The concept of energy production through the fusion of two light nuclei has been studied since the 1950’s. One of the major problems that fusion scientists have encountered is the confinement of the hot ionised gas, i.e. the plasma, in which the fusion process takes place. The most common way to contain the plasma is by using at magnetic field configuration, in which the plasma takes a doughnut-like shape. Experimental devices of this kind are referred to as tokamaks. For the fusion process to proceed at an adequate rate, the temperature of the plasma must exceed 100,000,000C. Such a high temperature forces the plasma out of thermodynamical equilibrium which plasma tries to regain by exciting a number of turbulent processes. After successfully quenching the lager scale magnetohydrodynamic turbulence that may instantly disrupt the plasma, a smaller scale turbulence revealed itself. As this smaller scale turbulence behaved contrary to the common theory at the time, it was referred to as anomalous. This kind of turbulence does not directly threaten existents of the plasma, but it allows for a leakage of heat and particles which inhibits the fusion reactions. It is thus essential to understand the origin of anomalous turbulence, the transport it generates and most importantly, how to reduce it. Today it is believed that anomalous transport is due to drift-type waves driven by temperature and density inhomogeneities and the theoretical treatment of these waves is the topic of this thesis. The first part of the thesis contains a rigorous analytical two-fluid treatment of drift waves driven solely by density inhomogeneities. Effects of the toroidal magnetic field configuration, the Landau resonance, a peaked diamagnetic frequency and a sheared rotation of the plasma have been taken into account. These effects either stabilise or destabilise the drift waves and to determine the net result on the drift waves requires careful analysis. To this end, dispersion relations have been obtained in various limits to determine when to expect the different effects to be dominant. The main result of this part is that with a large enough rotational shear, the drift waves will be quenched. In the second part we focus on temperature effects and thus treat reactive drift waves, specifically ion temperature gradient and trapped electron modes. In fusion plasmas the α-particles, created as a by-product of the fusion process, transfer the better part of their energy to the electrons and hence the electron temperature is expected to exceed the ion temperature. In most experiments until today, the ion temperature is greater than the electron temperature and this have been proven to improve the plasma confinement. To predict the performance of future fusion plasmas, where the fusion process is ongoing, a comprehensive study of hot-electron plasmas and external heating effects have been carried out. Especially the stiffness (heat flux vs. inverse temperature length scale) of the plasma has been examined. This work was performed by simulations done with the JETTO code utilising the Weiland model. The outcome of these simulations shows that the plasma response to strong heating is very stiff and that the plasma energy confinement time seems to vary little in the hot-electron mode.

The ITG section 7.5 "Wellenausbreitung" within the VDE (German Association for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies) organised a conference on Wave Propagation in Communication, Microwave Systems and Navigation which was held during 25th - 27th of November 2009 in Chemnitz, Germany. The conference philosophy is to emphasize the commonalty between propagation aspects of microwave remote sensing sensors and microwave systems at large. The following topics of Remote Sensing, Communication and Navigation are eligible for presentation: Microwave Propagation in Communication and Microwave Sensors - Satellite Communications - Multi-Path Propagation - Indoor Propagation - Digital Broadcast Planning - MIMO Systems and Reuse - Ionospheric Propagation - Urban Communication - Microwave Measurements in Propagation Applications of Microwave Sensors - Radar Polarimetry - Bistatic and Multistatic Radar - Polarimetric and Multistatic Interferometry - Multi-Parameter Weather Radar Systems - Automotive and Airborne Radars - System Calibration - Biological Effects of EM-Radiation - Wave Modulation Remote Sensing Radars Antenna Design and Measurements / Im Rahmen der Aktivitäten des ITG-Fachausschusses 7.5 "Wellenausbreitung" im VDE wurde eine Fachtagung auf dem Gebiet Wellenausbreitung bei Funk-, Mikrowellensystemen und Navigation vom 25. - 27. November 2009 in Chemnitz abgehalten. Die Tagungsphilosophie betont den gemeinsamen Nenner der Wellenausbreitung in diversen Bereichen wie Mikrowellensensorik und Mikrowellensystemen. Dem Leitthema zugeordnet, werden die folgenden Themen aus Fernerkundung, Kommunikation und Navigation besonders berücksichtigt. Mikrowellenausbreitung in der Kommunikation und Mikrowellensensorik - Satellitenkommunikation - Mehrwegeausbreitung - Innen-Gebäude-Übertragung - Frequenzplanung für den digitalen Rundfunk - MIMO Systeme - Wellenausbreitung in der Ionosphäre - urbane Kommunikation - Mikrowellenmessungen der Wellenausbreitung Nutzung und Anwendung in der Mikrowellensensorik - Radar-Polarimetrie - Bistatische und Multistatische Radarverfahren - Polarimetrische und Multistatische Interferometrie - Multiparameter-Wetterradar-Verfahren - Automobil- und Flugzeugradar - Systemkalibrierung - Biologische Effekte der EM-Strahlung - Antennenentwicklung und -messungen für wellenmodulierte Fernerkundungsradare

Top executives are interested in more transparent and formalized structures, applicable measurements, and clear justification of alignment. Limited or improper information technology governance (ITG) affects the business strategy that will ultimately influence the overall business alignment in local city government agencies (LCGAs). The problem addressed in this study was the lack of information regarding LCGAs IT/business strategic alignment maturity model (SAMM) level and the LCGAs' employment size. The purpose of this survey study was to evaluate 48 LCGA participants in the Southwestern part of the United States and compare their alignment perceptions with their cities' employment size. The theoretical framework for this study was based on ITG and business strategy as measured by the SAMM instrument. An online survey was used for data collection and data results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and an Analysis of Variance. After using the SAMM instrument, the current snapshot maturity level of LCGAs was 2.49 out of a maximum 5.0 level. Results illustrated no significant relationship between LCGAs alignment maturity levels and a city's size. This study empowers positive social change by providing LCGAs 6 incremental steps to improve the overall alignment maturity level in areas of transparent and formalized structures, applicable measurements, and improved alignment measures.

Studien undersöker digitala teman kopplade till digital styrning och strategi inom svenska börsnoterade företag. I studien analyserades årsredovisningar i 40 noterade bolag inom 10 sektorer på Nasdaq Main Market. Frågor som undersöktes skulle besvara om bolagen hade en digital styrning och strategi, hur dessa varierade mellan sektorer och vilka digitaliseringsbegrepp som trendar. Resultaten visar att digitala teman förekom i alla sektorer och 9 av 10sektorer har digitala strategier, vilket visar förekomst av digital styrning & anpassning till digitalisering som betonas av McAfee & Brynjolfsson (2018). Det vanligaste digitala tema som identifierades i studien relaterar till teknologiska framsteg, digital utveckling, innovation, digitala investeringar, digitala förvärv samt digital kompetens. Resultaten stödjer Westerman et al.'s (2014) antaganden om att det måste finnas digital styrning lämpad för att anpassa bolag in i den digitala framtiden. Dock så varierade de digitala strategierna inom olika sektorer. Studien visar en diskrepans gällande formuleringen av digitala strategier, 56% av identifierade nyckelord inom strategisektionen i årsredovisningarna bedömdes ej vara tydliga digitalastrategier. Resultatet visade i stället att nästan dubbelt så många teman som tolkades utgöra digitala strategier förekom i andra sektioner av årsredovisningarna. Studien visar därför att bolag har otydliga digitala strategier, vilket stödjer slutsatsen att det fortfarande saknas en strukturerad modell för hur digital strategi och styrning bör utformas som Schallmo et al. (2017) noterat. Analysen av nyckelord visade att 13% av digitala temanutgjorde digitala risker. Dessa resultat stödjer Wilkin & Chenhall (2019) sslutsatser att digitala risker bör hanteras i bolagsstyrningen. Dessa resultat stödjer även Shaikh & Siponens (2023) iakttagelse att styrelsen och ledningen bör hantera IT-risker. Frekvent förekommande identifierade risker betonar den snabba digitaliseringen i omvärlden och behov av att utöka digital säkerhet.Metoden i denna studie fokuserar på extern rapportering, vilket kan begränsa möjligheten att dra omfattande slutsatser om nivån av digitalisering. Dock är extern rapportering en pålitlig och strukturerad källa till data som ger insikter. Studien erkänner utmaningarna med att hitta beprövade teoretiska ramverk för att studera digitalstyrning som även diskuterats av Navarra & Cornford (2009). / This study examines digital governance and strategy within Swedish listed companies. The study focuses on external reporting and analysing the annual reports of 40 listed companies in 10 sectors on the Nasdaq Main Market. The examined questions aimed to determine whether companies had digital governance and strategy, how these varied across sectors, and which digitalisation concepts were trending. The results show that all sectors somehow refer to digitalisation, and 9 out of 10 sectors have digital strategies, demonstrating governance and adaptation to digitalisation, as McAfee & Brynjolfsson (2018) emphasised. The most common digital theme identified in the study relates to rapid technological advancements, digital development, innovation, digital investments, digital acquisitions, and expertise. The results support Westerman et al.'s (2014) assumptions that digital governance is necessary to adapt companies for the future. However, the digital strategies varied across different sectors. The study reveals a discrepancy regarding the formulation of digital strategies, with 56% of identified keywords in the strategy section of the annual reports not being linked to a transparent digital objective or strategy. Nonetheless, it was discovered that almost twice as many statements associated with digital strategies were found in other sections of the annual reports. This indicates the presence of ambiguous digital strategy, supporting the conclusion that there is still a lack of a structured digital strategy and governance model, as noted by Schallmo et al. (2017). The keywords analysis revealed that the annual reports presented 13% of the identified codes as digital risks. These results align with the conclusions of Wilkin & Chenhall that digital risks should be addressed in governance. These findings also support the observation by Shaikh & Siponen (2023) that boards and management should manage IT risks. The majority of identified risks in the study highlight the importance of digital security. The method in this study focuses on external reporting, which may limit the ability to draw comprehensive conclusions about the level of digitalisation. However, external reporting is a reliable and structured source of data that provides insights. The study acknowledges the challenges in finding theoretical frameworks for studying digital governance, as Navarra & Cornford (2009) discussed

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valdir Donizete Segato.pdf: 1566486 bytes, checksum: 0466b46a2ebe3438da9eeeeefc33df35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / This study aims to reflect on the main difficulties encountered in the adoption of International Accounting Standards by Micro and Small Entities (MSEs) in Brazil, whose annual gross income is up to R$ 3,600,000.00, based on Technical Interpretation General, established in Resolution n. 1418/12 (ITG 1000), the Federal Accounting Council (CFC). Methodologically, the research is categorized as the objectives in exploratory and descriptive and on the procedures in literature and documents. For the literature review was conducted bibliographic research and in electronic media, content analysis of documents relating to accounting standards, raising opinions through questionnaires and interviews, and a description of the data, based on the elaboration of a materiality matrix, which pondered priorities established by key stakeholders, who are the users of accounting information in relation to the issues involved. The research is justified because of the economic and social importance of this segment which contributes to boost supply chains of large corporations and represents - the Brazilian Service of Support for research Micro and Small Entities (SEBRAE) - 99% of the total of 6.4 millions of existing businesses in Brazil, accounting for 52% (16.1 million) of formal jobs in the private sector. The results showed that the main difficulties for the adoption of this International Accounting Standards by MSEs are not related to the conceptual part of these standards, but the difficulties of structural and operational, as prices services charged (fees) incompatible with the responsibility and technical risk of the work, the absence of management and internal control system, the standard practice of tax evasion, among others, added to some of fact interest that the entrepreneur owner of MSEs demonstrates in relation to accounting as a management tool / Este estudo tem por objetivo refletir sobre as principais dificuldades encontradas na adoção do padrão contábil internacional pelas Microempresas e Empresas de Pequeno Porte (MPEs) no Brasil, cuja receita bruta anual é de até R$ 3.600.000,00, com base na Interpretação Técnica Geral, instituída na Resolução nº. 1.418/12 (ITG1000), do Conselho Federal de Contabilidade (CFC). Metodologicamente, a pesquisa se classifica quanto aos objetivos em exploratória e descritiva e quanto aos procedimentos em bibliográfica e documental. Foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos e em meio eletrônico, análise de conteúdo dos documentos referentes às normas contábeis, levantamento de opiniões por meio de questionários e entrevistas, bem como a descrição dos dados, com base na elaboração de uma matriz de materialidade, que ponderou as prioridades estabelecidas pelos principais stakeholders, que são os usuários das informações contábeis, em relação aos temas envolvidos. A pesquisa se justifica em razão da importância econômica e social deste segmento que contribui para dinamizar as cadeias produtivas das grandes corporações e representa  pela pesquisa do Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas (SEBRAE)  99% do total de 6,4 milhões de empresas existentes no Brasil, respondendo por 52% (16,1 milhões) dos empregos com carteira assinada no setor privado. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que as principais dificuldades, para a adoção deste padrão contábil internacional pelas MPEs, não estão relacionadas com a parte conceitual destas normas, e sim às dificuldades de ordem estrutural e operacional, como os preços dos serviços cobrados (honorários) incompatíveis com a responsabilidade e risco técnico do trabalho, a inexistência de sistema de gestão e controle interno, a prática recorrente de sonegação de impostos, entre outros, somado ao fato do pouco interesse que o empresário, proprietário das MPEs demonstra em relação à Contabilidade como instrumento de gestão