Missing pages 28, 32. Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University

O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental Terras Baixas da EMBRAPA Clima Temperado localizada em Capão do Leão – RS, de 03 de maio a 31 de setembro de 2000. Foram utilizadas oito vacas da raça Jersey, de alto mérito genético, com peso vivo médio de 420 kg, produção média de 20 kg de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura, na fase inicial de lactação (próximas ao pico de lactação), estabuladas em baias individuais, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos (4 X 4), com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de três fontes de gordura sobre a digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes, consumo de alimento, produção e composição do leite, eficiência alimentar e parâmetros sangüíneos. Foram testados quatro tratamentos: T1 (CON)- dieta sem inclusão de fonte de gordura; T2 (GP)- dieta com gordura protegida; T3 (FAIO)- dieta com farelo de arroz integral e óleo de arroz; T4 (FAIS)- dieta com farelo de arroz integral e sebo bovino. A mistura concentrada foi a base de grãos de milho moídos e farelo de soja, e como volumosos foram empregados silagem de milho e feno de alfafa.As misturas concentradas foram fornecidas três vezes ao dia separadamente dos volumosos. Os volumosos foram fornecidos à vontade, procurando-se manter a proporção de 55% em relação às misturas concentradas. A ordenha foi realizada mecanicamente duas vezes ao dia, sendo as produções somadas para a obtenção da produção diária. A interpretação estatística foi feita pela análise de variância dos valores médios de cada tratamento através do teste F. As fontes de gordura aumentaram a produção de leite (P<0,05). A gordura protegida foi mais digestível e acusou maior efeito (P<0,05) na produção de leite corrigida a 3,5% de gordura, na eficiência alimentar e nos níveis séricos de triglicerídeos e colesterol em relação à dieta controle.

O trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma propriedade rural, no município de Pelotas, RS. Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento ingestivo diurno e a produção de leite de vacas e a relação dos componentes da pastagem com o comportamento ingestivo e a produção de leite. A fase experimental foi de 117 dias, entre 02 de agosto e 26 de novembro de 2006, divididos em nove períodos. Com temperaturas médias que variaram de 7,3 ºC à 21,6 ºC e umidade relativa de 43,1% à 77,4%. Os tratamentos foram pastagem cultivada de inverno, constituída de uma mistura de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb), azevémperene (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) e ervilhaca (Vicia sativa) com suplementação (farelo de soja e casca de soja) e sem suplementação. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatóriamente aos tratamentos segundo um delineamento completamente casualizado. O método de pastejo foi lotação rotacionada em faixas. Foram utilizadas oito vacas da raça Jersey. A produção de leite foi mensurada através do controle individual, 48 horas após o pastejo dos animais. O conhecimento do comportamento de vacas leiteiras em pastejo é de suma importância para o melhor aproveitamento das pastagens bem como para o estabelecimento de estratégias adequadas de manejo. Para o registro das atividades de pastejo, ruminação e ócio, adotou-se a observação visual, feita a cada 10 minutos, no tempo de permanência das vacas na pastagem que foi de 7 horas e 30minutos. Foram registrados a taxa de bocados, que compreende o tempo necessário para o animal realizar 20 bocados de apreensão. O estágio de desenvolvimento da planta afeta a digestibilidade. A fibra em detergente neutro afetou no tempo de ruminação. A diminuição de lâmina foliar dificulta a oportunidade dos animais de apreenderem a forragem, influenciando na taxa de bocado. A eficácia da mastigação e da ruminação esta relacionada e depende tanto do animal como da composição da forragem. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the diurnal ingestive behavior and milk production of lactating ‘Jersey’ cows grazing a cool season annual pasture of black oats (Avena strigosa), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and common vetch (Vicia sativa), from August 02 to November 26, 2006 (117 grazing days), in Pelotas, RS, southern Brazil. The rotational stocking grazing method was used. Eight mature cows were used and to each one of four was fed 8 kg/cow/day of a soybean meal + soybean hull supplement. Treatments were assigned at random to cows, using a complete randomized experimental design. Data on behavioral activities were taken at every 10 minutes, by visual observation, during 450 minutes, time that cows spent on the pasture daily. Behavioral parameters studied were: grazing time, rumination time, idleness, bite rate and bite size. Milk production/cow/day was determined by milk weighting, 48 hours after grazing, during two consecutive days. Statistical analysis of data was performed using mainly the SAS PROC MEANS procedure, and for stepwise regression studies the PROC REG program was used to determine total R² and partial R² for each variable included in the model. Average grazing time was 297 and 275 minutes/day for cows on pasture alone and on pasture plus soybean supplement, respectively. It was also affected (R²=0,53) by the crude protein content of diet. The forage NDF content influenced (R²=0,82) on rumination time and the bite rate was affected (R²=0,95) by the proportion of leaf blades of forage plants present in the pasture. Feeding cows with soybean supplement increased milk production. Average milk production (corrected to 4% fat) was 17.6 and 20.6 kg/cow/day for cows on pasture alone and on pasture plus soybean supplement, respectively. In general, no relevant changes on the diurnal ingestive behavior of lactating ‘Jersey’ cows kept on a cool season annual pasture were found in this study, as a result of using the soybean supplement.

O experimento foi realizado em Itapiranga/SC, de 14 de maio a 17 de junho de 2007. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do aumento do aporte de nutrientes sobre a estabilidade do leite na prova do álcool e as propriedades físico-químicas do leite além do perfil bioquímico sanguíneo. Dezesseis vacas da raça Jersey em lactação foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos homogêneos, com oito animais em cada grupo de forma a padronizar a condição corporal, peso, estádio e ordem de lactação e produção de leite. Os animais do grupo controle continuaram recebendo a dieta a base de silagem de sorgo, pastagem de capim elefante pioneiro (Pennisetum purpureum) e concentrado comercial, enquanto o outro grupo recebeu dieta, usando os mesmos ingredientes, mas formulada para atender a 100% das necessidades nutricionais (NRC, 2001). Os animais foram avaliados quanto ao peso e condição corporal no início, meio e final do ensaio. A produção de leite, estabilidade ao álcool, acidez titulável foram avaliados duas vezes por semana durante o experimento. A densidade, índice crioscópico, composição química do leite, pH, fervura, redutase, contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e contagem de células somáticas (CCS) foram avaliados no início, meio e final do experimento, enquanto a análise sanguínea dos animais foi realizada no início e no final do experimento. O ajuste da dieta aumentou a estabilidade do leite na prova do álcool, porém não modificou a produção de leite nem suas características físico-químicas e microbiológicas. / The trial was performed in Itapiranga / SC, from May 14to June 17, 2007. The objective was to evaluate the effect of increased nutrient supplyon the stability of milk at alcohol test and the physicochemical properties of milk, as well blood profile. Sixteen lactating Jersey cows were used , randomly distributed into two homogenous groups, with eight animals in each group in order to standardize the body condition, weight, stage of lactation, number of offspring, milk production. Control group received the same diet they had been fed with sorghum silage, elefant grass pasture (Pennisetum purpureum), and commercial concentrate, while the other group received diet with the same feeds but formulated to meet the 100% of nutritional requirements (NRC, 2001). The animals were assessed for weight, stage and number of lactation, and body condition at the beginning, middle and end of the trial. Milk yield, stability at the alcohol test, titrable acidity were evaluated twice a week,density, crioscopyc index, milk chemical composition , pH, boiling, reductase, somatic cell count (SCC), total bacterial count (CBT), urea were evaluated at the beginning, middle and end of the experiment while animal’s blood were evaluated at the beginning and end of the experiment. Diet adequacy increased milk stability at the alcohol test, but did not change milk yield, nor physical-chemical and microbiological properties of milk.

This thesis explores how the advent of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 caused Native American identities to become hyper-politicized and manipulated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs' (BIA) Federal Acknowledgment Process (FAP). I use the Ramapough Lenape Nation of New York and New Jersey's 1990's attempt at federal recognition as an example of gaming's pervasiveness in identity debates. I demonstrate that despite the consistent understanding of the Ramapough's Lenni-Lenape ancestry through direct and indirect references since the eighteenth century, the risk of Ramapough gaming in New Jersey caused proponents of Atlantic City, New Jersey's gaming economy to secure an unjust denial of Ramapough sovereignty through interference in FAP proceedings.

Two experiments were carried to evaluate the effect of different nutritional plans on the DM intake, ingestive and social behavior and health status of dairy cows from different racial compositions during the transition period. In the first trial we evaluated the inclusion or not (CON) of 10 g / day of oregano (OE) extract (Origanum vulgare) or 5 g / day of green tea extract (GT) (Camellia sinensis L.) in the diet provided to 24 Jersey cows with BW of 441 ± 27 kg, 3.5 ± 0.3 points of BCS and with 2.7 ± 1.8 lactations. Cows that received OE tended to consume more than CON after calving. Before calving, cows OE tended to spend less time in decubitus and to ingest the concentrate in less time than GT. After calving, OE caused faster concentrate intake in relation to CON and GT. After calving, the number of total visits to the trough was lower when OE was used in relation to CON and GT, but cows that ingested GT visited the trough with feeding activity more often and tended to interact less in relation to cows that ingested EO. The use of the extracts did not influence the occurrence of diseases and metabolic disorders. In the second trial, 36 Holstein, Gir and Gyrolando F1 (½ Holstein and ½ Gir) nulliparous cows, with BW of 715 ± 64.5 kg, 4.2 ± 0.3 points of BCS and with 4.1 ± 0.4 years of age were distributed (6 cows from each racial composition) in two nutritionl plans with allowance of 1.89% or 1.69% of BW of feed (based on dry meter) during pre calving period. Dry matter intake was higher in pre and post calving for Holstein cows than the others, and it was higher in some days near the calving for 1.69% plan compared with 1.89% plan. Before calving, cows the 1.69% plan remained longer in the trough and tended to spend longer at the trough with feeding activity in relation to 1.89% plan. Holstein cows tended to stay longer in each visit with feeding at the trough and ingested more at each visit than the others before and after calving. The occurrence of diseases and metabolic disorders was not influenced by the nutritional plans but the Holstein cows showed more dystocia and clinical diseases compared to the others. Nutritional plans change the way the animals distributed their feed activities and influenced social behavior. The adoption of different nutritional plans during the period of transition modify aspects of dairy cow’s behavior and intake without affecting the occurrence of diseases.

O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental Terras Baixas da EMBRAPA Clima Temperado localizada em Capão do Leão – RS, de 03 de maio a 31 de setembro de 2000. Foram utilizadas oito vacas da raça Jersey, de alto mérito genético, com peso vivo médio de 420 kg, produção média de 20 kg de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura, na fase inicial de lactação (próximas ao pico de lactação), estabuladas em baias individuais, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos (4 X 4), com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de três fontes de gordura sobre a digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes, consumo de alimento, produção e composição do leite, eficiência alimentar e parâmetros sangüíneos. Foram testados quatro tratamentos: T1 (CON)- dieta sem inclusão de fonte de gordura; T2 (GP)- dieta com gordura protegida; T3 (FAIO)- dieta com farelo de arroz integral e óleo de arroz; T4 (FAIS)- dieta com farelo de arroz integral e sebo bovino. A mistura concentrada foi a base de grãos de milho moídos e farelo de soja, e como volumosos foram empregados silagem de milho e feno de alfafa.As misturas concentradas foram fornecidas três vezes ao dia separadamente dos volumosos. Os volumosos foram fornecidos à vontade, procurando-se manter a proporção de 55% em relação às misturas concentradas. A ordenha foi realizada mecanicamente duas vezes ao dia, sendo as produções somadas para a obtenção da produção diária. A interpretação estatística foi feita pela análise de variância dos valores médios de cada tratamento através do teste F. As fontes de gordura aumentaram a produção de leite (P<0,05). A gordura protegida foi mais digestível e acusou maior efeito (P<0,05) na produção de leite corrigida a 3,5% de gordura, na eficiência alimentar e nos níveis séricos de triglicerídeos e colesterol em relação à dieta controle.

O trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma propriedade rural, no município de Pelotas, RS. Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento ingestivo diurno e a produção de leite de vacas e a relação dos componentes da pastagem com o comportamento ingestivo e a produção de leite. A fase experimental foi de 117 dias, entre 02 de agosto e 26 de novembro de 2006, divididos em nove períodos. Com temperaturas médias que variaram de 7,3 ºC à 21,6 ºC e umidade relativa de 43,1% à 77,4%. Os tratamentos foram pastagem cultivada de inverno, constituída de uma mistura de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb), azevémperene (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) e ervilhaca (Vicia sativa) com suplementação (farelo de soja e casca de soja) e sem suplementação. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatóriamente aos tratamentos segundo um delineamento completamente casualizado. O método de pastejo foi lotação rotacionada em faixas. Foram utilizadas oito vacas da raça Jersey. A produção de leite foi mensurada através do controle individual, 48 horas após o pastejo dos animais. O conhecimento do comportamento de vacas leiteiras em pastejo é de suma importância para o melhor aproveitamento das pastagens bem como para o estabelecimento de estratégias adequadas de manejo. Para o registro das atividades de pastejo, ruminação e ócio, adotou-se a observação visual, feita a cada 10 minutos, no tempo de permanência das vacas na pastagem que foi de 7 horas e 30minutos. Foram registrados a taxa de bocados, que compreende o tempo necessário para o animal realizar 20 bocados de apreensão. O estágio de desenvolvimento da planta afeta a digestibilidade. A fibra em detergente neutro afetou no tempo de ruminação. A diminuição de lâmina foliar dificulta a oportunidade dos animais de apreenderem a forragem, influenciando na taxa de bocado. A eficácia da mastigação e da ruminação esta relacionada e depende tanto do animal como da composição da forragem. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the diurnal ingestive behavior and milk production of lactating ‘Jersey’ cows grazing a cool season annual pasture of black oats (Avena strigosa), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and common vetch (Vicia sativa), from August 02 to November 26, 2006 (117 grazing days), in Pelotas, RS, southern Brazil. The rotational stocking grazing method was used. Eight mature cows were used and to each one of four was fed 8 kg/cow/day of a soybean meal + soybean hull supplement. Treatments were assigned at random to cows, using a complete randomized experimental design. Data on behavioral activities were taken at every 10 minutes, by visual observation, during 450 minutes, time that cows spent on the pasture daily. Behavioral parameters studied were: grazing time, rumination time, idleness, bite rate and bite size. Milk production/cow/day was determined by milk weighting, 48 hours after grazing, during two consecutive days. Statistical analysis of data was performed using mainly the SAS PROC MEANS procedure, and for stepwise regression studies the PROC REG program was used to determine total R² and partial R² for each variable included in the model. Average grazing time was 297 and 275 minutes/day for cows on pasture alone and on pasture plus soybean supplement, respectively. It was also affected (R²=0,53) by the crude protein content of diet. The forage NDF content influenced (R²=0,82) on rumination time and the bite rate was affected (R²=0,95) by the proportion of leaf blades of forage plants present in the pasture. Feeding cows with soybean supplement increased milk production. Average milk production (corrected to 4% fat) was 17.6 and 20.6 kg/cow/day for cows on pasture alone and on pasture plus soybean supplement, respectively. In general, no relevant changes on the diurnal ingestive behavior of lactating ‘Jersey’ cows kept on a cool season annual pasture were found in this study, as a result of using the soybean supplement.

Two experiments were carried to evaluate the effect of different nutritional plans on the DM intake, ingestive and social behavior and health status of dairy cows from different racial compositions during the transition period. In the first trial we evaluated the inclusion or not (CON) of 10 g / day of oregano (OE) extract (Origanum vulgare) or 5 g / day of green tea extract (GT) (Camellia sinensis L.) in the diet provided to 24 Jersey cows with BW of 441 ± 27 kg, 3.5 ± 0.3 points of BCS and with 2.7 ± 1.8 lactations. Cows that received OE tended to consume more than CON after calving. Before calving, cows OE tended to spend less time in decubitus and to ingest the concentrate in less time than GT. After calving, OE caused faster concentrate intake in relation to CON and GT. After calving, the number of total visits to the trough was lower when OE was used in relation to CON and GT, but cows that ingested GT visited the trough with feeding activity more often and tended to interact less in relation to cows that ingested EO. The use of the extracts did not influence the occurrence of diseases and metabolic disorders. In the second trial, 36 Holstein, Gir and Gyrolando F1 (½ Holstein and ½ Gir) nulliparous cows, with BW of 715 ± 64.5 kg, 4.2 ± 0.3 points of BCS and with 4.1 ± 0.4 years of age were distributed (6 cows from each racial composition) in two nutritionl plans with allowance of 1.89% or 1.69% of BW of feed (based on dry meter) during pre calving period. Dry matter intake was higher in pre and post calving for Holstein cows than the others, and it was higher in some days near the calving for 1.69% plan compared with 1.89% plan. Before calving, cows the 1.69% plan remained longer in the trough and tended to spend longer at the trough with feeding activity in relation to 1.89% plan. Holstein cows tended to stay longer in each visit with feeding at the trough and ingested more at each visit than the others before and after calving. The occurrence of diseases and metabolic disorders was not influenced by the nutritional plans but the Holstein cows showed more dystocia and clinical diseases compared to the others. Nutritional plans change the way the animals distributed their feed activities and influenced social behavior. The adoption of different nutritional plans during the period of transition modify aspects of dairy cow’s behavior and intake without affecting the occurrence of diseases.

abstract: Childhood obesity has been on the rise for the past decade, and it has been hypothesized that students' food choices may be influenced by easy access to food outlets near their schools that provide unhealthful options. But the results of recent studies on the relationship between the food environment around schools and student weight status are mixed and often contradictory. Most studies have used measures of weight and height that were self-reported by students, or have relied on data from a relatively small sample of students. I examine the association between weight status among school students and the food environment surrounding their schools using professionally-measured, student-level data across the full school-age spectrum. De-identified data were obtained for over 30,000 K-12 students in 79 public schools located in four New Jersey cities. Locations of alternative food-outlets (specifically, supermarkets, convenience stores, small grocery stores, and limited-service restaurants) were obtained from commercial sources and geocoded to develop proximity measures. A simplified social-ecological framework was used to conceptualize the multi-level the association between students' BMI and school proximity to food outlets and multivariate analyses were used to estimate this relationship controlling for student- and school-level factors. Over twenty percent of the students were obese, compared to the national average at 17% (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2012). On average, students had 2.6 convenience stores, 2.9 limited-service restaurants, and 0.1 supermarkets within a quarter mile of their school. This study suggests that easy access to small grocery stores (which this study uniquely examines as a separate food outlet category) that offer healthy choices including five types of fresh vegetable, five types of fresh fruits, low-fat dairy, and lean meats is associated with lower BMI z score and lower probability of being obese for middle and high school students. This suggests that improving access to such small food outlets may be a promising area for future investigation in obesity mitigation research. Also, this study separates students of pre-schools, kindergartens and elementary schools (neighborhood schools) from that of the middle and high schools (non-neighborhood) schools because the two groups of schools have different neighborhood characteristics, as well as open-school and bussing policies that result in different levels of exposure that students have to the food outlets around the schools. The result of this study suggests that the relationship between students' weight outcomes and food environment around schools is different in the two groups of schools. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Sustainability 2013