Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores (Área de especialização de Informática Industrial), na Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Adriano da Silva Carvalho

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Informática e Computação. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto

This thesis deals with infrastructure network vulnerability analysis in the natural disaster context. It starts from the observation that infrastructure such as water supply or power grid has significant influence on natural disasters’ indirect consequences. The aim is to model the vulnerability to take efficient actions. The scientific approach is divided into two complementary parts. The first one deals with the vulnerability assessment, while the second one focuses on the decision aiding process to be implemented for the assessed vulnerability reducing. The proper vulnerability analysis is based on the analysis objects modelling. In order to achieve this, we will adopt a graph theory representation. A literature review will allow us to identify the graph structure which best suits the context of the thesis. In a multi network analysis environment, interdependences, i.e. relationships between components of the same network or different networks - are a determining factor for any vulnerability model. We have thus proposed an approach to model interdependence compatible with the graph theory. There are two types of relationships: the one first is functional (dependence), while the second one is dysfunctional (influence). The vulnerability is assessed by a simulation-based approach. It is composed of one part relating to the system ability to resist the feared event; and the other part relative to its ability to be back on its nominal state after the disaster. When the vulnerability is determined, the next step will be to take the necessary decisions to manage it. This part on the decision aiding is itself divided into two sub parts: first of all the process to be used for the crisis management is established. Then a methodology for decision aiding is proposed and results on a Decision Support System development. In the age of the internet and social networks, it is possible to deploy the application on the internet.

With the amount of programming languages currently available there is a high risk of confusion anddoubtfulness in aspiring programmers of which to choose. It may be motivating for a beginner tochoose “the perfect language” when starting, to avoid learning multiple languages. This thesiscompares three popular languages on three separate aspects, their syntax, usefulness in differentareas, and performance in terms of speed. Syntax wise the results varied with some aspects beingvery similar across all three languages to completely different in others. In terms of usefulness inspecific areas the languages flexibility allowed them to develop applications in most fields, while beingdominant in different areas. The speed comparison resulted in python being the slowest across alltests, with Java and Javascript (running inside Nodejs) competing for first place.

Modern software is often realized as a modular combination of subsystems for, e. g., knowledge management, visualization, verification, or the interaction with users. As a result, software libraries from possibly different programming languages have to work together. Even more complex the case is if different programming paradigms have to be combined. This type of diversification of programming languages and paradigms in just one software application can only be mastered by mechanisms for a seamless integration of the involved programming languages. However, the integration of the common logic programming language Prolog and the popular object-oriented programming language Java is complicated by various interoperability problems which stem on the one hand from the paradigmatic gap between the programming languages, and on the other hand, from the diversity of the available Prolog systems. The subject of the thesis is the investigation of novel mechanisms for the integration of logic programming in Prolog and object–oriented programming in Java. We are particularly interested in an object–oriented, uniform approach which is not specific to just one Prolog system. Therefore, we have first identified several important criteria for the seamless integration of Prolog and Java from the object–oriented perspective. The main contribution of the thesis is a novel integration framework called the Connector Architecture for Prolog and Java (CAPJa). The framework is completely implemented in Java and imposes no modifications to the Java Virtual Machine or Prolog. CAPJa provides a semi–automated mechanism for the integration of Prolog predicates into Java. For compact, readable, and object–oriented queries to Prolog, CAPJa exploits lambda expressions with conditional and relational operators in Java. The communication between Java and Prolog is based on a fully automated mapping of Java objects to Prolog terms, and vice versa. In Java, an extensible system of gateways provides connectivity with various Prolog system and, moreover, makes any connected Prolog system easily interchangeable, without major adaption in Java. / Moderne Software ist oft modular zusammengesetzt aus Subsystemen zur Wissensverwaltung, Visualisierung, Verfikation oder Benutzerinteraktion. Dabei müssen Programmbibliotheken aus möglicherweise verschiedenen Programmiersprachen miteinander zusammenarbeiten. Noch komplizierter ist der Fall, wenn auch noch verschiedene Programmierparadigmen miteinander kombiniert werden. Diese Art der Diversifikation an Programmiersprachen und –paradigmen in nur einer Software kann nur von nahtlosen Integrationsmechansimen für die beteiligten Programmiersprachen gemeistert werden. Gerade die Einbindung der gängigen Logikprogrammiersprache Prolog und der populären objektorientierten Programmiersprache Java wird durch zahlreiche Kompatibilitätsprobleme erschwert, welche auf der einen Seite von paradigmatischen Unterschieden der beiden Programmiersprachen herrühren und auf der anderen Seite von der Vielfalt der erhältlichen Prologimplementierungen. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung von neuartigen Mechanismen für die Zusammenführung von Logikprogrammierung in Prolog und objektorienter Programmierung in Java. Besonders interessiert uns dabei ein objektorientierter, einheitlicher Ansatz, der nicht auf eine konkrete Prologimplementierung festgelegt ist. Aus diesem Grund haben wir zunächst wichtige Kriterien für die nahtlose Integration von Prolog und Java aus der objetorientierten Sicht identifziert. Der Hauptbeitrag dieser Arbeit ist ein neuartiges Integrationssystems, welches Connector Architecture for Prolog and Java (CAPJa) heißt. Das System ist komplett in Java implementiert und benötigt keine Anpassungen der Java Virtual Machine oder Prolog. CAPJa stellt einen halbautomatischen Mechanismus zur Vernetzung von Prolog Prädikaten mit Java zur Verfügung. Für kompakte, lesbare und objektorientierte Anfragen an Prolog nutzt CAPJa Lambdaausdrücke mit logischen und relationalen Operatoren in Java. Die Kommunikation zwischen Java und Prolog basiert auf einer automatisierten Abbildung von Java Objekten auf Prolog Terme, und umgekehrt. In Java bietet ein erweiterbares System von Schnittstellen Konnektivität zu einer Vielzahl an Prologimplmentierung und macht darüber hinaus jede verbundene Prologimplementierung einfach austauschbar, und zwar ohne größere Anpassung in Java.

Grain size, 14C age, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of sediments indicate possible tsunami deposits on the southern coast of Java near Pangandaran and Adipala. Previous studies that have described known recent and paleotsunami deposits were used for comparison. Fining-upward grain size trends, interbedded sand and mud, sediment composition, and trends in heavy mineral abundances are among the characteristics used for tsunami deposit identification. At Batu Kalde, an archaeological site south of Pangandaran, a layer of aragonitic sand with marine fossils was found atop a layer of archaeological fragments at an elevation of ~2-5 m. It is likely this layer was deposited by a tsunami, potentially generated by a mega-thrust earthquake. Archaeological material remains suggest that the tsunami occurred ~1300 years ago. A bivalve with an age of 5584-5456 cal YBP was buried within the deposit, perhaps long after its death. At Goa Panggung, a cave east of Batu Kalde, fining-upward grain size trends, composition of sediments, and radiocarbon ages suggest the presence of at least one tsunami deposit. A 5040-4864 cal YBP piece of charcoal overlying modern organic matter suggest that the tsunami first scoured the cave floor, reworking existing material and making interpretation difficult. At Adipala, in western Central Java, fining-upward grain size, upward decrease in heavy mineral abundances, and lateral continuity of sand layers revealed the existence of two possible tsunami deposits buried within the sediments in a swale ~1.6 km from the ocean. Age of the deposits is undetermined.

The motivation for the research carried out was to develop a rule based traffic management scheme for DiffServ networks with a view to introducing QoS (Quality of Service). This required definition of rules for congestion management/control based on the type and nature of IP traffic encountered, and then constructing and storing these rules to enable future access for application and enforcement. We first developed the required rule base and then developed the software based mobile agents using the Java (RMI) application package, for accessing these rules for application and enforcement. Consequently, these mobile agents act as smart traffic managers at nodes/routers in the computer based communication network and manage congestion.

This thesis will examine the more active role played in Java by the urban wong cilik (the underclass; literally, the 'little people') in contesting the state�s authority, particularly during the later years of the New Order regime, and following its demise in 1998. I will provide examples of social practices employed by the wong cilik in their everyday lives and in their adaptation to periods of significant social and political upheaval. These demonstrate the ways in which they are able to contest the state�s efforts to impose its authority. These practices also develop and employ a variety of subversive discourses, whose categories and values diverge significantly from the official language of government. The examination of the relative linguistic, cultural and normative autonomy of the seemingly powerless underclass reveals an extremely contested political terrain in which the wong cilik are active rather than passive agents in urban society. These ideas have developed out of urban field research sited around warungs (sidewalk food stalls), urban kampongs and in the city streets of the three Javanese cities of Yogyakarta, Surabaya, and Jakarta. These urban social spaces will be shown to be significant for the underclass because they constitute sites through which they constantly interact with diverse social groups, thereby sharpening their knowledge of the contradictions and feelings of otherness manifest between the classes in Java�s large cities. It will be shown how, in these spaces, the underclass also experience the state�s attempts at control through various officially sanctioned projects and how the underclass are able to subvert those projects through expressive means such as songs, poems and forms of mockery which combine to make the state�s dominant discourses lose much of their efficacy.

There are many tools and techniques to help developers debug and test their programs. Dynamic data flow analysis is such a technique. Existing approaches for performing dynamic data flow analysis for object oriented programs have tended to be data focused and procedural in nature. An approach to dynamic data flow analysis that used object oriented principals would provide a more natural solution to analysing object oriented programs. Dynamic data flow analysis approaches consist of two primary aspects; a model of the data flow information, and a method for collecting action information from a running program. The model for data flow analysis presented in this thesis uses a meta-level object oriented approach. To illustrate the application of this meta-level model, a model for the Java programming language is presented. This provides an instantiation of the meta-level model provided. Finally, several methods are presented for collecting action information from Java programs. The meta-level model contains elements to represent both data items and scoping components (i.e. methods, blocks, objects, and classes). At runtime the model is used to create a representation of the executing program that is used to perform dynamic data flow analysis. The structure of the model is created in such a way that locating the appropriate meta-level entity follows the scoping rules of the language. In this way actions that are reported to the meta-model are routed through the model to their corresponding meta-level elements. The Java model presented contains classes that can be used to create the runtime representation of the program under analysis. Events from the program under analysis are then used to update the model. Using this information developers are able to locate where data items are incorrectly used within their programs. Methods for collecting action information from Java programs include source code instrumentation, as used in earlier approaches, and approaches that use Java byte code transformation, and the facilities of the Java Platform Debugger Architecture. While these approaches aimed to achieve a comprehensive analysis, there are several issues that could not be resolved using the approaches covered. Of the approaches presented byte code transformation is the most practical.

Following the success of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, Microfinance institutions (MFIs) which apply group-lending method through the medium of small credit have been regarded as a new and effective tools for poverty alleviation for the poor in many Less Developed Countries. This study analyses the role of two MFIs, namely KUKESRA, a government administered programme and Mitra Karya East Java (MKEJ) which is a privately managed institution in poverty alleviation in Indonesia. It examines to what extent these institutions have been successful in helping the poor, and improving the living standards of the recipients. Two alternative approaches, namely the institutionalist and the welfarist approaches, are used to examine the question of whether the poor benefited from the two programmes, followed by a comparison of the performances between the two. Using data obtained from a sample survey of 393 respondents in the District of Malang in East Java, from December 1998 - June 1999, it was found that the differences in management, organisational structure, programme design, and the system of coordination all resulted in differences in performance of the two MFI institutions studied. It was found that both programmes increased the incomes of the recipients, but the impact of KUKESRA was much lower than that of MKEJ. However, KUKESRA had a greater positive effect on employment than MKEJ. Neither of the programmes resulted in a significant improvement in the consumption of basic needs of the recipients. Of the two approaches used in the evaluation of the programmes, a good performance in terms of outreach and sustainability under the institutional approach did not imply that the poor really benefited from the programme. It was found that the welfarist approach is much more appropriate in evaluating the effectiveness of MFIs in Indonesia.