Abstracts in English and Zulu / The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of innovative marketing on the performance of Ghanaian food processing SMEs. The research study was carried out in response to the scholarly and managerial interest in the construct of innovative marketing as a novel competitive tool and its effect on performance in food processing SME organisations. This research study examined the effect of the six components of innovative marketing (i.e. marketing mix variables (MV), marketing modification (MM), integrated marketing (IM), customer focus (CF), market focus (MF) and value proposition (VP) on the four components of food processing SME performance i.e. financial performance (FP), customer performance (CP), internal business process performance (IBPP) and learning & growth performance (LGP). The research study was carried out on 225 food processing SMEs on the registered list of the National Board for Small Scale Industry (NBSSI) in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The study was quantitative in nature with the use of questionnaires distributed to 225 owners/managers of food processing SMEs in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Through an extensive literature review, a conceptual framework and empirical result from 225 food processing SMEs in Ghana, the research study employed exploratory factor analysis along with structural equation modelling – path analysis to evaluate the proposed model for understanding the relationships among the constructs. The collected data was analysed through descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 23 and STATA version 15.1. The reliability of innovative marketing and food processing performance factors were determined using Composite Reliability and Cronbach’s alpha and the validity of the factors of innovative marketing and food processing SMEs were also ascertained using convergent and discriminant validity methods. The research study established that SMEs in the food processing sector in Ghana exhibit high levels of five innovative marketing factors (i.e. market focus, value proposition, customer focus, integrated marketing and marketing mix variables) which impact on all four factors of food processing SME performance (i.e. financial performance, customer performance, internal business process performance and learning and growth performance) whereas marketing modification, a factor of innovative marketing, indicated insignificant association with food processing SME performance. The recommendation of the conducted research study made a clear statement that food processing SMEs in Ghana should maintain a positive attitude towards innovative marketing, and also negate the effect of innovative marketing challenges to achieve high performance. The conclusions that were drawn from the conducted research study indicated that the main research objective had been achieved. Hence, innovative marketing positively influences the performance of food processing SMEs in Ghana. / Inhloso enkulu yalolu cwaningo bekungukuphenya umthelela wokumaketha okusha ekusebenzeni kwama-SME wokucubungula ukudla waseGhana. Ucwaningo lwenziwe kuphendulwa intshisekelo yezifundiswa nezokuphatha ekwakheni ukumaketha okusha njengethuluzi lokuncintisana lenoveli nomphumela walo ekusebenzeni ezinhlanganweni zokucubungula ukudla kwama-SME. Lolu cwaningo lubheke umphumelela wezinto eziyisithupha zokumaketha okusha (isbokuguquguqukayo kokuhlanganiswa kokumaketha (MV), ukuguqulwa kokumaketha (MM), ukumaketha okuhlanganisiwe (IM), ukugxila kwamakhasimende (CF), ukugxila emakethe (MF), nokuphakanyiswa kwevelu (VP) ezingxenyeni ezine zokulungiswa kokudla ukusebenza kwe-SME okungukuthi, ukusebenza kwezezimali (FP), ukusebenza kwamakhasimende (CP), ukusebenza kwenqubo yebhizinisi yangaphakathi (IBPP), nokusebenza kokufunda nokukhula (LGP). Ucwaningo lwenziwe kuma-SME wokucubungula ukudla angama-225 ohlwini olubhalisiwe lweNational Board for Small Scale Industry (NBSSI) esifundeni esiseMpumalanga yeGhana. Lolu cwaningo belunobuningi ngokwendalo ngokusetshenziswa kwamaphepha emibuzo anikezwe abanikazi/abaphathi abangama-225 bokucubungula ukudla ama-SME esifundeni esiseMpumalanga yeGhana. Ngokubuyekezwa okubanzi kwezincwadi, uhlaka lomqondo kanye nomphumela wezobuciko kusuka kuma-SME wokucubungula ukudla angama-225 eGhana, ucwaningo lwasebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwezici zokuhlola kanye nokuhlelwa kwesimo sokulinganisa - indlela yokuhlola imodeli ehlongozwayo yokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kokwakhiwa. Imininingwane eqoqiwe yahlaziywa ngezibalo ezichazayo kanye nasekuhlaziyweni okuningi kokuhlehla kusetshenziswa i-Statistical Package ye-Social Science (SPSS) inguqulo 23 kanye ne-STATA version 15.1. Ukuthembeka kokumaketha okusha kanye nokusebenza kokucubungula ukudla kunqunywe kusetshenziswa i-Composite. Ukuthembeka kanye ne-alpha kaCronbach nokuba semthethweni kwezici zokumaketha okusha nokuqhutshwa kokudla kwama-SME nakho kwaqinisekiswa kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuqinisekisa nezokunbandlulula. Ucwaningo luye lwaveza ukuthi ama-SME emkhakheni wokulungiswa kokudla eGhana akhombisa amazing aphezulu wezinto ezinhlanu ezintsha zokumaketha (okusho ukugxila emakethe, ukuphakanyiswa kwenani, ukugxila kwamakhasimende, ukumaketha okuhlanganisiwe kanye nokuxubana kokuxubana kokumaketha) okunomthelela kuzo zonke izici ezine zokulungiswa kokudla ukusebenza kwe-SME (okusho ukusebenza kwezezimali, ukusebenza kwamakhasimende, ukusebenza kwenqubo yebhizinisi yangaphakathi nokusebenza kokufunda nokukhula), kanti, ukuguqulwa kokumaketha, okuyisici sokumaketha okusha, kukhombisa ukuzihlanganisa okungabalulekile nokusebenza kokudla kwe-SME. Incomo yocwaningo olwenziwe yenze isitatimende esicacile sokuthi ama-SME okucubungula ukudla eGhana kufanele agcine isimo esihle mayelana nokukhangisa okusha, futhi angaphikisi nomphumela wezinselelo ezintsha zokumaketha ukuza kuzuzwe ukusebenza okuphezulu. Iziphetho ezithathwe ocwaningweni olwenziwe zikhombisile ukuthi inhloso enkulu yocwaningo seyifeziwe. Ngakho-ke, ukumaketha okusha kunomthelela omuhle ekusebenzeni kokulungiswa kokudla kwama-SME eGhana. / Business Management / D. Phil. (Management Studies (Marketing))

This dissertation reflects critically on the calls for the decolonisation of South Africa’s higher education sector by studying the historical development of legal pedagogy in South African law faculties. It focuses in particular on the intellectual property law curriculum broadly, and more specifically on the copyright law module. Africa’s colonisation by Western powers ravaged it in various ways. This is starkly illustrated in the areas of knowledge production and research. Against this background the dissertation teases out the prevailing extent, depth, and reach of colonialism in the copyright law curriculum with the aim of identifying possible ways to give practical effect to the calls for the curriculum to be decolonised. To achieve this, the dissertation examines leading South African intellectual property law textbooks through an African lens in an express attempt to assert the pluriversal, epistemicological traditions of the global South. In each chapter and with each theme the dissertation proposes how an envisaged decolonised copyright curriculum could look. The dissertation grapples with the various theories underpinning the decolonial discourse, laying groundwork for an academically sound basis on which to decolonise the copyright law curriculum. It provides an African critique of the Eurocentric intellectual property law ‘justifications debate’ and posits communal modes of property ownership in Africa to counter Western individualistic notions of property ownership which lend credence to the current justification debate. The dissertation analyses the nature of copyright in a work using the philosophy of Ubuntu as an alternative in teaching this theme within the curriculum. A decolonial analysis of the requirements for copyright is offered, and it is argued that the current sta-ndards and threshold used for the subsistence of copyright is colonial and furthers the onslaught on the Black Body, both in its practical application and in how it is taught. The dissertation concludes by studying copyright exceptions, critically urging the academy to apply a differentiated model of exceptions to different jurisdictions in light of their colonial history (and present). / Lomtlolo utjheja ihlangothi lokufuna bona kutjhugululwe iimfundo zemkhakheni wezefundo ephakamileko yangeSewula Afrika ngokufunda ngetuthuko yokufunda kanye nokufundisa ngemNyangweni wabajameli. Utjheja khulu umthetho wepahla wezefundo khudlwana kanye nomthetho welungelo lokukhuphela. Ukuthunjwa kweAfrika ngabamhlophe kone ngeendlela ezinengi. Lokhu kutjengiswa kumbi mikhakha ekhiqiza ilwazi kanye nerhubhululako. Ngalesi isendlalelo lomtlolo utjheja ngokudephileko ukobana ukuthunjwa kweAfrika ngabamhlophe kulethe muphi umuthelela ngehlangothini lomthetho welungelo lokukhuphela lezefundo ngomqopho wokufumana iindlela nofana iinzathu zokobana kutjhugululwe ifundo yangeemfundweni eziphakamileko. Ukuphumelelisa lokhu, lomtlolo uhlahluba iincwadi zobuhlakaniphi bomthetho wepahla ngokutjheja indlela yokwenza izinto ngeSewula. Isahluko esinye nesinye kanye nommongo omunye nomunye utjheja bona ifundo etjhugululweko ingaba njani. Lomtlolo utjheja amathiyori atlolweko kanye nekukhulunywa ngawo lawo akhe umkhanyo wokutjhugulula zefundo. Utjheja isiphoqo seAfrika ngobuhlakaniphi babamhlophe ngomthetho wepahla ‘ikulumopikiswano yesizathu sokwenza okuthileko’ begodu ibeka ngaphambili indlela yokwabelana ipahlo eAfrika ukulwisana nendlela yabamhlophe yokungabelani ipahlo ekubange ikulumopikiswano yesizathu sokwenza okuthileko. Lomtlolo uhlaziya isisusa sokukhuphela ngokutjheja ikolelo yegama elithi ‘Ubuntu’ njengegama elisetjenziswa lokha nakufundiswa lommongo eemfundweni. Indlela etjhugululweko yokuhlaziya iimfuneko sokukhuphela yindlela yabamhlophe begodu igandelela indlu enzima, ngendlela yokwenza kanye nangendlela efundiswa ngayo. Lomtlolo uphetha ngokufunda isiphambuki sokukhuphela, ngokubawa isikolo ukobana sisebenzise indlela ehlukileko kunaleyo ebegade isetjenziswa ngabamhlophe ekadeni kanye nesikhathini sanje. / Private Law / LL.M. (Intellectual Property Law)

South Africa has among the highest rates of physical and sexual violence against women in the world. Research indicates that understanding the causality of domestic violence is very complex and the measurement of risk factors are deemed challenging. Yet, it is important to understand and identify the risk factors associated with domestic violence to effectively prevent it. This phenomenological research study aimed to investigate the lived experiences of female domestic violence victims and sought to identify risk factors (e.g. alcohol and drug abuse, violence in the family of origin, personality factors, cultural differences, socio-economic factors, and the impact of pregnancy) that may have contributed to the occurrence of domestic violence in their intimate relationships .The participants were selected based on purposive and convenience sampling and also their willingness to participate. The sample consisted of six participants between the ages of 18 – 45 years old, residing in Tshwane, South Africa. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews. A qualitative methodological design was used to collect and explore information about the participants’ personal experiences with domestic violence. Hycner’s explicitation process was employed to identify the four main themes, namely the participants’ experience of domestic violence; socio economic factors; cultural differences, and domestic violence during pregnancy. Each main theme was comprised of sub-themes. The findings of this study differed slightly in comparison with the existing body of literature that highlight substance abuse as one of the highest risk factors for the occurrence of domestic violence in intimate relationships. In this study, other risk factors such as pregnancy and socio-economic factors played a much bigger role than substance abuse as the key risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of domestic violence. / INingizimu Afrika ingenye yamazwe omhlaba anamazinga aphezulu odlame nokuhlukunyezwa kwabesimame ngokocansi. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuqondisisa izimbangela zodlame lwasekhaya yinto eyisixakaxaka ukuyiqondisisa kanti futhi kuyinselele ukukala izinto ezinobungozi kwabesimame. Kodwa ngisho noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqondisisa kanye nokwazi izinto ezinobungozi ezihambisana nodlame lwasekhaya ukuze lukwazi ukuvinjelwa. Lolu cwaningo oluhlaziya ngaphandle kokuthatha uhlangothi, lunenhloso yokuphenyisisa indlela abantu besimame abangamaxhoba odlame abalubona nolubaphatha ngayo udlame lwasekhaya kanye nokubheka izinto ezinobungozi (ezifana nokusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala nezidakamizwa, udlame emakhaya okuqala abahlukumezi, izinto eziqondene nomuntu siqu, umehluko kwezamasiko, eziphathelene nomnotho nabantu kanye nomphumela ekukhulelweni), okungaba yizinto ezinomthelela kudlame lwasekhaya ebudlelwananeni basekhaya. Abantu ababambe iqhaza kucwaningo bakhethwe ngokulandela isampuli enenhloso yokukhetha abathile abazohlangabezana nenhloso yocwaningo kanye nokuzimisela kwabo ukubamba iqhaza kucwaningo. Isampuli ibinababambi-qhaza abayisithupha abaphakathi kweminyaka engu 18 ukuya kwengu 45 ubudala, okwamanje abahlala eTshwane. I-data itholakala ngokwenza ama-interview ahlelekile kodwa angenamkhawulo kakhulu. Kusetshenziswe idizayini yocwaningo esebenzisa i-qualitative method ukuqoqa nokuthola ulwazi maqondana nezipiliyino zababambi-qhaza kudlame lwasekhaya. Kusetshenziswe inqubo ye-Hycner's explicitation ukuphawula izihloko ezine ezinkulu, ukuyizipiliyoni zababambi-qhaza kudlame lwasekhaya, izinto eziphathelene nabantu nomnotho, umehluko kwezamasiko, udlame lwasekhaya ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Isihloko nesihloko esikhulu, besihlukaniswe ngezihlokwana ezincane. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo yehlukile kancane uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imibhalo ekhona egqamisa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa njengenye yezinto ezinkulu eziyingozi nembangela yodlame lwasekhaya kanye nakubudlelwane babantu abasondelene kakhulu. Kulolu cwaningo, ezinye izinto eziyizingozi ezifana nokuhlukunyezwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye nokuphathelene nabantu nomnotho kunendima enkulu kunokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa notshwala njengezinto eziphezulu kakhulu ezinomthelela kudlame lwasekhaya. / Afrika Tshipembe ḽi vhukati ha phimo ya nṱhesa ya khakhathi dza zwa vhudzekani na dza u huvhadza vhafumakadzi kha ḽifhasi. Ṱhoḓisiso i sumbedza uri u pfesesa vhakwameaho nga khakhathi dza mitani zwi a konḓa nga maanḓa na u elwa ha zwiitisi zwa khombo zwi vhonala zwi khaedu vhukuma. Fhedziha, ndi zwa ndeme u pfesesa na u wana zwiitisi zwa khombo zwine zwa tshimbilelana na khakhathi dza miṱani u itela uri dzi kone u thivhelwa. Iyi ndi ngudo ya ṱhoḓisiso nga tshenzhemo yo livhiswaho kha u ṱhoḓisisa tshenzhemo ye vhafumakadzi vho ṱanganaho na khakhathi dza mitani vha tshenzhema na u ṱoda u wanulusa zwithu zwi vhangaho khombo iyi. (zwine zwa nga vha tshumiso ya zwikambi na zwidzidzivhadzi, khakhathi dza murahu muṱani, vhuvha ha muthu, zwiitisi zwa ikonomi ya matshilisano, phambano ya mvelele, u ḓihwala) zwine zwa nga vha zwo livhisa kha u bvelela ha khakhathi dza miṱani kha vhafunani. Vhadzheneli vho tiwa zwo ḓitika nga ndivho nauri vha tsinisa na lutamo lwa u dzhenelela lwa avho vhathu. Sambula yo vhumbwa nga zwipiḓa zwa rathi zwa vhadzheneli vha miṅwaha ya vhukati ha 18 – 45, vhane zwa zwino vha dzula kha ḽa Tshwane. Data yo kuvhanganywa nga kha mbudziso dzi sa langiho kufhindulele. Nḓila ya u tandula ‘qualitative’ yo shumiswa u kuvhanganya na u ṱhaṱhuvha zwidodombedzwa nga ha tshenzhemo dza vhadzheneli nga ha khakhathi dza miṱani. Kuitele kwa Hycner a songo ḓoweleaho kwo shumiswa u wana ṱhoho dza ndeme nṋa; dzine dza vha tshenzhemo ya vhadzheneli nga ha khakhathi dza miṱani, zwiitisi zwa ikonomi ya matshilisano; phambano ya mvelele, na dzikhakhathi dza miṱani nga tshifhinga vho ḓihwala. Ṱhoho khulwane yo vhumbwa nga ṱhoho ṱhukhu. Mawanwa a ngudo iyi a fhambana nyana na mbambedzo na tshivhumbeo tsha maṅwalo ane a vha hone ane a ombedzela tshumiso ya zwidzidzivhadzi sa tshiṅwe tsha tshivhangi tshihulwane tsha khakhathi dza miṱani kha vhushaka ha vhafunani. Kha ngudo iyi, dziṅwe khombo dzi fananho na u ḓihwala na zwiitisi zwa ikonomi ya matshilisano zwi vha zwivhangi zwihulwane u fhira tshumiso ya zwidzidzivhadzi na zwiitisi zwa khombo zwa ndeme zwine zwa vhanga khakhathi dza miṱani. / Psychology / M.A.(Psychology)

Text in English with abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Zulu / Zanzibar is a region with a rich coastal biodiversity, with the marine environment providing a vast majority of the nation’s income through fishing and tourism activities. These coastal resources consist of white sandy beaches and clear blue water, rich in biodiversity and ecosystem processes. The human coastal populations residing in many of the coastal villages rely on the ocean to provide means of sustenance and income through fishing activities. In order to effectively manage these coastal resources, an integrated resource and environmental management approach needs to be adopted. This study aimed to identify and investigate the current fishing practices used by local fishermen by means of semi-structured interviews and informal discussions with local fishermen and villagers. The study shows that a vast majority of the fishermen, who reside in the villages surrounding Mnemba Island, are of the opinion that the increased number of tourist-related activities has resulted in a decline in fish stocks. This was attributed to the steady increase in the number of fishermen, as well as the lack of proper fishing vessels and equipment. This study also assessed data provided by the &Beyond Lodge situated on Mnemba Island. The study provides recommendations and conclusions for effective fisheries management in order to achieve a sustainable fishing model for the fishing grounds surrounding Mnemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania. / Zanzibar spog met wit sandstrande, helderblou water en ʼn groot biodiversiteit kuslangs. Naas toerisme is visvang die vernaamste inkomstebron. Die inwoners van talle kusdorpe maak immers ʼn bestaan uit visvang. ʼn Geïntegreerde hulpbron- en omgewingsbestuursplan is noodsaaklik om hulpbronne langs die kus volhoubaar te benut. Hierdie studie het gepoog om die heersende visvangpraktyke te bepaal deur halfgestruktureerde onderhoude en informele gesprekke met vissers en kusbewoners te voer. Data wat deur die &Beyond Lodge op die eiland Mnemba verstrek is, is ook by die studie betrek. Dit blyk dat die meeste vissers, wat op die eiland Mnemba woon, van mening is dat groeiende toerisme ʼn daling in visgetalle tot gevolg het. Hulle skryf die kleiner vangste insgelyks toe aan ʼn geleidelike toename in die aantal vissers en ʼn gebrek aan behoorlike vissersvaartuie en toerusting. Hierdie studie doen ten slotte aanbevelings vir ʼn volhoubare bestuursmodel in die visvanggebied om die eiland Mnemba digby Zanzibar in Tanzanië. / I-Zanzibar iyisiyingi esinothe ngenhlobo eyahlukahlukene yendalo yemvelo engasogwini lolwandle, kanti indawo yasolwandle yiyo kanye engenisa imali eningi ngemisebenzi yokudoba kanye nemboni yezokuvakasha. Le mithombo eyigugu elingasogwini lolwandle yequkethe amabhishi anezihlabathi zolwandle ezimhlophe kanye namanzi acwebezelayo, kanti inothile ngendalo yemvelo kanye nohlelo lwendalo yemvelo. Izihlwele zabantu ezihlala ngasogwini lolwandle ezigodini eziningi ezigudle ulwandle impilo yazo yencike olwandle ukuze iziphilise futhi ingenise imali ngokudoba izinhlanzi. Ukuze le ithombo yempilo yasolwandle ilawulwe ngendlela efanele, kudingeka uhlelo lwezokuphathwa kwendawo olwamukelekile. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuvumbulula kanye nokuphenya izingqubo zokudoba ezisetshenziswa abadobi basekhaya ngokuqhuba izinhlolovo ezihleliwe kanye nezingxoxo ezingahlelekile nabadobi bendawo kanye nezakhamuzi zalezo zigodi. Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi inqwaba yabadobi abahlala ezindaweni ezigudle isiQhingi saseMnemba zinombono wokuthi inani elengeziwe lemisebenzi emayelana nezivakashi yiyo kanye esedale ukuthi inani lezinhlanzi linciphe kanti futhi lokhu sekuholele ekutheni kukhule inani labadobi basezindaweni lezo zasemakhaya kanye nokwentuleka kweziketshana zokudoba ezifanele kanye nezisetshenziswa. Lolu cwaningo futhi luhlola idatha enikezelwe yi--the &Beyond Lodge engasesiQhingini saseMnemba. Ucwaningo lunikeza izinqumo kanye neziphetho ezimayelana nokuphatha kahle ukuze kufinyelelwe kwimodeli yezokudoba esimelele ukwenzela indawo yokudoba ezombeleze isiQhingi saseMnemba, e-Zanzibar kanye naseTanzania. / Department of Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Text in English with abstracts in English, Afrikaans and isiZulu. Translated titles in Afrikaans and isiZulu. / This study examines the symbiotic relationships between Hopi traditional arts, the use of art and narrative as mnemonic device, and embedded references to the Fourth World narrative that describes how the Hopi people climbed from a troubled Third World into the current spatio-temporal era, the Fourth World. (The original oral narrative was published by anthropologist Harold Courlander and anonymous consultants in 1971 as The Fourth World of the Hopis: The Epic Story of the Hopi Indians as Preserved in Their Legends and Traditions.) This study posits that the traditional arts of the Hopi and their forebears serve as visual and oral reiterations of the Fourth World narrative, including their emergence from an opening in the earth known as the sipaapuni. After promising to live a harsh but reverent life, the land’s guardian, Maasaw, made the arid southwestern North American land theirs. The Hopi people call these lands Hopi Tutskwa, the original home of the migrating “Ancestral Puebloan” predecessors. The Hopi consider objects, habitation sites, structures, and other sacred features to be these ancestors’ embodied “footprints.” This study describes how diverse Hopi arts are both Ancestral Puebloan “footprints,” and what archaeologists define as “exographic” objects or mnemonic forms of “symbolic storage.” The use of mnemonic objects within the Puebloan culture has been documented as early as 1630 by Fray Alonso de Benavides who noted the use of “knotted strings” as a form of recording “sins” (Morrow, 1996:42). As they relate to mnemonic technology, Hopi arts and lifeways expand the boundaries of Western art history studies to include elements of archaeology and anthropology. Within these interdisciplinary contexts, objects and imagery are not simply “art” in the Western sense, but embodiments of cultural belief and visual reiterations of oral narratives which preserve intrinsic cultural knowledge and belief. This study suggests that what has previously been categorised as Hopi “art” within Western academic contexts is instead an extension of the West’s tradition of ekphrasis, or simply “writing about art.” Therefore, Western academia inappropriately emphasises chronological form, style, and development within Hopi arts rather than the significant cognitive role art plays within the culture of the people. As traditional metaphors for or reiterations of the Fourth World narrative, this study shows how content embedded within Hopi arts is most appropriately studied through iconological and mytholinguistic analysis as they best serve the Hopi people’s non-Western oracy-based tradition. / Hierdie studie ondersoek die simbiotiese verhoudings tussen die Hopi se tradisionele kunsvorme; hulle gebruik van kuns en narratief as mnemoniese middele; en ingebedde verwysings na die Vierdewêreld-narratief wat vertel hoe die Hopi-nasie bo ’n veelbewoë Derde Wêreld kon uitstyg en die huidige tydruimtelike era, die Vierde Wêreld, kon betree. (Die oorspronklike orale narratief, The Fourth World of the Hopis: The Epic Story of the Hopi Indians as Preserved in Their Legends and Traditions, is in 1971 deur die antropoloog Harold Courlander en anonieme konsultante gepubliseer.) Hierdie studie voer aan dat die tradisionele kunste van die Hopi’s en hul voorvaders dien as visuele en orale reïterasies van die Vierdewêreld-narratief, insluitende hulle verskyning deur ’n opening in die aarde wat as die sipaapuni bekend staan.Nadat hulle beloof het om 'n moeilike dog eerbiedige lewe te leef, het die bewaker van die land, Maasaw, die woestynagtige suidweste van Noord-Amerika aan hulle gegee. Die Hopi-nasie het hierdie streek Hopi Tutskwa, die oorspronklike tuiste van die swerwende “Voorvaderlike Puebloaanse” voorgangers, genoem. Die Hopi beskou objekte, woonterreine, strukture en ander heilige elemente as vergestaltings van die voorvaders se “voetspore”.Volgens die studie is uiteenlopende Hopi-kunsvorme nie net Voorvaderlike Puebloaanse “voetspore” nie, maar ook die “eksografiese” objekte of mnemoniese vorme van “simboliese bewaring” wat deur argeoloë omskryf word. Die aanwending van mnemoniese objekte in die Puebloaanse kultuur is reeds in 1630 opgeteken deur Fray Alonso de Benavides. Hy het vermeld dat knope in toue gemaak is om van “sondes” boek te hou (Morrow, 1996:42). Die verband wat Hopi-kunsvorme en -lewenswyses met mnemonise tegnologie hou, verbreed die grense van Westerse kunsgeskiedenisstudie om ook elemente van argeologie en antropologie in te sluit. In hierdie interdissiplinêre kontekste is objekte en beelde nie net eenvoudig “kuns” in die Westerse sin van die woord nie; dit is ook ’n vergestalting van kulturele oortuigings en visuele reiterasies van orale narratiewe wat intrinsieke kulturele kennis en oortuigings bewaar. Hierdie studie voer aan dat dit wat voorheen in Westerse akademiese kontekste as Hopi-“kuns” gekategoriseer is, in werklikheid ’n verlenging is van die Westerse ekphrasis-tradisie, wat eenvoudig beteken “om oor kuns te skryf”. Westerse akademici plaas dus ’n onvanpaste klem op die chronologiese vorm, styl en ontwikkeling van Hopi-kuns in plaas daarvan om die kognitiewe rol wat kuns in die kultuur speel, te beklemtoon. Hierdie studie toon hoe die ingebedde inhoud van Hopi-kunsvorme, as tradisionele metafore vir en reiterasies van die Vierdewêreld-narratief, op die mees gepaste wyse bestudeer kan word deur ikonologiese en mitolinguistieke ontleding van die Hopi-nasie se nie-Westerse tradisie wat op geletterdheid van die gesproke woord (oracy) gebaseer is. / Lolu cwaningo luhlolisisa ubuhlobo bobudlelwane obukhona phakathi kobuciko bamasiko endabuko amaHopi, ukusetshenziswa kobuciko nokulandisa njengamadivaysi aphathelene nokukhumbuza kanye nezinkomba ezifakwe emlandweni Wesine Womhlaba ochaza ukuthi abantu bamaHopi bakhuphuka kanjani ezweni elabe liyinkinga ukufinyeleleni kulesikhathi sanamuhla soMhlaba Wesine. (Indaba yokuqala elandisayo exoxwayo yashicilelwa umuntu oyisazi seanthropholoji esaziwa ngokuthi nguHarold Courlander kanye nabaxhumanisi abangaziwa ngonyaka ka1971 njengengoMhlaba Wesine wamaHopi: Indaba Yokubonga Amaqhawe abantu abangaMandiya angamaHopi njengoba Kugcinwe kuyiZinganekwane Namasiko abo). Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ubuciko bamasiko bamaHopi kanye nabokhokho babo babedlulisa imilayezo ngezinto eziphindaphindiwe ezibukwayo nezidluliswa ngomlomo ekulandiseni ngoMhlaba Wesine, kufaka phakathi ukuvela kwawo ekuvuleni emhlabeni owaziwa ngokuthi yisipaapuni. Ngemuva kokuthembisa ukuthi uzophila impilo enzima kodwa ehloniphekile, umgcini wezwe uMasaaw wenza umhlaba omelele eningizimu nasentshonalanga neNyakatho neMelika ukuthi ube ngowabo. AmaHopi abiza lemihlaba ngokuthi yiHopi Tutskwa, okuyikhaya langempela olwafuduka “koKhokho wePuebloan” owayekhona esikhundleni ngaphambilini. AmaHopi abheka izinto, izindawo zokuhlala, izakhiwo kanye nezinye izici ezingcwele ukuba zibe yilezo zinto ezifakwe "ezinyathelweni" zokhokho. Lolu cwaningo luchaza ubuciko obuhlukahlukene bamaHopi obusho “izinyathelo” Zokhokho bePuebloan kanye nalokho okuchazwa ngabantu abaphenya ngezinto zasendulo okuthiwa ama-akhiyoloji njengezinto "eziyi ekzografi " noma izinto iziphathelene nokukhumbula okuthile "okuwuphawu olugciniwe". Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphathelene nokukhujulwayo osikweni lwamaPuebloan laqoshwa phansi kusukela eminyakeni ye-1630 nguFray Alonso de Benavides oye waqaphela ukusetshenziswa “kwezintambo eziboshiwe” njengento yokuqopha noma ukurekhoda “izono” (Morrow, 1996:42) Njengoba zihlobene nobuchwepheshe bezinto ezikhunjulwayo, ubuciko bamaHopi nokuphila kwabo kwandisa imingcele yezifundo zomlando yaseNtshonalanga okufaka phakathi izinto zama-akhiyoloji nama anthropholoji. Ngaphakathi komongo wezizinda ezahlukene, izinto nemifanekiso akuzona nje izinto ezilula “eziwubuciko” ngokomqondo waseNtshonalanga, kodwa ukukhombisa izinkolelo zamasiko kanye imilayezo ngezinto eziphindaphindiwe ezibukwayo nezidluliswa ngomlomo ezigcina ulwazi lwangaphakathi olujwayelekile lwamasiko nenkolelo. Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi yini eyabekwa yahlelwa nje "ngobuciko" bamaHopi ngaphakathi kwezimo zezemfundo zaseNtshonalanga kunalokho kwandiswa isiko laseNtshonalanga okuwu buciko bokukhuluma, noma “ukubhala ngosiko”. Ngakho-ke, izazi ngezemfundo zaseNtshonalanga zagcizelela okungalungile ngendlela yokulandelana, isitayela nentuthuko ngaphakathi kobuciko bamaHopi esikhundleni sendima ebalulekile yokuqonda edlalwa ubuciko osikweni lwabantu. Njengamazwibela wendabuko wokungathekisa noma ekulandiseni ngoMhlaba Wesine ngokuphindaphindiwe, lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kufakwe kanjani ebucikweni bamaHopi okuyindlela efanelekile okufundwa ngayo kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya ayikhonoloji kanye nesayensi ephathelene nolimi lwezinganekwane njengoba babechaza abantu abangamaHopi olwakhelwe osikweni lokuxoxwa ngomlomo okungelona lwaseNtshonalanga. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Art History)

Abstracts in English and Zulu / Immunisation is a cost-effective public health intervention that contributes to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). About 40% of children under the age of five years die from vaccine-preventable diseases in Nigeria. Routine immunisation has been quite low in Nigeria, where national coverage is estimated to be 33%, according to a 2016–2017 survey. This empirical research was aimed at determining the key socio-economic and gender determinants of immunisation in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), identifying gaps and proffering solutions. Mixed methods of data collection and analysis were used. Data were gathered from several secondary sources and from 11 key informants using semi-structured interviews and 501 household and 26 health-facility surveys using questionnaires mounted on Open Data Kit. Lot quality assurance sampling and probability to population size methodology were used to size the samples and identify survey locations. Odds ratio analysis and logistic regression analysis were conducted to gauge the statistical association between the determinants and the coverage of immunisation. The main finding that was reached on the basis of the documents reviewed and the feedback received from the key informants was that they were gender blind at worst and gender neural at best. Most of the current strategies give little attention to socio-economic and gender barriers. Over 40 immunisation variables were identified. The analysis, particularly using the 2x2 odds ratio, yielded mixed results. The majority of the variables exhibited a close statistical association as far as immunisation indices were concerned. These variables included urban residency, married couples, literacy, birth at a health facility, antenatal care experience, vaccination card possession, immunisation knowledge, child health information, non-farming earnings, socio-economic status and tolerance of spouse beating. On the other hand, variables that were found to have no statistical significance included sex, marital status, marriage type, age, religion, tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccination and adequacy of income. Immunisation and gender are intertwined, particularly because of mothers’ biological and social attachment to their children. At the same time, conducting vaccination avails the opportunity to access almost all households. Moreover, it is important to recognise that socio-economic and gender determinants are not totally in control of one ministry. Single agenda interventions will not produce the desired result. A paradigm shift and the concerted effort of various sectors and partners are required. Therefore, the Nigerian government should galvanise the relevant stakeholders to bring gender and socio-economic variables into the mainstream throughout the immunisation ecosystem and to implement integrated development initiatives by prioritising vulnerable communities. / Ugonyo yindlela engcono yokungenela kwezempilo yabantu engathela esivivaneni ekufinyeleleni izinhloso zentuthuko eqhubekela phambili ezaziwa ngelokuthi yi- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Cishe izingane ezifinyelela ku 40% ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu zibulawa yizifo ezivimbelekayo ngomgcabo emitholampilo eNigeria. Ukugonya njalo kusezingeni eliphansi eNigeria, laphokhona ukwengamela kuzwelonke kulinganiselwa ku 33%, ngokuya kocwaningo olwenziwe phakathi kuka 2016-2017. Ucwaningo lokuthola ubufakazi lwalunenhloso yokubona imithelela yezesimo sabantu nomnotho (socio-economic) kanye nobulili ngokugonya kwi-Federal Capital Territory (FCT) ukubona amagebe kanye nokutholakala kwezixazululo. Amamethodi axubene okuqokelela ulwazi kanye nohlaziyo kwasetshenziswa. Ulwazi lwaqokelelwa ngokufunda imithombo yemibhalo (secondary sources) kanye nakubantu ababalulekile abanolwazi (key informants) abangu 11 ngokusebenzisa ama-semi-structured interview kanye nemizi engu 501 kanye namasurvey amafasilithi ezempilo angu 26 ngokusebenzisa uhla lwemibuzo yamaquestionnaire ebifakelwe kwi-Open Data Kit. Kwasetshenziswa nemethodi ye-Lot quality assurance sampling ne-probability, ngemethodoloji yobuningi babantu, ukwenza usayizi wamasampuli kanye nokubona izindawo okumele kwenziwe kuzo ama-survey. Kwenziwa nohlaziyo lwe-Odds ratio analysis kanye ne-logisic regression analysis ukubona ukuhambelana kwamastatistiki phakathi kwezinto eziwumthelela kanye nokunaba kongamelo lokwenziwa kogonyo. Okukhulu okutholakele ngokulandela amadokhumende okufundwe kuwo, kanye nezimpendulo ezivela kulabo abanolwazi ababalulekile (key informants) kube wukuthi bekungaboneleli ubulili (gender blind) kanti futhi bekungachemile ngokulandela ubulili (gender neutral) ngezinga elibi nangokungcono kakhulu. Amasu amaningi amanje awanakekeli kakhulu izihibe ezimayelana nabantu nezomnotho kanye nezobulili. Kwaphawulwa cishe izinto ezehlukene zama-variable ezingu 40 mayelana nogonyo. Uhlaziyo, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa i 2x2 odds ratio, lwaveza imiphumela exubene. Ezinto zama-variable ehlukene eziningi zikhombise ukuhlobana phakathi kwamastatistiki mayelana namaindices ogonyo. Lama variable, abandakanye ukuhlala emadolobheni, abantu abashadile, ikhono lokubhala nokufunda, ukuzalwa kwezingane kumafasilithi ezempilo, izipiliyoni zonakekelo lwengane ngaphambi kokuzalwa, ukuba nekhadi lomgcabo ix wasemitholampilo, ulwazi ngogonyo, ulwazi ngempilo yengane, ukuthola imali ngemisebenzi engeyona eyokulima, isimo sabantu mayelana nezomnotho, kanye nokuqinisela ukuhlukunyezwa ngokushaywa kwabesimame. Kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-variable atholakale engenakho ukubaluleka ngokwamastatistiki, abandakanya ubulili, isimo ngokomendo, inhlobo yomendo, iminyaka yobudala, inkolo, umgcabo we-tetanus toxoid (TT), kanye nokwenela kwengeniso lemali. Ugonyo kanye nobulili kuyangenelana nokuhambelana, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokusondelana komama kanye nezingane zabo. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukwenziwa kogonyo kuhlinzeka ngethuba lokufinyelela cishe kuwo yonke imizi eminingi. Nangaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukwamukela ukuthi isimo sabantu mayelana nezomnotho kanye nobulili kuyizinto ezinomthelela, azinalo ulawulo oluphelele kumnyango kangqongqoshe owodwa. Ungenelo ngento eyodwa ngeke kwaveza imiphumela efiswayo. Ukugudluka ngokomqondo (paradigm shift), kanye nemizamo eqhubekela phambili yemikhakha ehlukene kanye nabasebenzisani kuyadingeka. Ngakho-ke uhulumeni waseNigeria, kumele agqugquzele ababambiqhaza abafanele ukuhlanganisa nokufaka emkhakheni ofanele izinto ezimayelana nabantu nomnotho kanye nobulili, kuyo yonke inqubo yokusebenzisana kwemikhakha okumele isebenzisane nehlangene ukusebenza ngokulandela inqubo yentuthuko ehlangane ngokubonelela imiphakathi ekwizimo ezibucayi / Development Studies / D. Phil. (Development Studies)

Text in English / Abstracts in English, isiXhosa and Afrikaaans / This study’s primary objective was to create a framework for developing authenticity, by exploring women’s experiences of authenticity and how these relate to their wellbeing in a male-dominated work environment. Twelve purposively chosen women participated in the study, comprising six police officers and six traffic officers from the Western Cape province in South Africa. Data were gathered through narrative interviews by using open-ended questions, and analysed by applying thematic analysis. The research findings revealed that challenges or stressors in their law enforcement environment serve as potential agents for moving the self away from best-self in the authenticity dynamic, resulting in the need for coping and therefore for developing authenticity. The framework for developing authenticity was constructed as an ongoing and unfolding process comprising the following: experiencing challenges or stressors; turning within; recognising possible ways of being; managing perceptions, thoughts, emotions and behaviour; making conscious choices and taking responsible actions; as well as evaluating responses and consequences against best-self standards. During this process various best-self characteristics and associated skills are developed and employed, but also serve as best-self standards against which to evaluate growth and transformation. Secondary objectives aimed to advance the concept of authenticity in the study of well-being as a discipline of psychology. It also aimed to make a methodological contribution by applying hermeneutic phenomenological and transpersonal approaches in a novel way. / Eyona njongo yesisifundo ibikukuphuhlisa umgaqo nkqubo wokwenene, oqwalasela izinto abantu basetyhini abadlule kuzo kwaye nokuba zingqamane njani nentlalontle yabo kwindawo zokusebenza eziphethwe ngamadoda. Ishumi elinesibini labasetyhini elikhethwe ngenjongo, liye lathatha inxaxheba kwesi sifundo, eliquka amapolisa amathandathu kunye namagos’ezendlel'amathandathu, avela kwiphondo Lentshona Koloni eMzantsi Afrika. Kusetyenziswe udliwano ndlebe apho abantu bebe balisa amabali abo, bebuzwa imibuzo efuna impendulo ezingqalileyo ukuqokelela ezinkcukacha kwaye zahlalutywa ngokusebenzisa uhlalutyo oluthile. Uphando lufumanise ukuba imiceli mingeni okanye uxinizelelo lwengqondo kwiimeko zokugunyaziswa komthetho zisebenza njenge arhente zokubasusa ekubeni babalasele kwinguqu yokwenene, nto leyo ebangela kubekho imfuneko yokuba banyamezele kwaye kubekho uhlumo lokwenene. Umgaqo nkqubo wophuhliso lokwenene wakhiwe njenge nkqubo eqhubekayo equka ezizinto zilandelayo: ukudibana nemiceli mingeni okanye uxinezelelo nezinokwenzeka ngayo izinto; ukulawula iingcamango, iingcinga, imvakalelo kunye nendlela yokuziphatha, ukuthatha izigqibo ezi zizo kunye nokuthatha uxanduva lwezenzo zakho; kwaye uphonononge indlela abaphendula ngayo kwakunyegokwase ngqondweni; ukonganyelwa ngaphakathi; ukubona indlela ezinokwenzeka ngayo izinto; ukulawula iingcamango, iingcinga, imvakalelo kunye nendlela yokuziphatha, ukuthatha izigqibo ezi zizo kunye nokuthatha uxanduva lwezenzo zakho; kwaye uphonononge indlela abaphendula ngayo kwakunye neziphumo ezinxamnye nomgangatho wokuba ubalasele. Ngexesha lalenkqubo iimpawu zakho ezihamba phambili nezohlukeneyo, kunye nezakhono ezinxulumene nazo ziyaphuhliswa kwaye uqashwe, kodwa zikwa ncedisa njenge milinganiselo yokuvavanya ukukhula kunye notshintsho. Iinjongo zesibini zijolise ekuqhubekekiseni lemfundiso yokwenene kwisifundo sentlalo-ntle njenge ngqeqesho yasengqondweni. Kwakhona, kwenzelwe ukwenza igalelo leendlela zokwenza izinto ngokusebenzisa iindlela zophando ngokusebenza kwengqondo yomntu (hermeneutic), kunye nophando lwamava kunye neenkolelo zomntu, ngeedlela ezintsha. / Die primêre doel van hierdie studie was om 'n raamwerk vir die ontwikkeling van egtheid te skep, deur vroue se ervarings van egtheid te ondersoek en hoe dit verband hou met hul welstand in 'n manlik-gedomineerde werksomgewing. Twaalf doelgerig gekose vrouens het deelgeneem aan die studie, wie bestaan het uit ses polisiebeamptes en ses verkeersbeamptes uit die Wes-Kaapse provinsie in Suid- Afrika. Data was versamel deur middel van narratiewe onderhoude deur oop vrae te gebruik, en ontleed deur tematiese analise toe te pas. Die navorsingsbevindings het aan die lig gebring dat uitdagings of stressors in hul wetstoepassingsomgewing as potensiële agente dien om die self weg te beweeg van die beste-self in die egtheid dinamika, wat die behoefte aan coping tot gevolg het en dus vir die ontwikkeling van egtheid. Die raamwerk vir die ontwikkeling van egtheid is saamgestel as 'n deurlopende en ontvouende proses wat die volgende insluit: ervaring van uitdagings of stressors; keer na binne; erkenning van moontlike maniere om te wees; hantering van persepsies, gedagtes, emosies en gedrag; maak bewustelike keuses en neem verantwoordelike aksies; sowel as die evaluering van reaksies en gevolge teen die beste-self standaarde. Gedurende hierdie proses word verskeie beste-self eienskappe en verwante vaardighede ontwikkel en aangewend, maar dien ook as die beste-self standaarde om groei en transformasie te evalueer. Sekondêre doelwitte het ten doel om die konsep van egtheid in die studie van welstand as dissipline van sielkunde te bevorder. Dit is ook daarop gemik om 'n metodologiese bydrae te lewer deur hermeneutiese fenomenologiese en transpersoonlike benaderings op 'n nuwe manier toe te pas. / Psychology / Ph. D. (Psychology)

Abstracts in English, Zulu and Sotho / The provision of education through an open and distance learning (ODL) mode calls for institutions of higher learning to provide support services that can respond to students’ needs and expectations, and impact positively on their learning experiences. Tutorial support is one of the pillars of student support services which contribute to the academic success of students in this academic context. The use of technology has led institutions of higher learning to change the way support is provided to students by integrating online learning to reach students who cannot attend traditional face-to-face (F2F) tutorials at a specified time and venue. The University of South Africa (Unisa) responds to these global changes by integrating F2F and online services to support its students through the integrated tutor model (ITM) which seeks to address the learning needs and expectations of students. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of this ITM. The study was guided by a social constructivist theory of learning supported by connectivism, empathy theory and Salmon’s five stage model of e-learning. The fundamental theory of social constructivism is based on the assumption that learning is constructed in a social setting before individuals engage with knowledge. The experiences of individuals play a big role in the construction of knowledge hence it is crucial to acknowledge their prior knowledge. Students who are supported through the ITM in the six Unisa regional service centres and the Unisa staff involved in the implementation of the ITM participated in the study. A purposive sampling technique was used to select these participants. A random sampling technique was also used to sample students to complete a questionnaire. Qualitative data were collected through individual and focus group interviews and documents analysis. The findings of this study reveal that the ITM is not quite ffective as it partly meets the students’ needs and does not meet students’ expectations. This is because Unisa offers students’ needs such as F2F and online tutor support for some modules. However, students’ expectations in terms of receiving teaching by tutors, provision of assignment aswers to students, fully fledged resource provision in the learning centres and receiving technical support from tutors are not met. In light of the findings, the study contributes to the ITM by identifying and filling its gaps using the Context, Input, Process and Product (CIPP) model of evaluation. The improvements will assist Unisa to relook at the ITM to intensify its support for students to fully meet their needs and expectations. / Uhlelo lokuhlinzeka ngemfundo olusebenzisa uhlelo oluvulekile nohlelo lokufunda ukude (ODL) linxusa amaziko emfundo aphakeme ukuthi anikeze anikeze izinsiza ezixhasayo ezingabhekana nezidingo nezinhloso ezilindelwe kubafundi kanti futhi zinomthelela omuhle ohlelweni lwabo lokufunda. Uxhaso lweThuthoriyali ngolunye lwezinsika zemisebenzi yokuxhasa abafundi olunegalelo kwimpumelelo yabafundi kwezemfundo kulesi sizinda sezemfundo. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchepheshe sekuholele amaziko emfundo ephakeme ukuba aguqule indlela abafundi abaxhaswa ngayo – ngokuhlanganisa uhlelo lokufunda nge-inthanedi ukufinyelela abafundi abangeke bakwazi ukuya kumathuthoriyali okuhlangana nabafundi ngobuso nobuso (F2F) ngesikhathi kanye nendaweni enqunyiwe.. INyuvesi yaseNingizimu Afrika (Unisa) ibhekene nalezi zinguquko zomhlaba ngokuhlanganisa uhlelo lwe-F2F kanye nezinsiza zohlelo lwe-inthanedi ukuxhasa abafundi bayo ngokusebenzisa imodeli ehlanganisiwe yamatjhutha (ITM) efuna ukwanelisa izidingo zokufunda kanye nezinhloso ezilindwe abafundi. Ucwaningo beluqonde ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lwa le ITM. Ucwaningo belulandela ithoyori ebizwa nge-social constructivist theory of learning ngokuxhaswa ukuxhumana (connectivism), i-empathy theory kanye nemodeli yokufunda kaSalmon yezigaba ezinhlanu. Ithiyori yokuqala yokwakhiwa komphakathi isuselwa phezu komqondo wokuthi ukufunda kwakheka ngaphansi kwesizinda sabantu ngaphambi kokuthi abantu bahlangane nolwazi. Ulwazi abantu abahlangabezana nalo ezimpilweni zabo ludlala indima esemqoka ekwakhiweni kolwazi, kanti-ke kubalulekile ukwamukela ulwazi lwabo lwangaphambilini. Abafundi abaxhaswa ngohlelo lwe-ITM ezikhungweni ezisebenzayo eziyisithupha zezifunda kanye nabasebenzi ababandakanyeka ekusetshenzisweni kwe-ITM bazibandakaye kulolu cwaningo. Indlela yesampuli enezinhloso isetshenziselwe ukukhetha labadlalindima, kanti ngakwenye ingxenye indlela yokuksampula yinoma ngubani isetshenzisiwe ukusampula abafundi ukuba baqede umbhalo wemibuzo. Idatha eyencike kwingxoxo iqoqwe ngokusebenzisa izinhlolovo zabantu kanye namaqembu aqondiwe kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemibhalo. Ulwazi olutholakele lwalolu cwaningo luveza ukuthi i-ITM ayisebenzi kahle njengoba yanelisa izidingo zabantu ngokwesigamu, kodwa lolu hlelo lwe-ITM alufinyeleli izinhloso zabo ezilindelwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-Unisa ifeza izidingo ngokuhlinzeka, isibonelo, ngohlelo lokufundisa lwe-F2F kanye nohlelo lwe-inthanedi lwamatshutha uma kunesidingo sabanye omojuli. Yize-kunjalo, izimpokophelo ezilindelwe ngabafundi mayelana nokuhlinzekwa ngemfundo eyethulwa ngamatshutha, ngokunikezwa izimpendulo zama-asayimenti kubafundi, ngokusebenzisa imithombo eqotho ezikhungweni zokufunda kanye nokuthola uxhaso lwesithekinikhali oluvela kumatshutha akuyona imisebenzi efeza lokhu. Ngokolwazi olutholakele, ucwaningo lufaka igalelo kwi-ITM ngokwehlukanisa kanye nokuvala izikhala zalo ngokusebenzisa i-Context. I-Input, uHlelo kanye noMkhiqizo (CIPP) okuyimodeli yokuhlola. Izintuthuko zizonceda i-Unisa ukuba ibuyekeze i-ITM ukuqinisa uxhaso lwayo kubafundi ukuze kufezwe izidingo kanye nezinhloso zabo ezilindelwe. / Kabo ya thuto ka mokgwa wa go ithuta ga phatlalatša le ga kgole (ODL) o ipiletša go dihlongwa tša thuto ya godimo go fana ka ditirelo tša thekgo tšeo di ka kgonago go arabela dinyakwa le dikemelo tša baithuti le go ama gabotse maitemogelo a bona a go ithuta. Thekgo ya dithutišo ke ye nngwe ya dikokwane tša ditirelo tša thekgo ya baithuti tšeo di tsenyago letsogo go katlego ya baithuti ka mo seemong se sa thuto. Tšhomišo ya theknolotši e dirile gore dihlongwa tša thuto ya godingwana go fetoša ka fao thekgo e fiwago ka gona go baithuti – ka go kopanya go ithuta inthaneteng gore go fihlelele baithuti bao ba sa kgonego go tsenela dithutišo tša setlwaedi tšeo baithuti ba kopanago le bafahloši (F2F) ka phapošing ya bofahloši. Yunibesithi ya Afrika Borwa (Unisa) e arabela ditlhohlo tše tša lefase ka bophara ka go kopanya F2F le ditirelo tša inthaneteng go thekga baithuti ba yona ka go diriša mokgwa wa go ruta wo o kopantšwego (ITM) wo o nyakago go rarolla dinyakwa le dikemelo tša go ithuta tša baithuti. Dinyakišišo di ikemišeditše go sekaseka go šoma gabotse ga ITM ye. Dinyakišišo di hlahlilwe ke teori ya kago ya setšhaba mabapi le go ithuta yeo e thekgwago ke tirišo ya theknolotši thutong, teori ya go naganela ba bangwe le mokgwa wa Salmon wa dikgato tše hlano tša go ithuta. Teori ya motheo ya kago ya setšhaba e theilwe go kwešišo ya gore go ithuta go agwa ka seemong sa setšhaba pele ga ge batho ba ka hwetša tsebo. Maitemogelo a batho a raloka tema ye bohlokwa ka go kago ya tsebo, ke ka lebaka leo go le bohlokwa go lemoga tsebo ya bona ya peleng. Baithuti bao ba thekgwago ka ITM ka disenthareng tša Unisa tše tshela tša ka dileteng le baithuti bao ba kgathago tema ka phethagatšong ya ITM ba tšere karolo ka mo dinyakišišong. Mokgwa wa go dira sampole ka maikemišetšo o šomišitšwe go kgetha bakgathatema ba, mola mokgwa wa go dira sampole ka sewelo o šomišitšwe go dira sampole ya baithuti go tlatša dipotšišo tša dinyakišišo. Tshedimošo ya boleng e kgobokeditšwe ka go botšiša batho ba nnoši le dihlopha dipotšišo gomme gwa dirwa le tshekatsheko ya dingwalwa. Dikutollo tša dinyakišišo tše di utolla gore ITM ga e šome gabotse kudu go fihlelela dinyakwa tša baithuti ebile ga e fihlelele dikemelo tša bona. Se ke ka lebaka la gore Unisa e hlokometše dinyakwa tša baithuti ka go fana ka, go fa mohlala, F2F le thekgo ya baithuti ya inthaneteng go dimotšule tše dingwe. Le ge go lebjale, dikemelo tša baithuti mabapi le go amogela go rutwa ke bafahloši, go fa baithuti dikarabo tša diasaenemente ke bafahloši, kabo ya methopo ka botlalo ka disenthareng tša thuto le go amogela thekgo ya sethekniki go tšwa go bafahloši ga di fihlelelwe. Go lebeletšwe dikkutollo tše, dinyakišišo di tsenya letsogo go ITM ka go tseba le go tlatša dikgoba ka go diriša mokgwa wa tshekatsheko wa Seemo, Tšweletšo, Tshepedišo le Setšweletšwa (CIPP). Dikaonafatšo tše di tla thuša Unisa go lekodišiša ITM go maatlafatša thekgo ya yona go baithuti gore e fihlelele dinyakwa le dikemelo tša bona ka botlalo. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Text in English, with abstracts and keywords in English, Afrikaans and isiZulu / The focus of this research is employees’ career development in the South African Police Services (SAPS). The general aim of the research is to develop a valid and reliable measure of career plateauing and to determine whether individuals’ experiences of career plateauing (as antecedent) positively or negatively predict their job satisfaction, motivation, and work engagement (as consequences). The research further aims to investigate whether individuals’ biographical variables (gender, age, race, marital status, rank, and tenure) significantly influence their subjective work experiences (career plateauing, job satisfaction, motivation, and work engagement). A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted on a nonprobability purposive sample of employees (N = 410) from different biographical groups at the SAPS. Descriptive, correlational, and inferential statistics were performed. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence of the internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the newly developed career plateauing experiences scale (CPES). Structural equation modelling confirmed the predictive validity of the CPES and showed that job content plateau and hierarchical/structural plateau predicted lower levels of job satisfaction. The psychological plateau predicted lower work engagement levels. Maintenance plateau predicted higher job satisfaction and engagement levels. Tests for significant mean differences indicated that individuals from the various biographical groups differed significantly regarding their career plateauing experiences, job satisfaction, motivation, and work engagement. The research extended career development theory by demonstrating the relevance of the new construct of psychological plateau in relation to traditional forms of career plateauing and work engagement in flat organisational structural contexts. Although still in need of further refinement, the newly developed CPES shows empirically promise to provide useful information for measuring and alleviating negative experiences of career plateauing in the SAPS. The findings further provide valuable insights into the unique career plateauing experiences, job satisfaction, motivation, and work engagement of employees of different age, gender, race, marital status, rank, and tenure groups. The study makes an original contribution to career development theory and research and adds value to career development practice in the contemporary organisational setting. / Hierdie studie handel oor die loopbaanontwikkeling van werknemers in die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens (SAPD). Die doel van die navorsing is om ʼn geldige en betroubare aanduiding dat ʼn loopbaanplato bereik is, te ontwikkel, en om vas te stel of individue se belewing dat hulle loopbaan ʼn plato bereik het (as die antesedent), hulle werksbevrediging, motivering en werksbetrokkenheid (as die gevolge) positief of negatief voorspel. Afgesien hiervan word ondersoek of werknemers se biografiese veranderlikes (geslag, ouderdom, ras, huwelikstatus, rang en dienstyd) ʼn beduidende uitwerking op hulle subjektiewe werksbelewing (loopbaanplato, werksbevrediging, motivering en werksbetrokkenheid) het. ʼn Kwantitatiewe dwarssnitopname van ʼn doelgerigte onwaarskynlikheidsteekproef onder werknemers (N=410) uit verskillende biografiese groepe in die SAPD is gedoen. Deskriptiewe, korrelatiewe en inferensiële statistiek is uitgevoer. ʼn Verkennende en bevestigende faktoranalise het bewys dat die nuut ontwikkelde loopbaanplatobelewingskaal (LPBS) as konstruk geldig, intern konsekwent en betroubaar is. Strukturele vergelykingsmodellering het die voorspellingsgeldigheid van die LPBS bevestig en getoon dat die posinhoud- en hiërargiese/strukturele plato laer vlakke van werksbevrediging voorspel. Die sielkundige plato het laer vlakke van werksbetrokkenheid voorspel, terwyl die handhawingsplato groter werksbevredigings- en -betrokkenheidsvlakke voorspel het. Toetse vir beduidende gemiddeldeverskille het aangedui dat werknemers uit verskillende biografiese groepe beduidende verskille getoon het met betrekking tot hul loopbaanplatobelewing, werksbevrediging, motivering en werksbetrokkenheid. Die navorsing het die loopbaanontwikkelingsteorie verryk deur die relevansie van die nuwe konstruk van ʼn sielkundige plato vir die tradisionele vorme van loopbaanplato’s en werksbetrokkenheid in plat maatskappystrukture te demonstreer. Ofskoon die nuwe LPBS verfyn moet word, beloof dit veel wat betref inligting waarmee die negatiewe belewing van loopbaanplato’s in die SAPD gemeet en verander kan word. Voorts bied die bevindings waardevolle insigte in die unieke loopbaanplatobelewings, werksbevrediging, -motivering en -betrokkenheid van werknemers ongeag hul ouderdomsgroep, geslag, ras, huwelikstatus, rang en dienstyd. Hierdie studie lewer ʼn bydrae tot die loopbaanontwikkelingsteorie en -navorsing, en voeg waarde toe tot die loopbaanontwikkelingspraktyk in eietydse organisasies. / Lolu cwaningo lugxile ekuthuthukiseni ubizo lomsebenzi wabasebenzi boPhiko lwezaMaphoyisa eNingizimu Afrika (SAPS). Inhloso enkulu yocwaningo wukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokulinganisa uhlelo olufanele noluthembekayo lobizo lomsebenzi kanye nokuqondisisa ukuthi ngabe isimo somuntu ahlangabezana naso, isimo sesiqongolo sobizo lomsebenzi (as antecedent), njengesilinganiso esikwazi ukubikezela kahle noma kabi izinga lokwaneliswa umsebenzi, izinto ezikhuthaza isisebenzi kanye nokuzibandakanya kwesisebenzi emsebenzini. (njengomphumela). Ngaphezu kwalokho ucwaningo luhlose ukuphenya ukuthi ngabe izimpawu zempilo yomuntu (ubulili, iminyaka yomuntu, inhlobo yohlanga lomuntu, isimo somshado, isikhundla kanye nelungelo lobunikazi) zithinta kakhulu izimpilo zabo zomsebenzi (isiqongolo sobizo lomsebenzi, izinga lokwaneliseka ngokomsebenzi, okukhuthaza isisebenzi Kanye nokubandakanyeka kwesisebenzi emsebenzini. Uhlelo locwaningo lwezigaba olugxile kumanani lwenziwa kusampuli yabasebenzi ngohlelo olungenamathuba okwenzeka olungenanhloso (N = 410), ucwaningo olwenziwe kumaqembu ahlukene ngezimpilo zabasebenzi abasophikweni lwesiphoyisa (SAPS). Kuye kwenziwa uhlelo lwamanani ngendlela yokuchaza, yokuqhathanisa okufanayo kanye nokufunisela. Uhlelo lohlaziyo oluphenyayo kanye nohlelo lohlaziyo oluqinisekisayo lunikeze ubufakazi obuthembekayo bangaphakathi obungaguquki kanti bakha isiqinisekiso z sesilinganiso esisanda kwakhiwa, phecelezi i-Career Experiences Plateauing Scale (CEPS). Imodeli ebizwa phecelezi Structural equation modelling iye yaqinisekisa uhlelo olufanele olubikezelayo lwe-CPES futhi iye yakhombisa ukuthi isigaba sokugcina solwazi lobizo lomsebenzi kanye nohlaka/nesakhiwo sesiqongo sobizo lomsebenzi lubikezele amazing aphansi okwaneliseka ngomsebenzi. Isiqongo sezomqondo siye sabikezela izinga eliphansi lokuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi emsebenzini wabo, kanti isiqongo sobizo lomsebenzi siye sabikezela izinga eliphezulu lokwaneliseka ngokomsebenzi Kanye nangamazinga okubandakanyeka kwabasebenzi emsebenzini wabo. Izinhlelo zokuhlola eziqonde ukuveza umehluko phakathi, phecelezi kwe-mean zibikezele ukuthi abantu abavela kumaqembu ahlukene empilo akhombise ukwehluka mayelana nemisebenzi yesiqongo sobizo lomsebenzi, ukwaneliseka ngokomsebenzi Kanye namazinga okubandakanyeka kwabasebenzi emsebenzini wabo. Ucwaningo luye lwanweba ithiyori yezokuthuthukiswa kobizo lomsebenzi ngokukhombisa izimpawu ezifanayo zesakhiwo esisha zesigaba esiyisiqongo somqondo mayelana nezindlela ezejwayelekile zesiqongo sobizo lomsebenzi kanye nokubandakanyeka kwabasebenzi emsebenzini wabo kwizizinda ezingaguquki zesakhiwo senhlangano. Yize zisadinga ukuhluzwa kabanzi, izinhlelo ezithuthukiswe kabusha ze-CPES zikhombisa isithembiso esiphathekayo sokunikeza ulwazi olusebenzayo lokulinga Kanye nokunciphisa/nokugwema izenzo ezibi zesiqongo sobizo lomsebenzi ophikweni lwe-SAPS. Ulwazi olutholakele luqhubeka nokuveza umnyombo mezenzo zesiqongo sobizo lomsebenzi, ukwaneliseka ngokomsebenzi, izinto ezikhuthaza abasebenzi Kanye nokubandakanyeka kwabasebenzi emsebenzini, okungabasebenzi beminyaka eyehlukene, bobulili, bobuhlanga, besimo somshado, besikhundla kanye namaqembu anobunikazi bempahla eyigugu. Ucwaningo lwenza igalelo langempela kwithiyori ethuthukisa ubizo lomsebenzi Kanye nocwaningo futhi lwengeza ubugugu kwingqubo ethuthukisa ubizo lomsebenzi kwisizinda samanje senhlangano. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Hazing is an ancient, universal practice. In past and modern societies, the need to join a group is an aspect of our humanity. The process of joining a group frequently includes the need to be hazed in order to legitimate full membership. This study uses the theoretical frameworks of Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu’s perspectives of social order, Henri Tajfel and John Turner’s theory of social identity, and Albert Bandura’s theory of moral disengagement to look at individuals joining groups. In particular, the study has sought to ascertain why those who haze are motivated to act. A grounded theory has been developed through interviewing young adults, who while in positions of leadership as Grade 12 learners in Gauteng schools, planned hazing activities. The grounded theory shows that hazing while enacted by an individual is not solely driven by that person, but rather hazing is a means of cultural reproduction. The mechanism through which hazing occurs focuses on achieving a sense of belonging, conforming to a given culture and consenting to hazing. The hazer is motivated to pass on aspects of the school’s culture, namely school traditions, hierarchical structures, means and standards of discipline, and showing appropriate respect to others. The hazer believes that this can be achieved as those being hazed will comply if they can avoid being humiliated. The developed theory is grounded and was verified through interviewing stakeholders in the school community who had extensive knowledge of the school culture and of Grade 12 learners. / Ukufikisa kungumkhuba wasemandulo, owenziwa emhlabeni wonke. Emiphakathini yasendulo neyenamuhla, isidingo sokuhlanganyela neqembu elithile yinto eyingxenye yobuntu bethu. Inqubo yokuhlanganyela neqembu elithile kuvame ukufaka kukona isidingo sokufikiswa ukuze umuntu abe yilungu ngokuphelele. Lolu cwaningo lusebenzisa izinhlaka zemiqondo yezinzululwazi ezingoMichel Foucault noPeter Bourdieu wokuhleleka kwezenhlalakahle, umbono kaHenri Tajfel noJohn Turner wokuzibandakanya kwabantu kwezenhlalo kanye nombono ka-Albert Bandura wokuziphatha ngendlela engahambisani nemigomo yokulunga ukuze kubukwe abantu abajoyina amaqembu. Ngokusempeleni, ucwaningo lufuna ukubheka ukuthi labo abafikisayo bakhuthazwa yini. Umqondo wenzululwazi wakhiwa ngokuba kubuzwe intsha esencane imibuzo, intsha eyayihlela izinhlelo zokufikisa eyayisezikhundleni zokuhola abafundi ngenkathi yenza iBanga 12 ezikoleni zaseGauteng. Umbono wenzululwazi ozinzile uveza ukuthi ukufikiswa, yize kwenziwa umuntu oyedwa kusuke kungaholwa yilowo muntu kuphela, kodwa ukufikiswa kuyindlela yokukhiqiza kabusha ngokwesiko. Indlela okwenziwa ngayo lokhu kufikisa igxile ekufezeni umuzwa wokuba yingxenye yabathize, ukuguqukela osikweni nasekuvumeleni ukufikiswa. Lowo okunguye ofikisayo usuke efuna ukudlulisela phambili izingxenye zamasiko esikole, njengemikhuba, ukwakheka ngokushiyana kwamazinga, izindlela nemigomo yokuziphatha kahle, kanye nokubonisa inhlonipho kwabanye. Lowo okunguye ofikisayo ukholelwa ekutheni lokhu kungafezwa njengoba labo abafikiswayo bezokwenza lokho okuthiwa abakwenze inqobo nje uma bezogwema ukuhlukunyezwa. Umqondo wenzululwazi osunguliwe uzinzile futhi waqinisekiswa ngokufaka ababambiqhaza imibuzo emiphakathini yezikole eyayinolwazi olunzulu maqondana nesiko lesikole kanye nabafundi beBanga 12. / Thupiso ke mokgwa wa kgale, wa lefase ka bophara. Ditshabeng tsa kgale le tsa mehleng ye, tlhoko ya go tsenela sehlopha ke karolo ya botho bja rena. Tshepetso ya go tsenela sehlopha gantsi e akaretsa tlhoko ya thupiso go kgonthisisa boleloko bjo bo feletsego. Nyakisiso ye e somisa mahlamo a teori a Foucault, dipono tsa Pierre Bourdieu tsa thulaganyo ya setshaba, teori ya Henri Tajfel le John Turner ya boitshupo bja setshaba, le teori ya Albert Bandura ya tlogelo ya melawana ya boitshwaro go lekola batho ba ba tsenelago dihlopha. Ka kakaretso, nyakisiso ye e lekile go kgonthisisa gore gobaneng bao ba rupiswago ba hlohleletswa go tsea magato. Teori ya kgoboketso le tshekatsheko e tsweleditswe ka go botsisa baswa dipotsiso bao, ge ba sa le maemong a boetapele bjalo ka barutwana ba Mphato wa 12 dikolong tsa Gauteng, ba rulagantsego ditiro tsa go sira. Teori ya kgoboketso le tshekatsheko e laetsa gore thupiso bjale ka ge e diragatswa ke motho ga e susumetswe ke motho yoo a le nosi, eupsa thupiso ke mokgwa wa pusoloso ya setso. Mokgwa wo thupiso e diregago ka wona o tsepeletse go fihlelela boikwelo bja go amogelega, go latela setso se se filwego le go dumelelana le thupiso. Morupisi o hlohleletswa go fetisetsa dikarolo tsa setso tsa sekolo, e lego ditso tsa sekolo, dibopego tsa haerakhi, mekgwa le maemo a tayo, le go laetsa tlhompho ya maleba go ba bangwe. Morupisi o dumela gore se se ka fihlelelwa bjalo ka ge bao ba rupiswago ba obamela ge ba ka thibela go goboswa. Teori ye e hlabolotswego e kgobokeditswe le go sekasekwa gomme e ile ya tiiswa ka go ka botsisa bakgathatema dipotsiso sekolong sa setshaba bao ba nago le tsebo ye e tseneletsego ya setso sa sekolo le ya barutwana ba Mphato wa 12. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Comparative Education)