This study seeks to show that a tradition exists of personal journalists who, more than supporting a partisan position, have moral concern and desire reconciliation. Between the First World War and the Hutchins Commission report of 1947, Walter Lippmann and other media critics theorized that journalistic objectivity is impossible, but recognized journalists' responsibility to interpret events to their publics. In the 1930s these new theories coincided with historical events to encourage journalists' personal involvement with their subjects. The work of the best personal journalists, for example, George Orwell and James Agee, resulted from moral concern. This tradition is furthered today in the journalism of Bill Moyers.

Wan Ching Kwan, Carol. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [70]-[71]). / Questionnaire also in Chinese. / Acknowledgement / Abstract / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Theoretical Framework and Literature Review --- p.6 / Third-Person Effect Hypothesis --- p.6 / Sensationalism --- p.18 / Non-sensational News --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Rationale and Hypotheses --- p.25 / Hypotheses --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Methodology --- p.32 / Measurement and Procedures --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Findings --- p.36 / Subjects --- p.36 / Descriptive Findings --- p.37 / Findings of Other Statistical Tests --- Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis2 --- p.41 / Negative and Positive Third-Person Effect --- p.44 / Negative Reverse Third-Person Effect and Positive Reverse Third-Person Effect --- p.45 / Findings for Hypothesis3 --- p.47 / Findings for Hypothesis4 --- p.48 / Differences Between Popular Newspaper Journalists and Elite Newspaper Journalists --- p.49 / Working Experience in the Journalism --- p.50 / Length of Service in the Present Organisations --- p.51 / Job Levels --- p.52 / Age --- p.53 / Other Demographics --- p.53 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Discussion --- p.55 / Perception of Media Impact --- p.55 / Negative Third-Person Effect --- p.56 / Level of Education and the Estimation of the Media Impact --- p.58 / Estimation of Media Impact and the Support for the Improvement of Professional Standard --- p.59 / Differences Between Popular Newspaper Journalists and Elite Newspaper Journalists --- p.61 / Self-perception of the Journalists --- p.62 / Length of Service in the Present Organisations --- p.64 / Other Demographics --- p.64 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- Conclusion --- p.67 / Bibliography / Appendix I English Questionnaire / Appendix II --- Chinese Questionnaire

Journalists&rsquo / commitment to an objective, impartial, balanced way of reporting and their respect for ethical norms are considered a vital prerequisite for democracy to be carried out. The general purpose of this thesis is to reveal whether established journalistic practices in Turkey are shaped through commonly acknowledged professional principles in a way that is compatible with democratic expectancies. In order to achieve this goal, a group of journalists were interviewed in the summer of 2003 who worked as parliament journalists at some time in their careers. They were asked several questions mainly concerning the factors that might have influence on the processes of news making with a special emphasis on the negative consequences of the complex structure of media-politics relationships. The analysis of the interviews reveals Turkish journalists&rsquo / views that journalism in Turkey is faced with serious problems and even may be characterized by a high degree of &ldquo / degeneration&rdquo / .

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 200-206). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

This study aims to be a contribution to the construction of a general tipological theory of texts, according to the postulates of the Text Linguistics. Thus, our starting point is related to the concept of discourse community proposed by Swales (1990), which establishes six criteria of analyses by which we have delimited and defined the journalistic discourse community. From that, we have studied the text categories present in the newspapers and magazines and classified them based on the tipological theory of texts proposed by Travaglia (2003a), as well as from the concept of genre by Bakhtin (1997) and Bazerman (2005). Besides such classification, we have also proposed some criteria and parameters for the definition of what a journalistic text/genre is. This way we have put together the text categories found in the newspapers and magazines as the ones which were considered journalistic, following the concept of discourse community of Swales (1990) and the difference among genre, tenor and mode, proposed by Marcuschi (2003). Finally, we have characterized the news, as a base genre in the journalism, as well as of its several faces, which we have found to be species of the news genre which are composed predominantly by the narrative type. / Este trabalho pretende contribuir para a construção de uma teoria tipológica geral de texto, sob a ótica da Lingüística Textual. Para tal, o ponto de partida refere-se ao conceito de comunidade discursiva, proposto por Swales (1990), que estabelece seis critérios de análise e segundo os quais delimitamos e definimos a comunidade discursiva jornalística. A partir desse ponto, fizemos um levantamento das categorias de texto presentes em jornais e revistas, classificando-as segundo a teoria tipológica de textos proposta por Travaglia (2003b), bem como a partir do conceito de gênero de Bakhtin (1997) e Bazerman (2005). Além dessa classificação, também nos propomos a estabelecer critérios e parâmetros para a definição do que seja um texto/gênero jornalístico, agrupando as categorias de texto encontradas nos jornais e revistas como jornalísticas ou não-jornalísticas, segundo o conceito de comunidade discursiva de Swales (1990) e a diferenciação entre gênero, suporte e canal ou meio proposta por Marcuschi (2003). Por fim, realizamos a caracterização da notícia, gênero base do jornalismo, bem como de suas várias faces, que correspondem a espécies do gênero notícia que são compostas, predominantemente, pelo tipo narrativo. / Mestre em Linguística

El objetivo del Estudio consiste en proponer un instrumento de medición de la Confianza en un medio de comunicación periodístico impreso peruano desde la perspectiva del lector. Para lograr el objetivo, se construyó un instrumento basado en autores, definiciones y teorías sobre la Confianza, los cuales permitieron identificar 31 items organizados en cinco grupos de Confianza periodística. La validez del contenido fue realizada con 11 expertos periodistas y comunicadores, analizando sus respuestas con una prueba binomial. La validez de constructo se realizó mediante un análisis de componentes principales, la cual brindó una solución inicial de dos componentes, explicando 66,67% de la varianza total. El Componente 1 explicó el 62,91% de la varianza y el Componente 2 explicó sólo el 3,76% de la varianza, razón por la cual, se decidió prescindir del Componente 2, quedando sólo un componente con 27 items, el cual fue confirmado por un segundo análisis (determinante=7540-13; Kaiser Meyer Olkin=0.985; X2 de Bartlett=16445.628/351/p.=0.000), explicando el 66,51% de la varianza total. De esta manera se comprobó la unidimensionalidad del constructo medido por el instrumento. La confiabilidad fue determinada por el coeficiente de consistencia interna Alfa de Cronbach, el cual dio como resultado 0.980, indicando una confiabilidad óptima. Una vez determinada la validez y confiabilidad del instrumento, se procedió a medir la Confianza en el diario El Comercio, diario fundado el 4 de mayo de 1839, y considerado el Decano de la prensa nacional en el Perú. Para ello, se determinó una muestra de 600 suscriptores, y se empleó el análisis cluster de K-media, análisis que divide la muestra en dos grupos extremadamente diferenciados, con el objetivo de establecer un punto de corte que nos permita diferencial el grupo que confía de aquel grupo que no confía en el diario. De este modo se pudo determinar que el 69,5% de los suscriptores de El Comercio (versión impresa) reconocían en los atributos de la Confianza periodística razones para confiar en el diario, mientras que un 30,5% reconoció en ellos razones para no confiar en este medio / The objective of the study is to propose a measuring instrument of Trust of a Peruvian print journalistic communication medium from the reader perspective. To this aim, an instrument based on authors' opinions, definitions and theories on Trust was designed. This led to the identification of 31 ítem organized in five groups of journalistic Trust. Content validity was assessed by 11 journalism and social communication experts, whose answers were analyzed through binomial tests. Construct validity was established by main component analysis which resulted in two components explaining 66.67% of the total variance. Component 1 explained 62,91% of the variance, while Component 2 was removed, since it only explained 3,76% of the variance. The remaining component, with 27 items, was confirmed by a second analysis (Determinant=7540-13; Kaiser Meyer Olkin=0.985; Bartlett's X2=16445628/351/p.=0.000), which explained 66,51% of the total variance. The construct was proven one-dimensional by the measuring instrument. Trust was determined by Cronbach's Alpha internal consistency coefficient, with a score of 0.980 indicating optimal reliability. After determining the validity and reliability of the instrument, the level of Trust of El Comercio newspaper -founded on May 4 1839 and currently regarded as the "Dean" of Peruvian national Press - was measured. Using K-medians clustering analysis, a sample of 600 subscribers was partitioned into two extremely differentiated clusters to establish a cutpoint allowing to define which cluster trusts the newspaper and which does not. Thus, it was possible to determine that 69,5% of el Comercio (print version) subscribers acknowledged journalistic trust attributes as reasons to trus the newspaper, while 30,5% did not.

The thesis' topics are a reliefisation (literally rising from) and a parenthesis in contemporary written published Czech. Both of these lingusitic phenomena represent the instruments of the text hierarchisation, that means a magnitude of importance, so that an author may present selected informations in the way of emphasization, notification, or, conversely, as less significant completion, addition of the main message. By collected readings analysis, the thesis' purpose is to plot the incidences of reliefisation and parentesis in current published texts; the syntactic aspect comprises the clasification of individual varieties of presented phenomena, and the identification of the motives of their utilization. The theoretical section yields the synthesis of findings about that phenomena, and, in the case of parenthesis, it also brings intrinsic criteria for the definitions of terms - necessary approach due to interpersonal differencies in linguists' conceptions of the topics. The practical section provides detailed classification of syntactic text-included (reliefisied) and text-excluded (parenthetic) phrases. Keywords: reliefisation, parenthesis, journalistic style

These days, fact-checking is a fashionable term in the worlds of both politics and the media. On broadcast news, tickers run below the speeches of politicians, with claims annotated in real-time and occasionally labeled as false. In newspapers like the Washington Post and online information hubs like Politifact.com, writers invoke the term to flag reporting that aims to correct or clarify the public record. At times, "fact-checking" efforts are themselves called out for partisan bias or personal gain. The term is now practically mainstream, used in everyday conversation to indicate disbelief. ("I'm going to have to fact-check you," CNN anchor Jake Tapper said to former Baltimore mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake in August 2016, expressing surprise that she was the mother of a 12-year-old.) Given the proliferating parties of interest that now claim to be engaged in some sort of fact-checking endeavor--from policy think tanks to Facebook--it's no wonder that a term originally reserved for the pursuit of journalistic accuracy now suffers from muddied public understanding. This study focuses on fact-checking in the context of print magazines: the media genre that innovated a formal version of the practice nearly a century ago. Magazine fact-checking, unlike the "fact-checking" tickers of broadcast news and newspaper postmortems, focuses not on setting the record straight after the fact, but rather on getting the story right before it goes to print. If a magazine fact-checker does her work well, she'll remain invisible to the reader. And that's because the published story, after her fact-checking, will afford the reader an experience uninterrupted by questionable logic, unreliable sources, or suspect data. Magazine fact-checkers aim for this level of perfection by employing a rigorous process that goes far beyond the verification of names, dates, and numerical figures. To illustrate this process, and explain my personal investment in this craft, I share my own experience working as the head of a city magazine's fact-checking department. To gain perspective on magazine fact-checking as practiced elsewhere in the nation, I interview other fact-checkers, writers, and academics. I also draw on case studies, media history, and personal anecdotes to examine some of the fundamental questions that inform the practice. (Among them: what is a fact? When does information become true? And what are the limits of a fact-checker's pursuit of truth?) In the world of fact-checking, there are best practices in the craft, and nuances to consider. Fact-checking also wades into deeper waters: those of philosophy, ethics, and social bias. But at its core, fact-checking is quite simply an application of critical thinking skills: skills that can be honed, and used for good. At a time when the media has lost the faith of many Americans, the magazine fact-checker can play a critical role in building that trust, one scrupulously vetted story at a time.

No description available.

Viruses are microscopic biological organisms offensive in nature. Human beings have been combating viruses since times remote. Some battles were won, but never the war. One of the most eminent and destructive epidemics throughout human history is the bubonic plague, better known as the Black Death. Since its first attack on human beings, the casualty count produced by the bubonic plague has been astronomical. The epidemics not only inflict damage physically, but also psychologically on human beings. It is remarkable how such nearly invisible agents can instill so much fear in humans. Daniel Defoe¡¦s A Journal of the Plague Year is a masterpiece in journalistic fiction which brings literature, microbiology, and human behavioral psychology together. The book simply describes scenes from the 1665 London bubonic plague attack through the eyes of a narrator amidst the turmoil. However, it also serves as a guide book to human behavior in desperate times. Defoe vividly describes the plague, the suffering, the horror, and most importantly, the society, the people, and their reactions. With the Journal, Defoe blurred the line between factual and fictitious writing. He wrote a fiction based on factual data which very probably served as a warning aimed at public awareness towards epidemics. Some suspect that the Journal was merely an instrument of government propaganda; whichever the case, this book still constitutes as a milestone in epidemic literature as well as journalistic fiction. This thesis aims mainly at analyzing the relationship between the plague and humans. It is interesting to observe how the plague changed human behavior and induced some of the most common flaws in human character out of deep fear: mutual distrust, paranoia, superstition, opportunism, madness, anger, and hostility. The fragility and vulnerability of the human psyche are exposed in epidemic times such as in the recent SARS outbreak. Unavoidably, the destructiveness of the plague makes it evil in human eyes. However, it is possible to discover the positive and constructive sides of the plague instead of just the negative attributes. People tend to rely on religion in seeking comfort, explanation, and spiritual support. There are people who devote themselves to religion as well as those who choose a different path. At the end of the discussion, we take a look at how religion plays an important role in counteracting the epidemics¡¦ delirious effect on human beings.