA, with a CO2 yield of up to 95%. It also had the largest tolerance of variations in inlet IPA concentration and gas velocity. The 20 wt% CuCo/(CH) catalyst in an RCO also performed well in terms of TRE, pressure drop and selectivity to CO2. The thermal recovery efficiency (TRE) decreased as gas velocity increased. The temperature difference (Td) and pressure drop increased with gas velocity and heating zone temperature. The TRE range was from 87.8 to 91.2 % and the Td ranged from 22.1~35.1¢Junder various conditions. Finally, the stability test results indicate that the 20 wt% CuCo/(CH) catalyst was very stable at various CO2 yields and temperatures. (4) Treatment of toluene using CuCo/(CH) catalysts with various carriers In this work, three catalysts (10 wt%CuCo/(G)¡B10 wt%CuCo/(MS) and 20 wt% Cu/(CH)) were prepared by wet impregnation, and used in an RCO to test their performance in incineration efficiency and economic efficiency under various operational conditions. Then the best catalyst was selected and the phenomenons of RCO operations were further investigated. Experimental results demonstrate that 10 wt%CuCo/(G) catalyst performed well in an RCO because it is effective in treating toluene with a toluene conversion of up to 95% at the heating zone temperature (Tset) = 400¢J under various conditions. The 10 wt% CuCo/(G) catalyst had the greatest tolerance against the effects of inlet toluene concentration and gas velocity, and exhibited the best performance in terms of TRE , Td and pressure drop. The TRE range was from 90.2 to 92.9 % and Td ranged from 18.2 to 30.9¢J under various conditions at Tset = 300~400¢J. Moreover, when 10 wt% CuCo/(G) catalyst was used in an RCO, the results demonstrate that (1) high selectivity to CO2 ; (2) decrease in TRE and increase in Td as increasing the shifting time; (3) an insignificant effect of shifting time on pressure drop and (4) excellent stability of 10 wt% CuCo/(G) catalyst in a long period test.

Darbo tikslas. Parinkti tinkamą nevandeninį tirpiklį propolio ekstrakcijai bei ekstrakcijos sąlygas; įvertinti propolio fenolinių junginių atpalaidavimą iš skystų modelinių sistemų biofarmaciniu tyrimu in vitro. Darbo uždaviniai. Parinkti nevandeninius propolio ekstrahentus bei įvertinti jų gebą ekstrahuoti polifenolinius propolio junginius. Nustatyti ekstraktų kokybę lemiančius fizikocheminius rodiklius. Parinkti technologinius parametrus ir ištirti jų įtaką propolio ekstraktų kokybei. Įvertinti ekstraktų su propoliu stabilumą. Atlikti biofarmacinį tyrimą in vitro, siekiant nustatyti propolio fenolinių junginių atpalaidavimą iš skystos modelinės sistemos su tiriamuoju propolio ekstraktu (PE). Tyrimo metodai. Ekstraktai gaminti maceracijos metodu, bendras polifenolinių junginių kiekis (BFK) pagal kumaro rūgšties ekvivalentą (KRE) nustatytas ultravioletiniu (UV) spektrofotometru, taikant Folin-Ciocalteu metodą. Propolio ekstraktuose esančių polifenolinių junginių kiekio atpalaidavimas iš modelinių sistemų vykdytas in vitro metodu naudojant modifikuotas Franc tipo difuzines celes [4]. Rezultatai ir išvados. Tyrimo metu propolio ekstrakcijai parinkti trys nevandeniniai tirpikliai - izopropilo miristatas (IPM arba I), ricinos aliejus (R), etanolis, bei sistemos, sudarytos iš ricinos aliejaus ir izopropilo miristato, sumaišytų masės dalimis – 25R:75I, 50R:50I ir 75R:25I. Nustatytas tiesioginis ryšys tarp propolio koncentracijos ištraukose bei BFK naudojant skirtingus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study is to find out the most appropriate non-aqueous solvent and conditions for the propolis extraction; evaluate how propolis phenolic compounds release from the liquid model systems during the biopharmaceutical research called in vitro. The task of the study is to evaluate the ability of non-aqueous propolis extractions to extract poly-phenolic propolis compounds. Then find out physic-chemical characteristics which determine the quality of extracts. Next examine how selected technological parameters influence the quality of propolis extracts and evaluate the stability of propolis extracts. Conduct the biopharmaceutical research in vitro to determine the release of propolis phenolic compounds with propolis extract (PE) as an object of the study from the liquid model systems. Research methods. Extracts were produced using the maceration method. The ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer and Folin - Ciocalteu method were used to get the total quantity of poly-phenolic compounds (TFK) in accordance to the coumaric acid equivalent (KAE). The release of polyphenol compounds from the model systems in propolis extracts was carried out by in vitro method with modified Franc -type diffusion cells [4]. Results and Findings. The study of propolis extraction included three non-aqueous solvents, such as isopropyl myristate, castor oil and ethanol), as well as, systems made up with castor oil and isopropyl myristate, mixed in such ratios: 25R:75I , 50R:50I and 75R:25I. The... [to full text]

The aim of this project was to produce a potential feedstock for biodiesel by developing a process to extract oil from yellow mustard seeds using aqueous and isopropyl alcohol extraction. The aqueous extraction of yellow mustard flour was performed at pH 11 using 4:1 water to flour ratio and constant stirring at room temperature for 30min, with a second washing stage. Oil was separated as oil-in-water emulsion with 37% oil recovery from the flour. The oil in the emulsion was then extracted with isopropyl alcohol. Single and multiple stage extractions were evaluated and the optimal conditions were four-stage extraction at 2:1 IPA:Oil weight ratio, with 96.3% oil recovery from the emulsion. A preliminary evaluation of the final solution of isopropyl alcohol, water and yellow mustard oil concluded that it is indeed a potential feedstock for biodiesel, however it needs to be further processed to meet optimal conditions for transesterification.

The aim of this project was to produce a potential feedstock for biodiesel by developing a process to extract oil from yellow mustard seeds using aqueous and isopropyl alcohol extraction. The aqueous extraction of yellow mustard flour was performed at pH 11 using 4:1 water to flour ratio and constant stirring at room temperature for 30min, with a second washing stage. Oil was separated as oil-in-water emulsion with 37% oil recovery from the flour. The oil in the emulsion was then extracted with isopropyl alcohol. Single and multiple stage extractions were evaluated and the optimal conditions were four-stage extraction at 2:1 IPA:Oil weight ratio, with 96.3% oil recovery from the emulsion. A preliminary evaluation of the final solution of isopropyl alcohol, water and yellow mustard oil concluded that it is indeed a potential feedstock for biodiesel, however it needs to be further processed to meet optimal conditions for transesterification.

Th. 3e cycle--Physiol.--Paris 5, 1982. N°: 42.

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Objetivo: Comparar in vitro la resistencia adhesiva a dentina de tres sistemas adhesivos universales con y sin aplicación de una sustancia neutralizadora de la capa inhibida de oxígeno. Materiales y métodos: La muestra estuvo conformada por 90 dientes bovinos, distribuidos aleatoriamente en 6 grupos (n=15): G1-Ambar™ Universal, G2-Tetric® N-bond, G3-Scotchbond™ Universal sin aplicación de sustancia inhibidora: alcohol Isopropílico y G4-Ambar™ Universal, G5-Tetric® N-bond, G6-Scotchbond™ Universal con aplicación de sustancia inhibidora. Los procedimientos adhesivos se realizaron según las indicaciones de cada fabricante y los procedimientos restauradores con cilindros (matrices tipo Tygon 4 x 2 mm) de resina compuesta Filtek™ Z350XT-A2. Las muestras fueron almacenadas en una estufa a 37°C (+/- 5°C) por 24 horas. Se evaluó la resistencia al cizallamiento a dentina en una máquina de ensayos universal Instrom (velocidad 0.5 mm/min/500N). Los resultados fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva (Media y desviación estándar) e inferencial (U Mann Whitney, Kruskal Wallis). Resultados: La media y desviación estándar registrada para los grupos con y sin aplicación de alcohol Isopropílico fue; Ambar™ Universal (13.7±5.7) (14.0±5.2), Tetric® N-Bond Universal (16.5±7.2) (14.2±3.9) y Scotchbond™ Universal (13.6±4.5) (18.3±7.5) respectivamente. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la resistencia adhesiva a dentina de los adhesivos universales con (p=0.528) y sin (p=0.193) aplicación de la sustancia neutralizadora. Conclusión: Los valores de resistencia adhesiva a dentina de los sistemas adhesivos universales con y sin aplicación de alcohol Isopropílico como sustancia neutralizadora de la capa inhibida de oxígeno no presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. / Objective: Compare in vitro bond strength to dentin of three universal adhesive systems with and without application of an oxygen-inhibited layer neutralizing substance. Materials and methods: The sample was composed by 90 bovine teeth, randomly distributed in 6 groups (n=15): G1-Ambar™ Universal, G2-Tetric® N-bond, G3-Scotchbond™ Universal without application of inhibiting substance: Isopropyl alcohol and G4-Ambar™ Universal, G5-Tetric® N-bond, G6-Scotchbond™ Universal with application of inhibiting substance. Then, the adhesive phase was made according to each group and restorative procedures with composite resin Filtek™ Z350XT-A2, according to the manufacturer´s instructions. It was made of tygon composite resin (4 x 2 mm). The samples were stored in an incubator at 37°C (+/- 5°C) for 24 hours. Subsequently, dentin shear strength was evaluated on an Instrom universal testing machine (speed 0.5 mm/min/500N load). The results were analyzed using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (U Mann Whitney, Kruskal Wallis) statistics. Results: Mean and standard deviation registered for the groups with and without application of Isopropyl alcohol was; Ambar™ Universal (13.7±5.7) (14.0±5.2), Tetric® N-Bond Universal (16.5±7.2) (14.2±3.9) and Scotchbond™ Universal (13.6±4.5) (18.3±7.5) respectively. No found statistical significant differences between bond strength in dentin of the universal adhesives with (p=0.528) and without (p=0.193) application of the neutralizing substance. Conclusion: The values of bond strength in dentin of the universal adhesive systems with and without application of Isopropyl alcohol as neutralizing substance of the oxygen inhibited layer did not show statistically significant differences. / Tesis