Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / Action, agency and protest were notions that seeped through the social and political terrain of 1960s Japan. Opposition to the Vietnam War, disputes in the universities, environmental concerns and anticipation of the US-Japan Security Treaty’s renewal set down for 1970, saw the entire decade engulfed in activism and protest. This thesis explores these sites of activism revealing the disparate character of protest in the 1960s – the often competing tactics and agendas that were manifested within the burgeoning and dynamic cultures of protest. The shifting definitions of protest and the competing ideals that emerged from its various sites of articulation are crucial to our understanding of postwar Japan. Excavating these sites – reading the character of protest and the ideals expressed – exposes the notions of autonomy and activism that underpinned conceptions of the postwar national identity. In the aftermath of the Pacific War intellectuals and activists looked for new forms of political expression, outside the auspices of the state, through which to enact the postwar nation. The identity of postwar Japan was constructed within the spheres of protest and resistance as anti-Vietnam War activists, Beheiren (Betonamu ni Heiwa o! Shimin Rengō), student groups such as Zenkyōtō, and local citizens’ movements negotiated the discursive space of ‘modern Japan.’ Examining the conceptions of political practice and identity that manifested themselves in the protest and resistance of the period, provides insights into the shifting terrain of national identity in the 1960s.

[Abstract]: This dissertation investigates how an independent Australian grain exporting SME has been able to access the Japanese market for food quality soybeans and corn. This firm has succeeded in entering this market despite entrenched competition from traditional suppliers in the USA and Canada and in the face of rigorous food safety and quality standards as required in this particular market. The research in this dissertation focuses on outlining the critical ‘enabling competencies’ that the firm and its suppliers developed in order to enter the Japanese market. A single case methodology involving multiple in-depth interviews with key stakeholders was used to provide triangulated evidence concerning the necessary and sufficient conditionsfor SME exporters to compete successfully in such mature markets, particularly in the face of entrenched competition from large scale suppliers of similar productsfrom the United States and Canada. From the data collected in this research, a model of SME internationalisation was proposed highlighting the driving forces whichstimulated the development of a set of ‘enabling competencies’ enabling successful entry into the Japanese market for food grains. This model has both practical andtheoretical implications for the development of trade between Australia and Japan in the food grain sector. In conclusion this dissertation suggests that firms with thecapacity to develop such competencies can succeed in entering enter such productmarkets.

Henry Black was born in Adelaide in 1858, but arrived in Japan in 1864 after his father became editor of the Japan Herald. In the late 1870s, Henry Black addressed meetings of members of the Freedom and People�s Rights Movement. His talks were inspired by nineteenth-century theories of natural rights. That experience led to his becoming a professional storyteller (rakugoka) affiliated with the San�y� school of storytelling (San�yuha). Black�s storytelling (rakugo) in the 1880s and 1890s was an attempt by the San�y�ha to modernise rakugo. By adapting European sensation fiction, Black blended European and Japanese elements to create hybridised landscapes and characters as blueprints for audiences negotiating changes synonymous with modernity during the Meiji period. The narrations also portrayed the negative impacts of change wrought through emulation of nineteenth-century Britain�s Industrial Revolution. His 1894 adaptation of Oliver Twist or his 1885 adaptation of Mary Braddon�s Flower and Weed, for example, were early warnings about the evils of child labour and the exploitation of women in unregulated textile factories. Black�s kabuki performances parallel politically and artistically inspired attempts to reform kabuki by elevating its status as an art suitable for imperial and foreign patronage. The printing of his narrations in stenographic books (sokkibon) ensured that his ideas reached a wide audience. Because he was not an officially hired foreigner (yatoi), and his narrations have not entered the rakugo canon, Black has largely been forgotten. A study of his role as a mediator of modernity during the 1880s and 1890s shows that he was an agent in the transfer to a mass audience of European ideas associated with modernity, frequently ahead of intellectuals and mainstream literature. An examination of Black�s career helps broaden our knowledge of the role of foreigners and rakugo in shaping modern Japan.

<p>Allt fler utländska företag har under de senaste åren valt att etablera sig på den svenska marknaden. Globaliseringen har resulterat i att olika kulturer allt mer möts inom det svenska näringslivet. Olika kulturer medför olika syn på exempelvis ledarskap och auktoritet som i ett samarbete kan skapa kulturkrockar.</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka hur ledare från olika kulturer uppfattar de relationer som uppstår då olika kulturer interagerar i affärssammanhang, samt att diskutera om detta kan påverka ledarnas ledarskapsstil.<strong> </strong>Detta<strong> </strong>med utgångspunkt i mötet mellan svenska och japanska företag. Uppsatsen har bland annat tittat på vad det är för kulturkrockar som kan uppstå när olika kulturer möts, hur svenskar och japaner uppfattar kommunikationen med varandra samt vad det är för skillnader på beslutsfattande och delegering svenskar och japaner emellan.</p><p>Studien har genomförts som en kvalitativ studie med fem svenska och fyra japanska respondenter. De teorier som använts är teorin om Schein's olika kulturnivåer, Lewis kulturella grupper samt en av Yukl's teorier om ledarskapsstilar.</p><p>Efter genomförda intervjuer dras slutsatsen att både de svenska och de japanska respondenterna uppfattar relationerna mellan de båda kulturerna som fungerande, men att det ibland uppstår kulturkrockar. Uppfattningen om vilka kulturkrockar som uppstår skiljer sig dock kulturerna emellan. De svenska respondenterna upplever att kulturkrockar uppstår i kommunikationen med japanerna i och med att uppfattningen av produkter, kostnader och kunden skiljer sig åt. Japanernas uppfattning om kulturkrockar som uppstår handlar istället om att synen på fritid och arbetsliv skiljer sig åt mellan kulturerna.</p><p>En slutsats som kan dras från analysen  av materialet är att de som är mest mottagliga för andra kulturella händelser ofta är de som på något sätt tidigare i sin yrkeskarriär kommit i kontakt med andra kulturer och ledarskapsstilar. De respondenter som har haft stor erfarenhet av relationer med andra kulturer i affärssammanhang har lättare för att förstå och interagera med personer från andra kulturer. De svenskar och japaner som har erfarenhet från möten med andra kulturer har större möjlighet att anpassa sig till gällande situation och på så sätt undvika kommunikativa konflikter.</p>

Allt fler utländska företag har under de senaste åren valt att etablera sig på den svenska marknaden. Globaliseringen har resulterat i att olika kulturer allt mer möts inom det svenska näringslivet. Olika kulturer medför olika syn på exempelvis ledarskap och auktoritet som i ett samarbete kan skapa kulturkrockar. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka hur ledare från olika kulturer uppfattar de relationer som uppstår då olika kulturer interagerar i affärssammanhang, samt att diskutera om detta kan påverka ledarnas ledarskapsstil. Detta med utgångspunkt i mötet mellan svenska och japanska företag. Uppsatsen har bland annat tittat på vad det är för kulturkrockar som kan uppstå när olika kulturer möts, hur svenskar och japaner uppfattar kommunikationen med varandra samt vad det är för skillnader på beslutsfattande och delegering svenskar och japaner emellan. Studien har genomförts som en kvalitativ studie med fem svenska och fyra japanska respondenter. De teorier som använts är teorin om Schein's olika kulturnivåer, Lewis kulturella grupper samt en av Yukl's teorier om ledarskapsstilar. Efter genomförda intervjuer dras slutsatsen att både de svenska och de japanska respondenterna uppfattar relationerna mellan de båda kulturerna som fungerande, men att det ibland uppstår kulturkrockar. Uppfattningen om vilka kulturkrockar som uppstår skiljer sig dock kulturerna emellan. De svenska respondenterna upplever att kulturkrockar uppstår i kommunikationen med japanerna i och med att uppfattningen av produkter, kostnader och kunden skiljer sig åt. Japanernas uppfattning om kulturkrockar som uppstår handlar istället om att synen på fritid och arbetsliv skiljer sig åt mellan kulturerna. En slutsats som kan dras från analysen  av materialet är att de som är mest mottagliga för andra kulturella händelser ofta är de som på något sätt tidigare i sin yrkeskarriär kommit i kontakt med andra kulturer och ledarskapsstilar. De respondenter som har haft stor erfarenhet av relationer med andra kulturer i affärssammanhang har lättare för att förstå och interagera med personer från andra kulturer. De svenskar och japaner som har erfarenhet från möten med andra kulturer har större möjlighet att anpassa sig till gällande situation och på så sätt undvika kommunikativa konflikter.

The Japan-British Exhibition was held at the White City, Shepherd’s Bush, London from May 14 to October 29, 1910. This exhibition was held 15 years after Japan’s acquisition of Taiwan as her first colony, and it was a great opportunity for Japan to show her successful management of Taiwan to the world. In this event, while Japanese industries and cultures were widely introduced, the ‘Formosan Hamlet’ was reconstructed and some Taiwanese aborigines showed their life, performed their war dance, and mimicked battles in front of visitors there.

Ein dreifacher Rechtsruck geht nach den Wahlen durch Japan: Die rechtsradikale Restaurationspartei feiert ihren Aufstieg zur drittstärksten Macht, der rechte Flügel des Wahlverlierers, der Demokratischen Partei, hat überlebt und der rückwärtsgewandte Wahlsieger der Liberaldemokratischen Partei, Abe Shinzō, regiert wieder. Wie werden diese Veränderungen die Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik Japans beeinflussen?

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This doctoral thesis presents a historical study of the diplomatic exchanges between the Japanese and the Korean embassy in the eighteenth century. Neighbourly relationships (J: kōrin, K: kyorin) were maintained between Tokugawa Japan (1603-1868) and Chosŏn Korea (1392-1910) for more than 250 years. The visitations of the Korean embassy, dispatched to congratulate a new Tokugawa shogun, were often seen as the symbol of their amicable and friendly relationship, and it is well known that the Koreans were cordially welcomed by the Tokugawa bakufu. Despite these neighbourly relations, the visitations of the embassy had a more pragmatic purpose. More complex political conditions and nature were immanent within and between the both states. In the diplomatic interaction, the officials in the two states had traditional and obstinately-held perceptions towards the counterpart hidden behind the pleasant gesture. In this thesis, I attempt to uncover what is associated with these neighbourly relations, by revealing the cultural awareness and consciousness of these two states in East Asia through detailed examinations of the historical sources. To find the notions behind the exchange, my thesis illustrates Japanese and Korean hua-yi awareness that came to light through the interactions between the Japanese and the Koreans. The Chinese hua-yi order, the concept of looking at the Chinese dynasties as the center, was said to dominate the East Asian order. From the Chinese point of view, Tokugawa Japan and Chosŏn Korea were barbaric and on the margins, but from the perspectives of the two countries, they certainly recognized themselves as the centers. On the basis of the dynamism of historical events, thoughts, and notions between Tokugawa Japan and Chosŏn Korea in the eighteenth century, this research will examine multi-layered perspectives of the individual Japanese and Koreans who played essential roles in diplomacy. How were those officials representing the two states aware of their peers, and how did these notions affect the modern history of the two countries? This question is consistently engaged in this thesis, and to answer it the research will be further explored.

At roughly the same historical conjuncture when it began to be articulated as a concept marking a return of the repressed within the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud and Otto Rank, the doppelganger motif became the subject of a veritable explosion of literary attention in 1920s Japan. Several authors – including Akutagawa Ryûnosuke, Edogawa Rampo, Tanizaki Jun’ichirô, and others – repeatedly deployed the doppelganger motif in their fictions against the backdrop of rapid urbanization, imperial expansion, and the restructuring of all aspects of everyday life by a burgeoning commodity culture. Interestingly, as if enacting the very compulsion to repeat embodied by the doppelganger on a historical register as well, a repetition of this proliferation of doppelganger images is apparent in the contemporary conjuncture, in the works of authors like Abe Kôbô, Murakami Haruki, or Shimada Masahiko, as well as in the films of Tsukamoto Shinya or Kurosawa Kiyoshi. To date, much of the previous scholarship on the figure of the doppelganger tends to be preoccupied with the attempt to locate its origins, whether in mythic or psychical terms. In contrast to this concern with fixing the figure to an imagined essence, in my dissertation, I instead place emphasis on the doppelganger’s enactment of repetition itself through an examination at the figure through the prism of the problem of genre, in terms of how it has come to be discursively constituted as a genre itself, as well as its embodiment of the very logic of genre in its play on the positions of identity and difference. By historicizing its formation as a genre, it becomes possible to productively situate not only the proliferation of images of the doppelganger in 1920s Japan but also its repetitions, resignifications, and critical articulations in the present within the the shifting constellation of relations among various discourses and practices that organize colonial and global modernity – language and visuality, the space of empire and the construction of ethno-racial identities, libidinal and material economies – that structure (yet are nevertheless exceeded by) its constitution as a concept.