Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Mononuclear molybdenum enzymes catalyze a variety of reactions that are essential in the cycling of nitrogen, carbon, arsenic, and sulfur. For decades, the structure and function of these crucial enzymes have been investigated to develop a fundamental knowledge for this vast family of enzymes and the chemistries they catalyze. The dimethyl sulfoxide reductase (DMSOR) family is the most diverse family of molybdoenzymes and, the members of this family catalyze a myriad of reactions that are important in microbial life processes. Periplasmic nitrate reductase (Nap) is an important member of the DMSO reductase family that catalyzes the reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-), and yet the physiological role of Nap is not completely clear. Enzymes in this family can transform multiple substrates; however, quantitative information about the substrate preference is sparse and more importantly, the reasons for the substrate selectivity are not clear. Substrate specificity is proposed to be tuned by the ligands coordinating the molybdenum atom in the active site. As such, periplasmic nitrate reductase is utilized as a vehicle to understand the substrate preference and delineate the mechanistic underpinning of these differences. To this end, NapA from Campylobacter jejuni has been heterologously overexpressed, and a series of variants, where the molybdenum-coordinating cysteine has been replaced with another amino acid, has been produced. The kinetic and biochemical properties of these variants will be discussed and compared with those of the native enzyme, providing quantitative information to understand the function.

Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms are one of the largest socioeconomic burdens today. Although infectious diseases have been studied for decades, in numerous cases, the precise mechanisms involved in the multifaceted interaction between pathogen and host continue to be elusive. Thus, it still remains a challenge for researchers worldwide to develop novel strategies to investigate the molecular context of infectious diseases in order to devise preventive or at least anti-infective measures. One of the major drawbacks in trying to obtain in-depth knowledge of how bacterial pathogens elicit disease is the lack of suitable infection models to authentically mimic the disease progression in humans. Numerous studies rely on animal models to emulate the complex temporal interactions between host and pathogen occurring in humans. While they have greatly contributed to shed light on these interactions, they require high maintenance costs, are afflicted with ethical drawbacks, and are not always predictive for the infection outcome in human patients. Alternatively, in-vitro two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems have served for decades as representatives of human host environments to study infectious diseases. These cell line-based models have been essential in uncovering virulence-determining factors of diverse pathogens as well as host defense mechanisms upon infection. However, they lack the morphological and cellular complexity of intact human tissues, limiting the insights than can be gained from studying host-pathogen interactions in these systems. The focus of this thesis was to establish and innovate intestinal human cell culture models to obtain in-vitro reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) tissue that can faithfully mimic pathogenesis-determining processes of the zoonotic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni). Generally employed for reconstructive medicine, the field of tissue engineering provides excellent tools to generate organ-specific cell culture models in vitro, realistically recapitulating the distinctive architecture of human tissues. The models employed in this thesis are based on decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds of porcine intestinal origin. Reseeded with intestinal human cells, application of dynamic culture conditions promoted the formation of a highly polarized mucosal epithelium maintained by functional tight and adherens junctions. While most other in-vitro infection systems are limited to a flat monolayer, the tissue models developed in this thesis can display the characteristic 3D villi and crypt structure of human small intestine. First, experimental conditions were established for infection of a previously developed, statically cultivated intestinal tissue model with C. jejuni. This included successful isolation of bacterial colony forming units (CFUs), measurement of epithelial barrier function, as well as immunohistochemical and histological staining techniques. In this way, it became possible to follow the number of viable bacteria during the infection process as well as their translocation over the polarized epithelium of the tissue model. Upon infection with C. jejuni, disruption of tight and adherens junctions could be observed via confocal microscopy and permeability measurements of the epithelial barrier. Moreover, C. jejuni wildtype-specific colonization and barrier disruption became apparent in addition to niche-dependent bacterial localization within the 3D microarchitecture of the tissue model. Pathogenesis-related phenotypes of C. jejuni mutant strains in the 3D host environment deviated from those obtained with conventional in-vitro 2D monolayers but mimicked observations made in vivo. Furthermore, a genome-wide screen of a C. jejuni mutant library revealed significant differences for bacterial factors required or dispensable for interactions with unpolarized host cells or the highly prismatic epithelium provided by the intestinal tissue model. Elucidating the role of several previously uncharacterized factors specifically important for efficient colonization of a 3D human environment, promises to be an intriguing task for future research. At the frontline of the defense against invading pathogens is the protective, viscoelastic mucus layer overlying mucosal surfaces along the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The development of a mucus-producing 3D tissue model in this thesis was a vital step towards gaining a deeper understanding of the interdependency between bacterial pathogens and host-site specific mucins. The presence of a mucus layer conferred C. jejuni wildtype-specific protection against epithelial barrier disruption by the pathogen and prevented a high bacterial burden during the course of infection. Moreover, results obtained in this thesis provide evidence in vitro that the characteristic corkscrew morphology of C. jejuni indeed grants a distinct advantage in colonizing mucous surfaces. Overall, the results obtained within this thesis highlight the strength of the tissue models to combine crucial features of native human intestine into accessible in-vitro infection models. Translation of these systems into infection research demonstrated their ability to expose in-vivo like infection outcomes. While displaying complex organotypic architecture and highly prismatic cellular morphology, these tissue models still represent an imperfect reflection of human tissue. Future advancements towards inclusion of human primary and immune cells will strive for even more comprehensive model systems exhibiting intricate multicellular networks of in-vivo tissue. Nevertheless, the work presented in this thesis emphasizes the necessity to investigate host-pathogen interactions in infection models authentically mimicking the natural host environment, as they remain among the most vital parts in understanding and counteracting infectious diseases. / In der heutigen Zeit tragen insbesondere durch pathogene Mikroorganismen ausgelöste Infektionskrankheiten zur sozioökonomischen Belastung bei. Obwohl bereits jahrzehntelang an der Entstehung von Infektionskrankheiten geforscht wird, bleiben in zahlreichen Fällen die genauen Mechanismen, welche an den vielfältigen Interaktionen zwischen Pathogen und Wirt beteiligt sind, unbeschrieben. Gerade deshalb bleibt es für Wissenschaftler weltweit eine Herausforderung, neue Strategien zur Untersuchung des molekularen Kontexts von Infektionskrankheiten zu entwickeln, um präventive oder zumindest anti-infektive Maßnahmen ergreifen zu können. In den meisten Fällen ist jedoch das Fehlen geeigneter Infektionsmodelle, mit denen der Krankheitsverlauf im Menschen authentisch nachgestellt werden kann, eines der größten Hindernisse um detailliertes Wissen darüber gewinnen zu können wie bakterielle Pathogene die Krankheit auslösen. Zahlreiche Studien sind dabei auf Tiermodelle angewiesen, um die komplexen zeitlichen Abläufe zwischen Wirt und Pathogen im menschlichen Körper nachzuahmen. Während diese Modelle in hohem Maß dazu beigetragen haben, Aufschluss über diese Abläufe zu geben, sind sie doch sehr kostenintensiv, mit ethischen Bedenken behaftet und können nicht immer die Folgen einer Infektion im menschlichen Patienten vorhersagen. Seit Jahrzehnten werden daher alternativ in-vitro 2D Zellkultursysteme eingesetzt, um den Verlauf von Infektionskrankheiten zu erforschen, welche die Bedingungen im menschlichen Wirt wiederspiegeln sollen. Diese auf Zelllinien basierenden Modelle sind essentiell in der Entdeckung von Virulenzfaktoren diverser Pathogene, aber auch in der Aufklärung von wirtsspezifischen Abwehrmechanismen. Dennoch fehlt ihnen die morphologische und zelluläre Komplexität von intaktem menschlichen Gewebe. Dadurch sind die Erkenntnisse, die mit diesen Systemen über Infektionsverläufe gewonnen werden können, limitiert. Die vorgelegte Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Etablierung und Weiterentwicklung intestinaler, humaner Zellkulturmodelle, um dreidimensionales Gewebe in vitro zu rekonstruieren mit dem Ziel, Pathogenese-beeinflussende Prozesse des zoonotischen Bakteriums C. jejuni nachzustellen. Das Fachgebiet der Gewebezüchtung wird üblicherweise für rekonstruktive Medizin eingesetzt und bietet exzellente Mittel zur in-vitro Herstellung organspezifischer Zellkulturmodelle, welche die unverkennbare Mikroarchitektur humanen Gewebes realistisch nachempfinden können. Die in dieser Arbeit verwendeten Modelle basieren auf einem extrazellulären Matrixgerüst, das aus der Dezellularisierung von Schweinedarm gewonnen wurde. Durch die Wiederbesiedelung mit human Kolonzellen und der Kultivierung unter dynamischen Bedingungen entwickelte sich ein hochpolarisiertes mucosales Epithel, das durch funktionale Zell-Zell-Kontakte (tight und adherens junctions) aufrechterhalten wird. Während andere in-vitro Infektionssysteme meist durch die Präsenz einer flachen Zellschicht limitiert werden, entwickelt das in dieser Arbeit eingeführte Gewebemodell die für den menschlichen Dünndarm charakteristische Architektur aus Villi und Krypten. Zunächst wurden experimentelle Bedingungen für die Infektion eines zuvor entwickelten, statisch kultivierten Dünndarmmodells mit C. jejuni etabliert. Dies beinhaltete die erfolgreiche Isolierung koloniebildender Einheiten, die Messung der epithelialen Barrierefunktion, sowie immunhistochemische und histologische Färbetechniken. Dadurch konnte die Anzahl der Bakterien sowie deren Translokalisierung über das polarisierte Epithel während des Infektionsprozesses nachvollzogen werden. Außerdem konnte die Beeinträchtigung von Zell-Zell-Kontakten durch konfokale Mikroskopie und Permeabilitätsmessungen der epithelialen Barriere beobachtet werden. Neben der Bestimmung der Kolonisierungsrate von C. jejuni Isolaten und der dadurch hervorgerufenen spezifischen Zerstörung der epithelialen Barriere konnten die Bakterien auch innerhalb der 3D Mikroarchitektur des Gewebemodells lokalisiert werden. Außerdem konnte im Rahmen der 3D Gewebeumgebung beobachtet werden, dass Pathogenese-relevante Phänotypen von C. jejuni Mutantenstämmen im Vergleich zu konventionellen in-vitro 2D Zellschichten abwichen, diese aber dafür mit den in-vivo gemachten Beobachtungen übereinstimmten. Darüber hinaus wies die genomweite Suche einer C. jejuni Mutantenbibliothek signifikante Unterschiede zwischen bakteriellen Faktoren, die für die Interaktion mit nicht polarisierten Wirtszellen oder dem hochprismatischen Epithel des Gewebemodells bedeutsam oder entbehrlich waren, auf. Die Aufklärung der Funktion einiger bisher nicht charakterisierter Faktoren, die zu einer effizienten Kolonisierung menschlichen Gewebes beitragen, verspricht eine faszinierende Aufgabe für die zukünftige Forschung zu werden. Die vorderste Verteidigungslinie gegen eindringende Pathogene bildet die schützende, viskoelastische Mukusschicht, die mukosale Oberflächen entlang des menschlichen Gastrointestinaltrakts überzieht. Mit der Entwicklung eines mukusproduzierenden Gewebemodells in der hier vorgelegten Arbeit gelang ein entscheidender Schritt zur Erforschung der Wechselbeziehungen zwischen bakteriellen Pathogenen und wirtsspezifischen Muzinen. Während des Infektionsverlaufs wurde das unterliegende Epithel durch die Anwesenheit der Mukusschicht vor der Zerstörung durch die Mikroben geschützt und eine erhöhte bakterielle Belastung verhindert. Darüber hinaus liefern die Resultate dieser Arbeit einen in-vitro Nachweis für den bakteriellen Vorteil einer spiralförmigen Morphologie, um muköse Oberflächen zu besiedeln. Zusammenfassend unterstreicht diese Arbeit das Potential der hier entwickelten Gewebemodelle, entscheidende Eigenschaften des menschlichen Darms in einem leicht zugänglichen in-vitro Infektionsmodell zu vereinigen. Der Einsatz dieser Modelle im Rahmen der Infektionsforschung bewies deren Fähigkeit in-vivo beobachtete Infektionsverläufe widerzuspiegeln. Während diese Infektionsmodelle bereits organotypische Architektur und hochprismatische Zellmorphologie aufweisen, ist ihre Darstellung von menschlichem Gewebe noch nicht perfekt. Durch den Einsatz von humanen Primär- und Immunzellen wird es in Zukunft möglich sein, noch umfassendere Modellsysteme zu entwickeln, die komplexe multizelluläre Netzwerke von in-vivo Geweben aufweisen. Nichtsdestotrotz verdeutlicht die hier vorgelegte Arbeit wie wichtig es ist, die Interaktionen zwischen Wirt und Pathogen innerhalb von Infektionsmodellen zu erforschen, welche die natürliche Wirtsumgebung wiedergeben. Dies spielt eine entscheidende Rolle, um die Entstehung von Infektionskrankheiten nachvollziehen und ihnen entgegenwirken zu können.

Campylobacter spp. infections are an increasing global concern responsible for a significant burden of disease every year. Wildlife and domestic animals are considered important reservoirs, but little is known about host-factors driving pathogen infection dynamics in wild mammal populations. In countries like Botswana, there is significant spatial overlap between humans and wildlife with a large proportion of the population vulnerable to Campylobacter infection, making Botswana an ideal location to study these interactions. This thesis reviews mammalian wildlife species that have been identified as carriers of Campylobacter spp., identifies life-history traits (urban association, trophic level, and sociality) that may be driving Campylobacter infection, and utilizes banded mongoose (Mungos mungo) (n=201) as a study species to illuminate potential Campylobacter spp. transmission at the human-wildlife interface in northern Botswana. Results of the latter study suggest that human-landscapes are critical to C. jejuni infection in banded mongooses, as mongooses utilizing man-made structures as dens had significantly higher levels of C. jejuni than mongooses using natural dens (p=0.019). A similar association was found across all wild mammals with significantly greater number of urban dwelling species positive for C. jejuni than urban avoiders (p = 0.04). Omnivorous and social mammals were significantly associated with C. coli presence (p=0.04 and p<0.00 respectively), but not with C. jejuni indicating there may be important differences in transmission dynamics between Campylobacter species. These results suggest that landscape features and life-history traits can have important influences on Campylobacter species exposure and transmission dynamics in wildlife. / Master of Science / Campylobacter infections are increasing worldwide but we still know little about the true burden of disease in the developing world, and even less about the role of wildlife and environmental reservoirs in human exposure and disease. I reviewed life-history traits (urban association, animal rank on the food chain, and sociality) that might be driving Campylobacter spp. infection in wildlife and investigated interactions between an urbanizing wildlife species, banded mongoose (Mungos mungo), humans, and the environment. Banded mongooses live in close association with humans and infections with C. jejuni were greater among mongooses utilizing man-made structures compared to those using natural dens. Across all wild mammal species tested for Campylobacter spp., mammals associated with urban living were significantly more likely to be positive for C. jejuni than mammals that avoid urban areas. Lowerranking mammals on the food chain and social mammals were associated with presence of C. coli, suggesting life-history rates are playing a role in wild mammal exposures to the pathogen and that these exposures are different for C. coli than C. jejuni. These data suggest that wildlife life-history traits and utilization of human landscapes are important for pathogen presence. In turn, pathogen circulation and transmission in urbanizing wildlife reservoirs may increase human vulnerability to disease, particularly in impoverished populations, where greater environmental exposures are expected. Improvement of waste management and hygiene practices may help reduce transmission between wildlife and humans.

Campylobacter jejuni is microaerophilic pathogen and is one of the leading causes of acute diarrhea in the United States. Despite being a microaerophilic pathogen, C. jejuni continues to endure within the domain of food production, especially in poultry processing. In this study, we evaluated the aerotolerance, biofilm forming abilities, and genetic diversity of C. jejuni isolates previously obtained from commercial broiler processing plants. Out of 40 isolates, 25 (62.5%) were aero–sensitive (AS), 10 (25%) were intermediately aerotolerant (IAT), and 5 (12.5%) were hyper aerotolerant (HAT). The isolates belonged to four clonal complexes (CCs) and six sequence types, with the majority of isolates assigned to the CC–353 clonal complexes. Furthermore, the biofilm forming abilities of 12 field C. jejuni isolate on stainless-steel coupons were measured using a crystal violet assay by measuring the optical density (OD600) and viable cell count was enumerated using direct plating. A notable interaction between aerotolerance categories and temperature (P < 0.039) impacting the number of biofilm-attached C. jejuni cells on stainless steel coupons. All isolates had greater counts when incubated at 42ºC compared to room temperature, regardless of oxygen level (P < 0.001). Furthermore, stronger biofilm density was observed at 42°C compared to room temperature, regardless of oxygen level. Eight C. jejuni strains including 3 AS, 3 IAT, and 2 HAT were used to understand the genomic characterization that underlies aerotolerance and biofilm formation in C. jejuni using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Genes associated with aerotolerance, and biofilms were present in all eight isolates despite the phenotypic differences. The virulence genes associated with Type VI secretion system (T6SS) and VAS effector proteins were unique in aerotolerant isolates. Antimicrobial resistance markers related to antibiotic efflux pumps, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, and streptothricin were identified. In conclusion, this study elucidates the diverse aerotolerance profiles and genetic characteristics of C. jejuni isolates from poultry processing plants, shedding light on their ability to persist despite environmental stresses. Additionally, the biofilm forming ability at different temperatures emphasizes the importance of targeted interventions to mitigate its impact on food safety.

No description available.

A demanda por carne de frango vem crescendo globalmente, assim como as exigências com relação à qualidade microbiológica do produto final. Associa-se a frequência de Campylobacter spp. em aves às enterites em humanos. O principal reservatório do agente é o trato digestivo de animais de diversas espécies, como aves de corte. Campylobacter spp. possui ampla diversidade genotípica e fenotípica, e apresentam diversos mecanismos de virulência para se aderir e colonizar o epitélio intestinal no hospedeiro. Apesar de o controle sanitário e biossegurança implementados nas granjas refletirem na redução de contaminação das carcaças no matadouro-frigorífico, esses procedimentos não eliminam o Campylobacter completamente das aves, podendo comprometer a qualidade microbiológica do produto final e propiciar casos de toxinfecção de origem alimentar aos consumidores. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a ocorrência de seis genes de virulência de Campylobacter jejuni em amostras de carcaças de frango e em casos de campilobacteriose em humanos. Foram avaliadas 50 amostras de C. jejuni, das quais 25 eram de origem aviária, provenientes da coleção do Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA - UFRGS), e 25 eram de origem humana, cedidas pela Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ). A técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi utilizada para detecção dos genes iam, flaA, cdtA, cdtB, cdtC e wlaN. Das amostras analisadas, 92% (23/25) de origem humana e 88% (22/25) de origem aviária foram positivas para o gene cdtB, 44% (11/25) de origem humana e 84% (21/25) de origem aviária para o gene cdtA; 20% (5/25) de origem humana e 80% (20/25) de origem aviária para o gene flaA; 48% (12/25) de origem humana e 76% (19/25) de origem aviária para o gene cdtC; 16% (4/25) de origem aviária para o gene wlaN e 12% (3/25) de origem humana e 4% (1/25) de origem aviária foram positivas para o gene iam. Em nenhuma das amostras pesquisadas de origem humana (0/25) foi observado o gene wlaN. Com este trabalho concluiu-se que os genes pesquisados podem estar presentes em cepas de C. jejuni provenientes de carne de frango e nas cepas isoladas de casos de infecção alimentar em humanos. Ainda assim, conforme os resultados apresentados, o gene cdtB teve maior frequência nas amostras provenientes de origem humana e aviária. / The demand for poultry meat has increased globally, as well as the microbiologic requirements of the final product. The frequency of Campylobacter spp. in poultry meat has been related to enteritis in humans. The digestive tract of several animals’ species, as poultries, is the main reservatory of the agent. Campylobacter spp. has a wide genotypic and phenotypic diversity, and, in addition to that, it presents several virulence factors which allow to adhere and colonize the intestinal epithelium of the host. Although good hygienic and biosecurity practices employed at poultry farms help to reduce the carcass contamination, these procedures do not completely eliminate Campylobacter spp. at the slaughterhouses and it may affect the microbiologic quality of the final product, which may cause alimentary toxinfection cases. This study aims to verify the occurrence of six virulence genes of Campylobacter jejuni from poultry carcasses samples and campylobacteriosis cases in humans. 50 samples of C. jejuni were evaluated, of which 25 were originated from poultry collected at the Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA - UFRGS), and 25 were originated from human samples of the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was employed to detect the following genes: iam, flaA, cdtA, cdtB, cdtC and wlaN. In the samples analyzed, 92% (23/25) from human origin and 88% (22/25) from poultry for cdtB gene; 44% (11/25) from human origin and 84% (21/25) from poultry for cdtA gene; 20% (5/25) from human origin and 80% (20/25) from poultry for flaA gene; 48% (12/25) from human origin and 76% (19/25) from poultry for cdtC gene; 16% (4/25) from poultry for wlaN and gene 12% (3/25) from human origin and 4% (1/25) from poultry were positive for iam gene. This study concludes that the researched genes may be present in Campylobacter from poultry meat origin and from isolates of human cases of alimentary toxinfection. However, according to the results found, the cdtB gene had a higher frequency in samples of human and avian origin.

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Das thermophile Bakterium Campylobacter jejuni gehört weltweit zu den häufigsten Erregern bakterieller Gastroenteritiden beim Menschen. Der Erreger wird hauptsächlich durch kreuzkontaminierte Lebensmittel, zumeist ausgehend von Geflügelprodukten, übertragen. Aufgrund seines weiten Wirtsspektrums weist C. jejuni eine hohe genetische Vielfalt unter seinen Isolaten auf. Mit dem Ziel herauszufinden, ob das Auftreten spezifischer Markergene mit bestimmten klonalen Komplexen korreliert, wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit 266 C. jejuni-Isolate unterschiedlicher Herkunft (Mensch, Rind, Huhn, Pute) molekularbiologisch auf das Vorhandensein von zehn Virulenz-assoziierten Faktoren: cj1321-1326 (ein sechs Gen umfassender Komplex zur Flagellin-O-Glykolisierung), ciaB (Campylobacter-Invasions-Antigen B), cdtB (cytolethales distendierendes Toxin, CDT) Untereinheit B, fucP (L-Fucose-Permease), cj0178/cj0755 (Eisentransportprotein), ceuE (Enterochelin bindendes Protein), pldA (Phospholipase A der äußeren Membran) und cstII/cstIII (Lipooligosaccharid-Sialyltransferase) untersucht. In einer vorrangegangen Studie von ZAUTNER et al. 2011 wurden bereits 266 C. jejuni-Isolate durch Kombination von MLST und den sechs genetischen Metabolismus-assoziierten Markern: ansB (periplasmatische Asparaginase), dmsA (Untereinheit A der Dimethyl-sulfoxid-Oxidoreduktase), ggt (γ-Glutamyl-Transpeptidase), cj1585c (Oxidoreduktase), cjj811-76-1367/71 (Serin-Protease) und tlp7m+c (transducer-like Protein 7 (Ameiseisäure-spezifische Chemotaxisrezeptor), Heterodimer aus Cj0951c und Cj0952c) in sechs Gruppen unterteilt. Zur Konkretisierung dieser bestehenden Gruppendefinitionen und zur Identifikation der Gruppen mit dem höchsten gesundheitsgefährdenden Potential wurden dieselben 266 Isolate nun weiter charakterisiert. Vor allem die genetischen Marker cj1321-1326; fucP; cj0178 und cj0755 sind weitestgehend miteinander assoziiert und splitten die Testpopulation in 2 Haupt- und 7 Untergruppen und bestätigen damit die alte Gruppendefinition. Abgesehen vom Virulenz-assoziierten Marker pldA zeigen alle ermittelten genetischen Marker signifikante Unterschiede unter den verschiedenen MLST-Sequenztypen. Basierend auf den Daten der Arbeit konnte ein Biotyp von C. jejuni-Isolaten, der durch die Präsenz von ansB, dmsA, ggt und die Absenz von cj1321-1326; fucP; cj0178, cj0755, cj1365c, cj1585c sowie cstII/cstIII charakterisiert ist, bestimmt werden. Isolate dieser Gruppe gehören hauptsächlich den MLST-CC 22, 42, 45, 283 an und sind eher an eine Persistenz in der Umwelt-adaptiert. Zum Wachstum nutzen die Stämme dieser Gruppe einen erweiterten Aminosäurestoffwechsel sowie einen alternativen anaeroben Stoffwechselweg (dmsA- positiv). Hingegen kann aufgrund des fehlenden fucP keine L-Fucose verstoffwechselt werden. Außerdem sind die Stämme dieser Gruppe toleranter gegen oxidativen Stress und besser frostbeständig. Die jahreszeitliche Prävalenz ist am stärksten im Frühsommer. Dieser Umwelt- aber schlechter Wirts-adaptierte Biotyp wird mit mehr Campylobacteriosen beim Menschen in Verbindung gebracht, ist häufiger mit blutigen Stühlen und Hospitalisierungen assoziiert und ist somit hochgradiger virulent für den Menschen. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die zweite Hauptgruppe stärker an tierische Wirte, insbesondere Säuger, adaptiert und in der Lage, L-Fucose aus Mucosa oder Milch zu metabolisieren. Isolate dieses Biotyps tolerieren für C. jejuni extreme Temperaturen besser und zeigen eine relativ gleichmäßige Prävalenz im Jahresverlauf. Alle fünf bekannten C. jejuni-Eisentransportsysteme sind detektierbar, ebenso die Marker cj1321-1326, cj1365c, cj1585c und cstII und/oder cstIII. Die vorherrschenden MLST-CC sind CC 21, 48, 61 und 20. Dieser besser Wirts-adaptierte Biotyp wird mit weniger schweren Campylobacteriosen in Zusammenhang gebracht. Alle anderen Gruppen stellen einen sukzessiven evolutionären Übergang an Markergen-Kombinationen zwischen diesen beiden Hauptgruppen dar.

A demanda por carne de frango vem crescendo globalmente, assim como as exigências com relação à qualidade microbiológica do produto final. Associa-se a frequência de Campylobacter spp. em aves às enterites em humanos. O principal reservatório do agente é o trato digestivo de animais de diversas espécies, como aves de corte. Campylobacter spp. possui ampla diversidade genotípica e fenotípica, e apresentam diversos mecanismos de virulência para se aderir e colonizar o epitélio intestinal no hospedeiro. Apesar de o controle sanitário e biossegurança implementados nas granjas refletirem na redução de contaminação das carcaças no matadouro-frigorífico, esses procedimentos não eliminam o Campylobacter completamente das aves, podendo comprometer a qualidade microbiológica do produto final e propiciar casos de toxinfecção de origem alimentar aos consumidores. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a ocorrência de seis genes de virulência de Campylobacter jejuni em amostras de carcaças de frango e em casos de campilobacteriose em humanos. Foram avaliadas 50 amostras de C. jejuni, das quais 25 eram de origem aviária, provenientes da coleção do Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA - UFRGS), e 25 eram de origem humana, cedidas pela Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ). A técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi utilizada para detecção dos genes iam, flaA, cdtA, cdtB, cdtC e wlaN. Das amostras analisadas, 92% (23/25) de origem humana e 88% (22/25) de origem aviária foram positivas para o gene cdtB, 44% (11/25) de origem humana e 84% (21/25) de origem aviária para o gene cdtA; 20% (5/25) de origem humana e 80% (20/25) de origem aviária para o gene flaA; 48% (12/25) de origem humana e 76% (19/25) de origem aviária para o gene cdtC; 16% (4/25) de origem aviária para o gene wlaN e 12% (3/25) de origem humana e 4% (1/25) de origem aviária foram positivas para o gene iam. Em nenhuma das amostras pesquisadas de origem humana (0/25) foi observado o gene wlaN. Com este trabalho concluiu-se que os genes pesquisados podem estar presentes em cepas de C. jejuni provenientes de carne de frango e nas cepas isoladas de casos de infecção alimentar em humanos. Ainda assim, conforme os resultados apresentados, o gene cdtB teve maior frequência nas amostras provenientes de origem humana e aviária. / The demand for poultry meat has increased globally, as well as the microbiologic requirements of the final product. The frequency of Campylobacter spp. in poultry meat has been related to enteritis in humans. The digestive tract of several animals’ species, as poultries, is the main reservatory of the agent. Campylobacter spp. has a wide genotypic and phenotypic diversity, and, in addition to that, it presents several virulence factors which allow to adhere and colonize the intestinal epithelium of the host. Although good hygienic and biosecurity practices employed at poultry farms help to reduce the carcass contamination, these procedures do not completely eliminate Campylobacter spp. at the slaughterhouses and it may affect the microbiologic quality of the final product, which may cause alimentary toxinfection cases. This study aims to verify the occurrence of six virulence genes of Campylobacter jejuni from poultry carcasses samples and campylobacteriosis cases in humans. 50 samples of C. jejuni were evaluated, of which 25 were originated from poultry collected at the Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária (CDPA - UFRGS), and 25 were originated from human samples of the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was employed to detect the following genes: iam, flaA, cdtA, cdtB, cdtC and wlaN. In the samples analyzed, 92% (23/25) from human origin and 88% (22/25) from poultry for cdtB gene; 44% (11/25) from human origin and 84% (21/25) from poultry for cdtA gene; 20% (5/25) from human origin and 80% (20/25) from poultry for flaA gene; 48% (12/25) from human origin and 76% (19/25) from poultry for cdtC gene; 16% (4/25) from poultry for wlaN and gene 12% (3/25) from human origin and 4% (1/25) from poultry were positive for iam gene. This study concludes that the researched genes may be present in Campylobacter from poultry meat origin and from isolates of human cases of alimentary toxinfection. However, according to the results found, the cdtB gene had a higher frequency in samples of human and avian origin.

Campylobacteriosis, in the current days, is recognized as the major cause of foodborne illness in many developed and developing countries. Among the Campylobacter species responsable for the infections, C. jejuni is responsable for 75% of the cases of human campilobacteriosis, as for it, it s considered as the major species involved on the registered cases. In this work, two experiments were conduced. In the first, the presence of C. jejuni and Campylobacter spp. in poultry farms of Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil was investigated. Epidemiological data was obtained with the person encharged by the farms, and the data obtained was corelated with the levels of contamination of each property. In the second experiment, we investigated the contamination of cicken meat and giblets adquired in supermarkets in Santa Maria city of C. jejuni as well as the freezing effect on the contamination levels in this samples. For the first trial, 280 cloacal swabs were collected from four poultry farms. In the second experiment, 9 samples of heart, liver, gizzard and drumette, tottalizing 36 samples collected. A portion of each sample was processed freshly, while the rest was freezed (-18ºC) for 7 days before it s processing. In the first trial, 147 samples (52,5%) were positive for C. jejuni and another 31 (11,07%) were identified as Campylobacter spp. The data analysis revealed correlaction beetwen the number of birds kept in de farms (p=0,05), the age of the poultry (p=0,05) and the gender (p=0,03), as female was more infected than males. In the second experiment, isolation of C. jejuni was achieved in 7 heart (77,7%), 8 liver (88,8%), 4 gizzard (44,4%) and 3 drumette (33,3%) fresh samples, corresponding to 61,1% of total samples. After freezing storage, in only 3 samples (two liver and one heart) C. jejuni was isolated (8,3%). The data obtained allowed us to conclude that C. jejuni is widely spread in poultry farms os Rio Grande do Sul state, so, improve the control procedures for Compylobacter species on the poultry fars is needed. The chicken cuts obtained from supermarkets in Santa Maria city are also higly contaminated by C. jejuni, however, freezing storage for seven days can drastically reduce the contamination levels of chicken cuts, improoving food safety, althoght, this procedure do not eliminate completely C. jejuni from de cuts analized, and the correct manipullation is needed to eliminate the risk of infeccion from poultry meat sources . / A campilobacteriose, atualmente, é reconhecida como sendo a causa mais freqüente de infecção de origem alimentar em seres humanos. Dentre as espécies responsáveis pela infecção, Campylobacter jejuni responde por cerca de 75% dos casos de campilobacteriose humana, sendo considerada a principal espécie envolvida nos casos registrados. Este trabalho é composto de dois experimentos. No primeiro avaliou-se a ocorrência de C. jejuni em granjas avícolas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, correlacionando os índices de contaminação detectados com dados epidemiológicos obtidos através de entrevista com o responsável pela granja. Foram coletados 280 swabs cloacais oriundos de quatro granjas avícolas do Rio Grande do Sul. No segundo experimento, foram adquiridos em supermercados de Santa Maria, 9 amostras frescas de fígado, coração, moela e drumete, totalizando 36 amostras. Foi realizado o processamento de um fragmento de 25g de cada amostra fresca, sendo o restante congelado à -18ºC durante sete dias, sendo as amostras, após este período novamente analisadas. No primeiro experimento, foram obtidas 147 amostras (52,5%) positivas para C. jejuni e 31 amostras (11,07%) identificadas como Campylobacter spp. A análise dos dados revelou existir influência dos índices de contaminação mais elevados com o número de aves alojadas (p=0,05), tempo de alojamento (p=0,05) e sexo (p=0,05), sendo as fêmeas mais acometidas que os machos. No segundo experimento, realizou-se o isolamento em 7 (77,7%) amostras frescas de coração, 8 (88,8%) de fígado, 4 (44,4%) de moela e 3 (33,3%) de drumete, correspondendo a 61,1% das amostras frescas analisadas. Após o congelamento, em apenas três amostras (8,3%) foi obtido o isolamento de C. jejuni, sendo duas amostras de fígado e uma de coração. Os dados obtidos permitem concluir que C. jejuni está amplamente difundido na avicultura industrial do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo necessário ampliar os esforços para redução deste patógeno nos plantéis avícolas. Os cortes de frango adquiridos em supermercados na cidade de Santa Maria apresentam índices de contaminação elevados por C. jejuni, contudo o congelamento por 7 dias é capaz de reduzir consideravelmente os índices de contaminação, porém, não eliminando completamente C. jejuni dos cortes congelados, assim, a manipulação adequada da carne de frango continua sendo essencial para assegurar a eliminação de C. jejuni dos alimentos contendo carne de frango em suas preparações.