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This thesis looks at the central processing of two unpleasant sensations, itch and pain, and how these sensations can be modulated using psychological tools. The initial section focuses on the induction and modulation of thermal noxious stimuli and the way in which this is represented in the brain. It is well known that pain can be modulated by distraction, and also which areas of the brain are frequently activated by noxious stimuli. The research reported here expands upon this knowledge. The first study found that when subjects were engaged in a cognitively demanding task (the Counting Stroop task) their attention was distracted away from thermal painful stimuli. They reported a significantly (p=0.006) lower pain intensity rating for stimuli during the interference (more cognitively demanding) task compared to the neutral (less cognitively demanding) task. The interference task was confirmed to be more difficult than the neutral task by significantly increased reaction times in the former compared to the latter. The reduced perception of painful thermal stimuli applied during the interference task compared with those felt in the neutral task was accompanied by a reduced activation in some key components of the pain matrix (insula, mid-cingulate, thalamus). Some key pain processing regions showed an increase in signal during the interference task compared with the neutral task (perigenual cingulate, orbitofrontal regions). [continued in main text ...]

2 pp. / It is increasingly common for people to report symptoms of itching and skim problems which they attribute to bug bites even when no evidence of insects can be found. Potential causes for this phenomena are identified as well as a referral to a primary care provider for diagnosis and treatment.

Consists of twenty nine papers previously published in various journals. / Includes bibliographical references. / 1 v. (various pagings) : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Physical, chemical, and neurophysiological processes responsible for fabric-evoked discomfort, itch and prickle sensation, and skin rash are defined. / Thesis (M.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physiology, 1995?

Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-06T16:56:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) 2012-dissertação-CláudiaEliseFerrazSilva.pdf: 1504615 bytes, checksum: c316cc2a4350ce2c169fba1653970af0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-06T16:56:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) 2012-dissertação-CláudiaEliseFerrazSilva.pdf: 1504615 bytes, checksum: c316cc2a4350ce2c169fba1653970af0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-29 / As erupções pápulo-foliculares pruríticas são manifestações cutâneas comuns em pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana(HIV), contudo pela semelhança clínica entre essas afecções, o diagnóstico dermatológico específico representa um desafio na prática clínica. Diversas dermatoses parecem estar envolvidas, como a foliculite eosinofílica associada ao HIV e a erupção pápulo-prurítica do HIV, além de erupções inespecíficas da pele como foliculites supurativas bacterianas, foliculite pitirospórica, demodicidose, escabiose e reações a drogas. Esta pesquisa objetivou verificar a frequência das dermatoses relacionadas às erupções pápulo-foliculares pruríticase descrever suas características clínicas e anatomopatológicas, em pacientes infectados pelo HIV/aids. O estudo foi prospectivo, observacional, descritivo, tipo série de casos, envolvendo 36 pacientes infectados pelo HIV/aids que apresentavam erupções pápulo-foliculares ativas, atendidos em hospital de referência em HIV/aids em Pernambuco, no período de outubro de 2011 a fevereiro de 2012. Cada participante foi examinado por dermatologista e submetido a um questionário com dados demográficos, dermatológicose de contagem de células T CD4. Biópsia de lesão de pele recente foi realizada e avaliada por dermatopatologista. Dos36 pacientes estudados, 24 (66,7%) apresentavam erupção pápulo-prurítica do HIV,4 (11,1%) foliculite bacteriana, 3 (8,3%) foliculite eosinofílica associada ao HIV, 2 (5,6%) foliculite pitirospórica, 2 (5,6%) miliária rubra e 1 (2,8%) erupção por droga. O diagnóstico baseou-se em características anatomopatológicas. Lesões em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento foram observadas em um mesmo paciente, desde recentes até quadros de hipo e hiperpigmentação pós-inflamatória. A distribuição da erupção envolveu a face, tronco e membros, com algum predomínio de acordo com o diagnóstico. A média da contagem de células CD4 foi de 113,5 células/mm3. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstram que a distinção da dermatose baseada no exame clínico é difícil, sendo a biópsia de pele importante instrumento para o diagnóstico correto da dermatose subjacente. / The follicular pruritic papular eruptions are common cutaneous manifestations in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), however the similarity between these clinical conditions, specific dermatologic diagnosis is a challenge in clinical practice. Various dermatoses appear to be involved, such as HIV-associatedeosinophilic folliculitis and pruriticpapular eruption of HIV, and nonspecific skin eruptions as suppurative bacterial folliculitis, Pityrosporum folliculitis, demodicidosis, scabies and drug reactions. This study aimed to ascertain the frequency of dermatoses related to follicular pruritic papular eruptions and describe its clinical and pathological, in patients infected with HIV / AIDS. The study was a prospective, observational, case series involving 36 patients infected with HIV / AIDS who had active follicular papular eruptions, seen at a referralhospital for HIV / AIDS in Pernambuco, in the period October 2011 to February of 2012. Each participant was examined by a dermatologist and underwent a demographic questionnaire, dermatologic and CD4 T cell count. Biopsy of the skin lesion was performed and evaluated recently by dermatopathologist. Of the 36 patients studied, 24 (66.7%) had pruriticpapulareruption of HIV, 4 (11.1%) bacterial folliculitis, 3 (8.3%) HIV-associated eosinophilic folliculitis, 2 (5.6%) Pityrosporum folliculitis, 2 (5.6%) miliaria rubra and 1 (2.8%) drug eruption. The diagnosis was based on pathologic features. Injuries in different stages of development were observed in the same patient, since until recent pictures of hypo-and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. The distribution of the rash involved the face, trunk and limbs, with some predominance according to the diagnosis. The mean CD4 count was 113.5 cells/mm3. The research results show that the distinction of acne based on clinical examination is difficult, and the skin biopsy important tool for the correct diagnosis of the underlying dermatosis.

Lam Man Ching. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-114). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendices also in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction and Literature Review / Chapter 1.1 --- General introduction of atopic dermatitis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Definition and its nature --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Epidemiology and prevalence of atopic dermatitis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Factors and triggers related to high risk of atopic dermatitis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Nature of complexity of pathogenesis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Role of T-helper cell in atopic dermatitis and its paradigm model --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Nature of immunoglobulin-E and its role in atopic dermatitis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Chemokines in pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: CTACK and TARC --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Role of antimicrobial peptides and innate immunity --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Measurements of atopic dermatitis severity and related quality of life impairment --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Scoring of atopic dermatitis severity and the SCO Ring Atopic Dermatitis Index --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Quality of life measurement --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- The Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Pruritus in atopic dermatitis and its underlying mechanisms --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Introduction to pruritus --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Difference between pruritus and pain --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Pathogenesis and neuronal pathways of pruritus --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Neurogenic itch --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Role of histamines in pruritus of AD --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.6 --- Substance-P --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.7 --- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and other recent mediators in pruritus --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- "Scratching, nocturnal scratching and sleeping behavior in atopic dermatitis subjects and related research progress" --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Overview --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- "Interrelationship between pruritus, scratching and sleep disturbance" --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Current methodologies in nocturnal scratching and sleep quality measurement --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Objectives --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodologies and Materials / Chapter 3.1 --- Validation of a new methodology /device --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Device selection --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Study design --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Validation of the Digitrac with laboratory markers --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Factor and statistical analysis --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2 --- Application of Digitrac in traditional Chinese herbal medication (TCHM / TCM) clinical trial --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Current AD treatment using corticosteroids and their drawbacks --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Recent trend on TCM treatment --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Study plan --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- "Validation with laboratory markers, Staphylococcus aureus infection and statistical analysis" --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- Application of Digitrac in a trial of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment in treatment of atopic dermatitis --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Topical immunomodulators as a treatment approach of AD --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Mechanism of tacrolimus in suppressing AD and pruritus --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Study plan --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4 --- Further application of Digitrac in pruritus of other medical fields --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results and Discussions / Chapter 4.1 --- Digitrac validation --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- General demographic background data --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Wrist activities --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Laboratory markers and factor analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Interpretation of results --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Drawbacks of the validation --- p.58 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- Summary --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2 --- Digitrac in traditional Chinese herbal medication clinical trial --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- General information --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- "SCORAD, wrist activities and CDLQI" --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Laboratory findings --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Interpretation of results --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Safety of TCM use --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Summary --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3 --- Tacrolimus clinical trial --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4 --- Application of Digitrac in other areas of study --- p.90 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Pemphigoid gestationis case study --- p.90 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- T-cell lymphoma case study --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Further Discussions and Conclusion --- p.98 / References --- p.101 / Appendices --- p.116