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<p>These at times somewhat mathematical studies are not intended as a complete survey of the style of Phaedrus' Fables, but represent, it is hoped, useful contribution to our knowledge of the work of an otherwise rather obscure figure.</p> <p>I. Phaedrus seems often to have used haterodyne ("ictus"accent clash) effectively to convey agitation, surprise, speed, and the like, and homodyne to convey the opposite, though there is no good evidence of patterning like that knight thought to have found in the Aenid. (The predominance of heterodyne in the mock-tragic 4.7.6-16 is however, probably due to factors of genre.)</p> <p>II. (There is less va:riation in prota.gotists in the second part of book 1 than in the first-- this is a field for durther investigation)</p> <p>Verse-endings are repeated less and less in the later books in a fairly smooth progression which supports the present order.</p> <p>III. Words occurring only once in Phaedrus' work are relatively rare in book 1 and in prologues and epilogues. Poems high in such "once-words" tend not to be beast fables and are on average longer, while poems low in these words, when not prologues or epilogues, are beast-fables or jokes.</p> <p>IV. Phaedru.s' use of Greek words increased with time, but this largely be due to a. change in the type of poems. Possible particular occasions for using Greek words (apart from unavoidable instances, such as the names of certain animals) seem to be insincerity/ deceit, riches, glorification, hyperbole, Greek settings, and possibly alliteration. Phaedrus introduced few new Greek words, if any, and the overall proportion of Greek words in his vocabulary is low in comparison with other poets.</p> <p>V. Phaedrus uses "unpoetic" words to a fairly high degree, though less frequently in narrative than in direct speech and personal material. He also has some words characteristic of poetry and shows sensitivity to certain "rules" of poetic speech, and his vocabulary could not be confused with that of a prose-author. Not unexpectedly, he is closer in vocabulary to "low" poetry (such as satire) than to "high" poetry (Such as epic).</p> <p>VI. Phaedrus seems to have been conscious of certain rhyming effects or homoeoteleuta, notably between the final 'words of successive verses (a type he cultivated in book 4 especially, but seems to have avoided in book 5).</p> <p>VII. Alliteration is generally used sparingly by Phaedrus, who seems to have avoided extreme concentration of alliterative verses. It occurs with slightly greater frequency in narrative, and also appears to have been employed somewhat less in Phaedrus' middle work generally. There is some indication of preference for particulr alliterative patterns (e.g. avoidance of the concentric pattern).</p> <p>VIII. Only tentative observations are possible on the structure, if any, of the books. The numerical approach seems somewhat more promising than the thematic (book. 5 in its present form is numerically balanced).</p> <p>IX. About one eighth of Phaedrus' poems are exactly seven verses long, ®d this may have represented for him an ideal minimum length. Babrius, on the other hand, does not favour this length, but shows instead a strong preference for even numbers of verses. Avienus' poems do not vary greatly in length, but do not favour any exact figure.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p> I have • • • • his anxious desire to know everything, to think, to write everything, his anxious desire to be heard.¹ </p> <p>The most significant influx of Italian immigrants to Canada began at the end of the last century, and their number increased substantially just after the Second World War. Those immigrants were preoccupied with survival and had neither the time nor the education to document their immigrant experience. By the 1970's however, some of their children had a university education. This generation had the opportunity to cultivate their minds and the inclination to understand their parents' pasts. They have become the spokespersons of a generation of silent labourers. While many of them are now pursuing professional careers, they still remember that their fathers blasted rocks, worked in mines, hauled ties and did construction, while their mothers worked in factories. The sounds of this labour reverberate in their literature.</p> <p> Franco Paci took his place in this group of writers when he produced his novels, The Italians, the first full length book on Italian immigrant themes, Black Madonna and The Father. The author's main theme is the clash between la via vecchia (the old way) and la via nuova (the new way}.He sets up a series of tensions, including the ambivalence of the Italian-Canadian duality, the home as protection and prison, the generation schism and the language barrier as a means of illustrating his theme. He recalls the immigrant struggle and questions its price with compassion and iron-fair judgement. Using characters from the Italian immigrant milieu, he gives sound and structure to the mixed emotions and psychological dualities of the ethnic and the exiled. An Italian immigrant himself, Franco Paci draws from two cultures and examines the immigrant past in the context of the present. Novelist Robert Kraetsch explains the importance of writing about one's background: "In a sense, we haven't got an identity until somebody tells our story. The fiction makes us real."² Paci's works speak to the conflicts and resolutions repeated in countless Italian families across Canada.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

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The increase in Italian American political power from the 1920s through the 1940s coincided with the rise of Fascism in Italy and Americanism in the United States—two opposing ideologies that greatly influenced how Italians practiced political citizenship. Benito Mussolini’s Fascist ideology demanded Italians’ permanent subservience to the Italian corporate state, even to the seventh generation abroad. At the same time, American xenophobes pushed an aggressive platform of Americanism; an anti-immigrant ideology that demanded foreigners’ total loyalty to America, its Constitution, and its Anglo-Saxon culture. Scholars have separately noted Italian Americans’ overwhelming support of Fascism and the dramatic rise in their electoral participation during the Great Depression, but few have investigated the overlap between those two developments. None have placed Italian Americans’ growing ethnic awareness within the context of Americanism. This dissertation uncovers the causal relationship between Italian Americans’ Fascism and their newfound political capital, and demonstrates how ethnic elites pushed politicians from adhering to strict Americanism to accepting ethnic political citizenship and transnational activism. Beginning in 1930, Italian American elites made shrewd choices about how Fascism would spread and function in the United States to avoid government investigations. Italian immigrants first organized pro-Fascist clubs to find a collective purpose as transnationalistic citizens. Hoping to prove their value to Italy, immigrant elites first used their clubs to mobilize their growing communities in support of favorable terms of repayment for Italy’s World War I debt to the United States. The war debt campaign taught the Italian government and pro-Fascist immigrants that Italian Americans had potential for great political power, but only if they naturalized. To pursue naturalization and ethnic politics simultaneously they first needed to overcome their ideological conflicts with the Americanist values of total assimilation. Italian American elites resolved the tensions of choosing between Americanism and Fascism by bringing their communities together around an ethno-cultural nationalism, called Italianità, that pursued the ascension of Italian Americans in the United States and the supremacy of Italy in Europe. Italianità allowed immigrants to exercise transnational citizenship by using culture as a screen for advancing their political causes, helping them avoid criticism. Seemingly apolitical events organized by Mussolini’s supporters, like Columbus Day rallies, brought Italian Americans masses to the attention of American politicians at a crucial moment in electoral campaigns. The more active Italian Americans became in support of themselves and their homeland, the more aggressively American politicians courted their votes. By 1941, Italians had far surpassed Germans and Japanese in continual demonstrations of pro-Fascist nationalism through Italianità. Because they also eclipsed their co-ethnics in American voting power, the government largely ignored Italians in its extensive investigations of un-American activities before and after Pearl Harbor. This dissertation is the first to recognize the political roots of the government’s investigations into Germans and Italians and the resulting arrests during the war. The strategies employed by immigrant elites in the 1920s and 1930s enabled Italian ethnics to escape the mass internment and arrests of the 1940s. Rather than shrink from their ethnic identity, Italian Americans employed the full weight of their political capital to serve their community through the end of World War II.

This thesis describes and analyses patterns of complementation and auxiliation in the languages spoken in an understudied area of Italy, namely Southern Lazio. From a descriptive perspective, this thesis serves to document several severely endangered Romance languages spoken in the Italian peninsula. In so doing, several previously undocumented complementizer and auxiliary systems are illustrated for the first time. From a theoretical perspective, this thesis accounts for the patterns of variation found in these auxiliary and complementizer systems. Traditional descriptions of Italo- Romance treat these systems as entirely unrelated. Indeed, to date, no previous study has compared the distribution of complementizers and auxiliaries in Italo-Romance to investigate similarities and correspondences between them. This dissertation takes the original step of demonstrating that the distribution of particular auxiliary systems correlates with the distribution of particular complementizer systems, offering, in turn, an integrated and complementary theoretical analysis of both phenomena.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 226-232). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Children of Italian immigrants in Montreal are in contact with many languages and kinds of speech. French and English are used publicly, formal Italian is studied in heritage classes, a dialect of the family's region of origin is used at home, and a kind of koine is frequently used in interactions with other Italian immigrants. The contact of these languages produces various kinds of interferences. These lead a child to make errors when he tries to use the Standard Italian code. In this research, children's compositions are examined for errors which in turn are analysed and classified. The causes of these errors are investigated and statistics are presented to indicate the frequency of errors or the power of various causes. / An effort is made to show all the different errors and interferences that occur, and to discover a pattern of their causes. The data put forth might eventually serve as a base for further studies on the pedagogical prevention or correction of errors in the teaching of Standard Italian as adapted to the specific situation in Montreal.