In 2010, there were 6,714,288 total registered drivers in New Jersey. Approximately 4% (267,485) of these drivers had a suspended driver's license. The intent of suspending a driver's license is to keep hazardous drivers off of the roads, in hopes of having a safer driving environment for others on the road. Drivers in New Jersey can have their driver's license suspended for a number of reasons. These include dangerous driving behaviors such as reckless driving and driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. However, there are also reasons for suspension that have little or nothing to do with driver behavior, such as failure to pay child support, failure to pay MVC insurance surcharge, or failure to appear in court. While these offenses are all due of consequence, they have little or nothing to do with driver behavior. This research program will conduct an analysis of the issues and implications of implementing a restricted-use license program for suspended New Jersey drivers, detailing key issues associated with restricted-use license programs. It was found that over two-thirds of suspended drivers in New Jersey receive driver's license suspensions for both driving and non-driving-related offenses, whereas only about four-percent of suspended drivers in New Jersey receive a driver's license suspension for driving-related reasons only. It was also found that drivers suspended for non-driving related reasons have different driver behavior than drivers suspended for driving related reasons. Surveying both New Jersey police chiefs, as well as U.S. state motor vehicle agencies, it was found that there is a generally positive perception of restricted driver's license programs. Overall, it is recommended that the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission implement a restricted driver's license program in New Jersey. / Master of Science

Reflection seismic data, mylonite reflectivity, gravity data, and earthquake hypocenters have been integrated into a possible explanation for seismicity in the Ramapo fault area. Seven reflection seismic lines were processed using variations in sorting and residual statics. Single VIBROSEIS sweeps were treated as separate sourcepoints. Compressional velocities and densities were determined in the laboratory. Reflection coefficients and gravity models provide evidence for reflections from mylonite zones. Earthquake hypocenters were projected into the vertical seismic sections. The results suggest a correlation between rock volumes containing hypocenters and rock volumes containing mylonite zones. The seismic line furthest from the Taconic suture displays fewer hypocenters and mylonites, in agreement with an assumed model of mylonite development possibly associated with obduction of continental crust. The mylonite zones in the basement may serve as local areas of crustal weakness for seismic activity occurring in the area. / Master of Science

To evaluate the importance of non-linear relationships between Relative net income per day of productive life (RNI/DPL) and individual traits, 921,915 potential offspring were simulated from all possible matings of 20,487 Jersey cows and 45 active AI sires. Predicted milk yield, fat yield, and 13 linear type traits of potential progeny were used to predict RNI/DPL of all potential progeny. Five methods of mate selection and pairing were evaluated for their effectiveness in choosing mates and the amount of computer time required to choose those pairings. Results of a linear programming (LP) method were used as a comparison for the other four more easily applied methods. Two of the other four methods were not significantly (P > .01) different from the LP method. Although the random pairing method was significantly different, similarity of results, for this method indicated non-linear relationships between RNI/DPL and individual trait scores are of minor importance. A11 four methods used considerable less computer time than the LP method. Analysis of variance for predicted RNI/DPL (all possible offspring) indicated herd, dam within herd, sire, and inbreeding class to be significant (P < .01) variables in determining RNI/DPL. However the sire by dam within herd interaction did not significantly affect RNI/DPL, again indicating non-linear relationships between traits and RNI/DPL were not very important. Regressing PD's, Cl's, and their crossproducts for milk yield, fat yield, and 13 linear type traits showed the relative importance of crossproducts to be minimal in comparison to the linear effects of parental genetic evaluations. / Master of Science

Jersey law, and within it Jersey property law, has received little academic attention. This thesis seeks to examine, and provide a systematic account of, the Jersey law of property. Specific aspects of substantive law are explored. From these, general observations about the nature and structure of property law are made. Unsurprisingly, given the small size of the island, Jersey has a relatively limited amount of indigenous legal material to offer, much of it in French. Inevitably, there are gaps in the sources and some way of addressing these has to be determined before a systematic account of the law is possible. Juristic writing and modern caselaw demonstrate consistent recourse to the laws of other jurisdictions when gaps are encountered. Norman law, modern French law, and English law (to a much lesser extent and mainly where it conforms to Roman law) are used in the cases on property law, and thus also in this thesis. Reference is also made to the law of Guernsey (Jersey’s sister jurisdiction) but the difficulties encountered in researching Jersey law are no less evident there. In areas such as the law of servitudes, Roman law is often referred to explicitly by the Jersey jurists and by the commentators on Norman law. The influence of Roman law is also evident in the division between real rights and personal rights, sometimes barely visible in Jersey law, and is also a general backdrop to the rules on classification of things. Norman feudal law remains vestigially in place but the structure of the law and its individual rules bear many civilian characteristics. For this reason, in addition to Jersey sources, Norman law, modern French law, and any other materials used by the courts, other jurisdictions with civilian systems of property law are also referred to, specifically mixed jurisdictions, of which Jersey is one.

Com a finalidade de estabelecer os valores de referência das características físico-químicas e celulares do leite de bovinos da raça Jersey, criados no Estado de São Paulo, durante o primeiro mês de lactação, bem como avaliar a influência da fase colostral, do número de lactações e do crescimento bacteriano em quartos mamários sadios na composição do leite, examinaram-se 617 amostras de leite, sendo 418 amostras provenientes de quartos mamários sadios e sem crescimento bacteriano e 199 amostras obtidas de quartos mamários sadios com crescimento bacteriano. O leite foi colhido assepticamente antes da ordenha e os seguintes parâmetros avaliados: pH, eletrocondutividade, cloreto, lactose, índice cloretos/lactose, gordura, proteína, sólidos totais, Califórnia Mastitis Tes (CMT) e contagem de células somáticas. Demonstrou-se a significativa influência do primeiro mês de da lactação sobre as características físico-químicas do leite, pois os valores de pH foram menores nos três primeiros dias de lactação e passaram a aumentar de maneira gradual, a eletrocondutividade diminuiu nos primeiros cinco dias de lactação, os teores de cloretos e o índice cloretos/lactose diminuem, ocorre um aumento abrupto dos teores de lactose nos dois primeiros dias, depois esse aumento passa a ocorrer de maneira gradual, os teores de gordura variaram nos primeiros dias e diminuíram a partir do 7º dia de lactação, os teores de proteína e sólidos totais diminuem, A fase da lactação também apresentou significativa influência sobre a freqüência de reações do CMT e na contagem de células somáticas. A freqüência de reações negativas do CMT foi maior nas primeiras 12 horas de lactação e a contagem de células somáticas diminuíram conforme o evoluir do primeiro mês. As características físico-químicas e celulares do leite sofreram influência do número de lactações, para as seguintes variáveis: cloretos que foi maior nas pluríparas, lactose que foi maior nas primíparas, índice cloretos/lactose que foi maior nas pluríparas e proteína que foi maior nas pluríparas. Demonstrou-se no leite proveniente de quartos mamários sadios e em cujas amostras houve crescimento bacteriano a influência do resultado do exame microbiológico sobre a composição do leite, pois os valores pH, eletrocondutividade, proteína e contagem de células somáticas foram maiores nas amostras de leite com crescimento bacteriano e a freqüência de reações negativas ao Califórnia Mastitis Test-CMT foram menores nas amostras de leite em que houve crescimento. Considerando-se as primeiras 24 horas após o parto foram estabelecidos os seguintes valores de referência para as características físico-químicas e celulares do colostro de bovinos sadios, da raça Jersey, criados no Estado de São Paulo: pH - entre 6,37 ± 0,14 e 6,43 ± 0,23; Eletrocondutividade - entre 5,24 ± 0,61 e 6,00 ± 0,16 mS/cm; Cloretos - entre 154,10 ± 29,03 e 155,50 ± 56,66 mg/dl; Lactose - entre 3,14 ± 0,66 e 3,69 ± 0,77 g/dl; Índice Cloretos/Lactose- entre 4,80 ± 3,99 e 5,22 ± 1,84; Gordura - 1,35 ± 1,17 e 2,90 ± 2,29 g/dl; Proteína - entre 8,09 ± 2,35 e 10,95 ± 1,24 g/dl; Sólidos Totais - entre 13,01 ± 1,98 e 18,18 ± 3,20 g/dl, e número de células somáticas - entre 946.444 ± 1.1198.319 e 1.355.273 ± 1.829.318 células/ml. A freqüência de ocorrência de reações do CMT foi: negativos - entre 87,8 e 96,30 %; meia cruz entre 0,00 e 4,87 %; uma cruz 0,00 %; duas cruzes - 0,00 % e três cruzes - entre 3,70 e 7,31 %. Entre o 2º e 7º dia de lactação foram estabelecidos os seguintes valores de referência: pH - entre 6,50 ± 0,15 e 6,61 ± 0,16; Eletrocondutividade - entre 5,12 ± 0,66 e 5,72 ± 0,69 mS/cm; Cloretos - entre 89,97 ± 24,80 e 114,40 ± 39,28 mg/dl; Lactose - entre 4,18 ± 0,50 e 4,42 ± 0,57 g/dl; Índice Cloretos/Lactose- entre 2,23 ± 1,78 e 2,94 ± 2,03; Gordura - 2,06 ± 1,50 e 3,09 ± 2,19 g/dl; Proteína - entre 4,09 ± 0,35 e 4,83 ± 0,66 g/dl; Sólidos Totais - entre 12,07 ± 1,33 e 12,98 ± 1,93 g/dl e o número de células somáticas - entre 555.553 ± 1.265.531 e 874.677 ± 1.443.014 células/ml. A freqüência de ocorrência de reações do CMT foi: negativa: - entre 72,34 e 87,20 %; meia cruz - entre 2,00 e 6,38 %; uma cruz - entre 2,00 e 8,51 %; duas cruzes - entre 2,32 e 8,51 % e três cruzes - entre 2,12 e 14,00 %. Entre o 8º e 30º dia de lactação foram estabelecidos os seguintes valores de referência: pH - entre 6,61 ± 0,12 e 6,71 ± 0,13; Eletrocondutividade - entre 5,14 ± 0,53 e 5,23 ± 0,59 mS/cm; Cloretos - entre 92,58 ± 29,08 e 96,73 ± 28,86 mg/dl; Lactose - entre 4,42 ± 0,51 e 4,74 ± 0,41 g/dl; Índice Cloretos/Lactose- entre 2,11 ± 0,96 e 2,20 ± 1,01; Gordura - 1,96 ± 0,99 e 2,49 ± 1,27 g/dl; Proteína - entre 3,56 ± 0,29 e 4,02 ± 0,72 g/dl; Sólidos Totais - entre 11,23 ± 1,13 e 11,70 ± 1,27 g/dl e o número de células somáticas - entre 121.632 ± 316.269 e 433.419 ± 1.297.486 células/ml. A freqüência de ocorrência de reações do CMT foi: negativos - entre 93,10 e 93,54 %; meia cruz - entre 0,00 e 5,17 %; uma cruz - entre 0,00 e 1,61 %; duas cruzes - entre 1,61 e 1,72 % e três cruzes - entre 0,00 e 3,22 %. / With the aim to establish reference values of the physicochemical and cellular characteristics of milk from Jersey cows, raised in the State of São Paulo, during the first month of lactation, as well as to evaluate the influence of the colostral phase, the number of lactations, and the bacterial growth within health mammary glands on milk composition, 617 milk samples were examined: 418 were obtained from healthy mammary glands without bacterial growth and 199 samples obtained from health mammary glands with bacterial growth. Milk samples were collected aseptically before milking and the following parameters were evaluated: pH, electrical conductivity, chlorate, lactose, chlorate/lactose ratio, fat, proteins, total solids, California Mastitis Test (CMT), and somatic cell count. Significant influences was demonstrated during the first month of lactation relative to the physicochemical characteristics, since the pH values were lower during the first three days of lactation and were increased gradually; electrical conductivity was reduced during the first five days of lactation; the levels of chlorate and the chlorate/lactose ratio were reduced; there was an abrupt increase in the levels of lactose during the first two days, after which this increase was gradual; the levels of fat were varied during the first days and were reduced with effect from the 7th day of lactation; the levels of protein and total solids were reduced. The lactation phase also demonstrated significant influence on the frequency of CMT reactions and the somatic cell count. The frequency of the negative CMT reactions was higher during the first 12 months of lactation while the somatic cell count was reduced during the same period. The physicochemical and cellular characteristics of milk were influenced by the number of lactations for the following variables: chlorate was higher in pluriparous cows; lactose was higher in primiparous cows; the chlorate/lactose ratio was higher in pluriparous cows, and protein was elevated in pluriparous cows. It was demonstrated that milk obtained from healthy mammary glands with bacterial growth within the samples influenced the milk composition since the pH values, electrical conductivity, protein, and the somatic cell count were higher in samples from milk bacterial growth, and the frequency of negative California Mastitis Test reactions were lower in samples with bacterial growth. Considering the first 24 hours after partition the following reference values were established for physicochemical and cellular characteristics of milk of Jersey cows raised in the State of São Paulo: pH, between 6.37 ± 0.14 and 6.43 ± 0.23; electrical conductivity, between 5.24 ± 0.61 and 6.00 ± 0.16 mS/cm; chlorates, between 154.10 ± 29.03 and 155.50 ± 56.66 mg/dl; lactose, between 3.14 ± 0.66 and 3.69 ± 0.77 g/dl; chlorates/lactose ratio, between 4.80 ± 3.99 and 5.22 ± 1.84; fat, between 1.35 ± 1.17 and 2.90 ± 2.29 g/dl; protein, between 8.09 ± 2.35 and 10,95 ± 1.24 g/dl; total solids, between 13.01 ± 1.98 and 18.18 ± 3.20 g/dl; and number of somatic cells, between 946.444 ± 1.1198.319 and 1.355.273 ± 1.829.318 cells/ml. The frequency of occurrence of negative CMT reactions was: negative, between 87.8 and 96.30%; half cross, between 0.00 e 4.87%; one cross, 0.00 %; two crosses, 0.00 %; and three crosses, between 3.70 e 7.31%. The following reference values were established between the 2nd and 7th day of lactation: pH, between 6.50 ± 0.15 and 6.61 ± 0.16; electrical conductivity, between 5.12 ± 0.66 and 5.72 ± 0.69 mS/cm; chlorates, between 89.97 ± 24.80 and 114.40 ± 39.28 mg/dl; lactose, between 4.18 ± 0.50 and 4.42 ± 0.57 g/dl; chlorate/lactose ratio, between 2.23 ± 1.78 e 2.94 ± 2.03; fat, between 2.06 ± 1.50 and 3.09 ± 2.19 g/dl; protein, between 4.09 ± 0.35 and 4.83 ± 0.66 g/dl; total solids, between 12.07 ± 1.33 and 12.98 ± 1.93 g/dl; and number of somatic cells, between 555.553 ± 1.265.531 and 874.677 ± 1.443.014 cells/ml. The frequency of the occurrence of CMT reactions was: negative, between 72.34 and 87.20%; half cross, between 2.00 and 6.38%; one cross, between 2.00 and 8.51 %; two crosses, between 2.32 and 8.51%; and three crosses, between 2.12 and 14.00%. The following reference values were established between the 8th and 30th day of lactation: ph, between 6.61 ± 0.12 and 6.71 ± 0.13; electrical conductivity, between 5.14 ± 0.53 and 5.23 ± 0.59 mS/cm; chlorates, between 92.58 ± 29.08 and 96.73 ± 28.86 mg/dl; lactose, between 4.42 ± 0.51 and 4.74 ± 0.41 g/dl; chlorates/lactose ratio, between 2.11 ± 0.96 and 2.20 ± 1.01; fat, between 1.96 ± 0.99 and 2.49 ± 1.27 g/dl; protein, between 3.56 ± 0.29 and 4.02 ± 0.72 g/dl; total solids, between 11.23 ± 1.13 and 11.70 ± 1.27 g/dl; and the number of somatic cells, between 121.632 ± 316.269 e 433.419 ± 1.297.486 cells/ml. The frequency of the occurrence of CMT reactions was: negative, between 93.10 and 93.54 %; half cross, between 0.00 e 5.17%; one cross, between 0.00 and 1.61%; two crosses, 1.61 and 1.72%; and three crosses, between 0.00 and 3.22%.

El presente proyecto se basa en la producción y comercialización de ropa interior para las mujeres de edades entre los 19 y 49 años del nivel socioeconómico A y B de Lima metropolitana, especialmente para aquellas que presentan flujo abundante. Se realizaron encuestas que permitieron detectar una demanda insatisfecha debido a la falta de productos que brinden seguridad y comodidad al momento de usar una prenda interior en el periodo menstrual. Cuenta con un diseño especial en la zona del fundillo, el cual está compuesto por 3 tipos de tela, algodón licra, tela de bambú y algodón jersey, los mismos que permite reducir el riesgo de manchar las prendas de vestir cuando realizan actividades cotidianas. La medida es de 24 cm de largo, lo cual abarca gran parte de zona delantera y trasera de la trusa. El desarrollo del proyecto se encuentra dividido en dos puntos, los cuales son la validación del plan de negocio y desarrollo del plan de negocio. Para la ejecución del proyecto se requirió una inversión de 23,888 soles, obtenidos a base de capital propio de los accionistas, quienes estiman recuperar dicha inversión en el primer año de operación. La rentabilidad brindada a los accionistas es de 274% lo cual hace nuestro proyecto un negocio rentable. / The present project is based on the production and marketing of underwear for women between the ages of 19 and 49, with socioeconomic statuses A and B in metropolitan Lima, especially for those who have an abundant flow. Surveys were conducted that allowed us to detect an unmet demand due to the lack of products that provide safety and comfort when wearing an undergarment during the menstrual period. It has a special design in the delicate area of the underwear, which is composed of 3 types of cloths, lycra cotton, bamboo cloth and cotton jersey, the same that reduces the risk of staining garments when the users perform their daily activities. The measurement is 24 cm long, which covers much of the front and back of the delicate area of the underwear The proposal is divided into two parts, which consists of the validation and development of the business plan. For the execution of this project, an investment of 23,888 soles was required, it is obtained solely on the shareholder's own capital, with an estimated payback in the first year of operations. The profitability provided to the shareholders is 274%, which makes the project a profitable business. / Trabajo de investigación

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of Leptospirosis on reproductive and productive performance for dairy breeds cows and to identify the inheritance of this disease by estimating the coefficient of heritability. There were used 1,788 test day milk records, measured in 115 Holstein, 16 Jersey and 18 crossbred cows, daughters of 51 bulls, collected between June/2007 and February/2008 in six herds raised in the Western Region of Santa Catarina State. The file contained the following information: identification of animal (cow) and his father, date of the cow birth, date of the last delivery, test day milk production; reproductive history, Leptospirosis serology, nutrition and health management and outcome of treatment. The effect of Leptospirosis on milk production was evaluated by comparing the performance of serum positive animals, before and after the treatment, through the Test PDIFF, while the effect on the reproductive characteristics were evaluated through the test of the "Qui" Square, relating the serology for Leptospirosis and the reproductive history of animals. The Leptospirosis inheritance probability was evaluated by the coefficient of heritability for serology and for this, there were used 125 records measured in 97 Holstein, 10 Jersey and 18 crossbred cows, daughters of 27 bulls. The results of this study show that Leptospirosis causes reproductive problems, since 70.67% of the animals with positive serology for the disease showed reproductive problems such as repetition of estrus, abortion and prolonged anestrous. Leptospirosis also causes reduction in milk production, since the serum positive animals yielded an average 20.09 liters/day before being treated and, 22.01 liters/day after the treatment, difference equivalent to 1.92 liters/day. The coefficient of heritability of 36% shows that it is possible to produce a population more resistant to the disease by selection. / Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar o efeito da Leptospirose sobre o desempenho reprodutivo e produtivo de vacas de raças leiteiras e identificar o tipo de herança desta enfermidade através da estimativa do coeficiente de herdabilidade. Foram utilizados 1.788 registros de produção de leite no dia do controle, mensurados em 115 vacas da raça Holandesa, 16 Jersey e 18 Mestiças, filhas de 51 touros, coletados entre os meses de junho de 2007 a fevereiro de 2008 em seis rebanhos na Região Oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina. O arquivo continha as seguintes informações: identificação do animal (vaca) e do seu pai; data de nascimento da vaca, do último parto e dos controles leiteiros; histórico reprodutivo, manejo nutricional e sanitário, sorologia para a Leptospirose e resultado de tratamento. O efeito da Leptospirose sobre a produção de leite foi avaliado comparando o desempenho dos animais soropositivos, antes e após o tratamento terapêutico, através do Teste PDIFF, enquanto que o efeito sobre as características reprodutivas foi avaliado através do Teste do Qui Quadrado, relacionando a sorologia para Leptospirose e o histórico reprodutivo dos animais. A probabilidade de herança da Leptospirose foi avaliada pelo coeficiente de herdabilidade da titulação sorológica e para isto foram utilizados 125 registros mensurados em 97 vacas da raça Holandesa, 10 Jersey e 18 Mestiças, filhas de 27 touros. Os resultados do presente trabalho mostram que a Leptospirose causa problemas de ordem reprodutiva, visto que 70,67% dos animais com sorologia positiva para a doença apresentaram problemas reprodutivos, tais como, repetição de cio, aborto e anestro prolongado. A Leptospirose também provocou redução na produção de leite, uma vez que os animais soropositivos produziram, em média, 20,09 litros/controle antes de serem tratadas e, após o tratamento terapêutico, produziram 22,01 litros de leite/controle em média, uma diferença equivalente a 1,92 litros de leite por vaca/dia. O coeficiente de herdabilidade de 36% mostra que é possível produzir uma população mais resistente a esta doença através da seleção.

Com a finalidade de estabelecer os valores de referência das características físico-químicas e celulares do leite de bovinos da raça Jersey, criados no Estado de São Paulo, durante o primeiro mês de lactação, bem como avaliar a influência da fase colostral, do número de lactações e do crescimento bacteriano em quartos mamários sadios na composição do leite, examinaram-se 617 amostras de leite, sendo 418 amostras provenientes de quartos mamários sadios e sem crescimento bacteriano e 199 amostras obtidas de quartos mamários sadios com crescimento bacteriano. O leite foi colhido assepticamente antes da ordenha e os seguintes parâmetros avaliados: pH, eletrocondutividade, cloreto, lactose, índice cloretos/lactose, gordura, proteína, sólidos totais, Califórnia Mastitis Tes (CMT) e contagem de células somáticas. Demonstrou-se a significativa influência do primeiro mês de da lactação sobre as características físico-químicas do leite, pois os valores de pH foram menores nos três primeiros dias de lactação e passaram a aumentar de maneira gradual, a eletrocondutividade diminuiu nos primeiros cinco dias de lactação, os teores de cloretos e o índice cloretos/lactose diminuem, ocorre um aumento abrupto dos teores de lactose nos dois primeiros dias, depois esse aumento passa a ocorrer de maneira gradual, os teores de gordura variaram nos primeiros dias e diminuíram a partir do 7º dia de lactação, os teores de proteína e sólidos totais diminuem, A fase da lactação também apresentou significativa influência sobre a freqüência de reações do CMT e na contagem de células somáticas. A freqüência de reações negativas do CMT foi maior nas primeiras 12 horas de lactação e a contagem de células somáticas diminuíram conforme o evoluir do primeiro mês. As características físico-químicas e celulares do leite sofreram influência do número de lactações, para as seguintes variáveis: cloretos que foi maior nas pluríparas, lactose que foi maior nas primíparas, índice cloretos/lactose que foi maior nas pluríparas e proteína que foi maior nas pluríparas. Demonstrou-se no leite proveniente de quartos mamários sadios e em cujas amostras houve crescimento bacteriano a influência do resultado do exame microbiológico sobre a composição do leite, pois os valores pH, eletrocondutividade, proteína e contagem de células somáticas foram maiores nas amostras de leite com crescimento bacteriano e a freqüência de reações negativas ao Califórnia Mastitis Test-CMT foram menores nas amostras de leite em que houve crescimento. Considerando-se as primeiras 24 horas após o parto foram estabelecidos os seguintes valores de referência para as características físico-químicas e celulares do colostro de bovinos sadios, da raça Jersey, criados no Estado de São Paulo: pH - entre 6,37 ± 0,14 e 6,43 ± 0,23; Eletrocondutividade - entre 5,24 ± 0,61 e 6,00 ± 0,16 mS/cm; Cloretos - entre 154,10 ± 29,03 e 155,50 ± 56,66 mg/dl; Lactose - entre 3,14 ± 0,66 e 3,69 ± 0,77 g/dl; Índice Cloretos/Lactose- entre 4,80 ± 3,99 e 5,22 ± 1,84; Gordura - 1,35 ± 1,17 e 2,90 ± 2,29 g/dl; Proteína - entre 8,09 ± 2,35 e 10,95 ± 1,24 g/dl; Sólidos Totais - entre 13,01 ± 1,98 e 18,18 ± 3,20 g/dl, e número de células somáticas - entre 946.444 ± 1.1198.319 e 1.355.273 ± 1.829.318 células/ml. A freqüência de ocorrência de reações do CMT foi: negativos - entre 87,8 e 96,30 %; meia cruz entre 0,00 e 4,87 %; uma cruz 0,00 %; duas cruzes - 0,00 % e três cruzes - entre 3,70 e 7,31 %. Entre o 2º e 7º dia de lactação foram estabelecidos os seguintes valores de referência: pH - entre 6,50 ± 0,15 e 6,61 ± 0,16; Eletrocondutividade - entre 5,12 ± 0,66 e 5,72 ± 0,69 mS/cm; Cloretos - entre 89,97 ± 24,80 e 114,40 ± 39,28 mg/dl; Lactose - entre 4,18 ± 0,50 e 4,42 ± 0,57 g/dl; Índice Cloretos/Lactose- entre 2,23 ± 1,78 e 2,94 ± 2,03; Gordura - 2,06 ± 1,50 e 3,09 ± 2,19 g/dl; Proteína - entre 4,09 ± 0,35 e 4,83 ± 0,66 g/dl; Sólidos Totais - entre 12,07 ± 1,33 e 12,98 ± 1,93 g/dl e o número de células somáticas - entre 555.553 ± 1.265.531 e 874.677 ± 1.443.014 células/ml. A freqüência de ocorrência de reações do CMT foi: negativa: - entre 72,34 e 87,20 %; meia cruz - entre 2,00 e 6,38 %; uma cruz - entre 2,00 e 8,51 %; duas cruzes - entre 2,32 e 8,51 % e três cruzes - entre 2,12 e 14,00 %. Entre o 8º e 30º dia de lactação foram estabelecidos os seguintes valores de referência: pH - entre 6,61 ± 0,12 e 6,71 ± 0,13; Eletrocondutividade - entre 5,14 ± 0,53 e 5,23 ± 0,59 mS/cm; Cloretos - entre 92,58 ± 29,08 e 96,73 ± 28,86 mg/dl; Lactose - entre 4,42 ± 0,51 e 4,74 ± 0,41 g/dl; Índice Cloretos/Lactose- entre 2,11 ± 0,96 e 2,20 ± 1,01; Gordura - 1,96 ± 0,99 e 2,49 ± 1,27 g/dl; Proteína - entre 3,56 ± 0,29 e 4,02 ± 0,72 g/dl; Sólidos Totais - entre 11,23 ± 1,13 e 11,70 ± 1,27 g/dl e o número de células somáticas - entre 121.632 ± 316.269 e 433.419 ± 1.297.486 células/ml. A freqüência de ocorrência de reações do CMT foi: negativos - entre 93,10 e 93,54 %; meia cruz - entre 0,00 e 5,17 %; uma cruz - entre 0,00 e 1,61 %; duas cruzes - entre 1,61 e 1,72 % e três cruzes - entre 0,00 e 3,22 %. / With the aim to establish reference values of the physicochemical and cellular characteristics of milk from Jersey cows, raised in the State of São Paulo, during the first month of lactation, as well as to evaluate the influence of the colostral phase, the number of lactations, and the bacterial growth within health mammary glands on milk composition, 617 milk samples were examined: 418 were obtained from healthy mammary glands without bacterial growth and 199 samples obtained from health mammary glands with bacterial growth. Milk samples were collected aseptically before milking and the following parameters were evaluated: pH, electrical conductivity, chlorate, lactose, chlorate/lactose ratio, fat, proteins, total solids, California Mastitis Test (CMT), and somatic cell count. Significant influences was demonstrated during the first month of lactation relative to the physicochemical characteristics, since the pH values were lower during the first three days of lactation and were increased gradually; electrical conductivity was reduced during the first five days of lactation; the levels of chlorate and the chlorate/lactose ratio were reduced; there was an abrupt increase in the levels of lactose during the first two days, after which this increase was gradual; the levels of fat were varied during the first days and were reduced with effect from the 7th day of lactation; the levels of protein and total solids were reduced. The lactation phase also demonstrated significant influence on the frequency of CMT reactions and the somatic cell count. The frequency of the negative CMT reactions was higher during the first 12 months of lactation while the somatic cell count was reduced during the same period. The physicochemical and cellular characteristics of milk were influenced by the number of lactations for the following variables: chlorate was higher in pluriparous cows; lactose was higher in primiparous cows; the chlorate/lactose ratio was higher in pluriparous cows, and protein was elevated in pluriparous cows. It was demonstrated that milk obtained from healthy mammary glands with bacterial growth within the samples influenced the milk composition since the pH values, electrical conductivity, protein, and the somatic cell count were higher in samples from milk bacterial growth, and the frequency of negative California Mastitis Test reactions were lower in samples with bacterial growth. Considering the first 24 hours after partition the following reference values were established for physicochemical and cellular characteristics of milk of Jersey cows raised in the State of São Paulo: pH, between 6.37 ± 0.14 and 6.43 ± 0.23; electrical conductivity, between 5.24 ± 0.61 and 6.00 ± 0.16 mS/cm; chlorates, between 154.10 ± 29.03 and 155.50 ± 56.66 mg/dl; lactose, between 3.14 ± 0.66 and 3.69 ± 0.77 g/dl; chlorates/lactose ratio, between 4.80 ± 3.99 and 5.22 ± 1.84; fat, between 1.35 ± 1.17 and 2.90 ± 2.29 g/dl; protein, between 8.09 ± 2.35 and 10,95 ± 1.24 g/dl; total solids, between 13.01 ± 1.98 and 18.18 ± 3.20 g/dl; and number of somatic cells, between 946.444 ± 1.1198.319 and 1.355.273 ± 1.829.318 cells/ml. The frequency of occurrence of negative CMT reactions was: negative, between 87.8 and 96.30%; half cross, between 0.00 e 4.87%; one cross, 0.00 %; two crosses, 0.00 %; and three crosses, between 3.70 e 7.31%. The following reference values were established between the 2nd and 7th day of lactation: pH, between 6.50 ± 0.15 and 6.61 ± 0.16; electrical conductivity, between 5.12 ± 0.66 and 5.72 ± 0.69 mS/cm; chlorates, between 89.97 ± 24.80 and 114.40 ± 39.28 mg/dl; lactose, between 4.18 ± 0.50 and 4.42 ± 0.57 g/dl; chlorate/lactose ratio, between 2.23 ± 1.78 e 2.94 ± 2.03; fat, between 2.06 ± 1.50 and 3.09 ± 2.19 g/dl; protein, between 4.09 ± 0.35 and 4.83 ± 0.66 g/dl; total solids, between 12.07 ± 1.33 and 12.98 ± 1.93 g/dl; and number of somatic cells, between 555.553 ± 1.265.531 and 874.677 ± 1.443.014 cells/ml. The frequency of the occurrence of CMT reactions was: negative, between 72.34 and 87.20%; half cross, between 2.00 and 6.38%; one cross, between 2.00 and 8.51 %; two crosses, between 2.32 and 8.51%; and three crosses, between 2.12 and 14.00%. The following reference values were established between the 8th and 30th day of lactation: ph, between 6.61 ± 0.12 and 6.71 ± 0.13; electrical conductivity, between 5.14 ± 0.53 and 5.23 ± 0.59 mS/cm; chlorates, between 92.58 ± 29.08 and 96.73 ± 28.86 mg/dl; lactose, between 4.42 ± 0.51 and 4.74 ± 0.41 g/dl; chlorates/lactose ratio, between 2.11 ± 0.96 and 2.20 ± 1.01; fat, between 1.96 ± 0.99 and 2.49 ± 1.27 g/dl; protein, between 3.56 ± 0.29 and 4.02 ± 0.72 g/dl; total solids, between 11.23 ± 1.13 and 11.70 ± 1.27 g/dl; and the number of somatic cells, between 121.632 ± 316.269 e 433.419 ± 1.297.486 cells/ml. The frequency of the occurrence of CMT reactions was: negative, between 93.10 and 93.54 %; half cross, between 0.00 e 5.17%; one cross, between 0.00 and 1.61%; two crosses, 1.61 and 1.72%; and three crosses, between 0.00 and 3.22%.

As the world faces the effects of rapid climate change it is essential that we understand how the Earth’s climate has evolved in recent geological history. The island of Jersey harbours loess deposits which hold clues to recent climate change which have not been extensively studied. In this study, grain size analysis was employed on loess from the site of La Motte in order to shed light on climate change in the region during the last glacial. Several metrics such as the ratio of coarse to fine silt, the rate of deposition and the formation of ancient soils was used to assess the climate conditions during the time of deposition. The results show that the loess of La Motte is coarse compared to typical European loess but similar in grain size distribution to other sites along the English Channel, with relatively high amounts of sand and low amounts of clay. The relative coarseness of the deposits suggests a cold and dry depositional environment as well as proximity to the source of sediment and high wind intensities during the time of deposition. The fraction of coarse silt to fine silt, along with the rate of deposition and the occurrence of soil formation across the stratigraphy indicates that the climate slowly cooled from around 55 000 to 24 000 years ago when a sudden cooling event took place, then warmed until about 16 800 years ago where the climate suddenly cooled again. The timing of these rapid climatic shifts appears to correspond with Heinrich events 1 and 2 when large masses of ice were discharged from continental ice sheets. / Medan världen står inför effekterna av snabba klimatförändringar är det väsentligt att vi förstår hur jordens klimat har utvecklats under den senaste geologiska tiden. Ön Jersey hyser lössavlagringar som håller ledtrådar om den senaste tidens klimatförändringar och som inte studerats har studerats omfattande. I denna studie användes kornstorleksanalys på löss från lokaliteten La Motte med avsikt att utöka kunskapen om klimatförändringar i regionen under den senaste nedisningen. Ett flertal mått så som förhållandet mellan grov och fin silt, depositionshastigheten och bildningen av gamla jordar användes för att bedöma klimatförhållandena under avsättningstiden. Resultatet visar att La Mottes löss är grov jämfört med europeiska lössjordar, men i kornstorleksdistribution lik med andra lokaliteter längs med Engelska kanalen med relativt höga mängder sand och låga mängder lera. Avlagringarnas relativa grovhet tyder på en kall och torr avsättningsmiljö såväl som närhet till sedimentkällan och höga vindstyrkor under avsättningstiden. Förhållandet mellan grov och fin silt, tillsammans med depositionshastigheten och förekomsten av jordbildning genom stratigrafin tyder på att klimatet långsamt kyldes ner från omkring 55 000 år sedan till 24 000 år sedan då en plötslig nedkylning skedde. Klimatet värmdes sedan upp fram till omkring 16 800 år sedan då klimatet plötsligt kyldes ner igen. Tidpunkterna då dessa snabba avkylningar skedde verkar korrespondera med Heinrich-händelserna 1 och 2 då stora ismassor lossades från kontinentala istäcken ut i Nordatlanten.

Public community colleges enroll a high percentage of high risk students. The majority of these students dropout of college. At Gloucester County College, New Jersey of 718 entering students in the Fall of 1988 only 196 or 27% completed requirements for a certificate or two year associate degree after six semesters. In an effort to increase the success of entering students, Gloucester County College gave each student a state mandated placement examination in Reading Comprehension, English Composition, and Mathematics Computation and placed those students who failed the exams in pre-collegiate developmental courses hoping thereby to prepare them for regular collegiate level work. In this study, the possible effects of 19 variables on the students’ academic progress toward program completion were examined. These included: personal and education attributes of the students, characteristics of the high schools from which they were graduated, their scores on entry level tests of basic skills, and their performance in remedial, developmental, and regular collegiate level classes. In general, high risk students were more likely to drop out of Gloucester County College regardless of their initial placement in regular, developmental, or remedial courses. On basis of this study, it remains unclear whether or not remedial courses promoted program completion. It is clear, however, that students who were assigned to pre-collegiate level courses dropped out sooner than other students, earned fewer credits, and with lower QCAs when doing so, and rarely persisted through graduation. Yet, on basis of entry level test scores alone, as many as 20% of those who failed one or more tests were graduated and an additional 16% were still persisting after six semesters. / Ed. D.