"This paper is an attempt to familiarize librarians and others with William L. Shirer, an author in the field of history and foreign affairs, both subjects of great concern to anyone wishing to understand the problems confronting the world today. Only through a knowledge of the events of the past can the events of the present and the future be understood, and it is the responsibility of the library to disseminate the ne[ce]ssary information. Therefore, the material in this paper should assist librarians in evaluating the books of William L. Shirer for inclusion in their respective libraries"--Introduction. / Typescript. / "January, 1961." / "Submitted to the Graduate School of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science." / Advisor: Louise Galloway, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 43-53).

Because of expanding news programming and a greater emphasis on interpretative reporting, journalists have an increasing need for experts to interview for articles. One common source for experts is colleges and universities, which are interested in gaining the attention that media references to their faculty bring. Past studies of media use of experts show bias toward high-status sources. An Internet-based service called ProfNet gives university public relations practitioners opportunities to offer experts to journalists who have posted queries related to future stories. University public relations practitioners who use ProfNet were surveyed to examine criteria for success in promoting experts. The results found frequent and rapid responses to journalists' queries correlated positively with success in getting experts used in articles. Institutional size as well as complexity, i.e. the number and type of academic degrees awarded, also correlated positively with use of campus experts, though the size of the correlation was not as great as the correlation between frequency of response and frequency of media placements using ProfNet. Institutional reputation, as operationalized by magazine rankings, did not correlate with success. Future study is needed to determine the relationship between the two indicators of media choices of expert sources: effort on the part of public relations offices, and the size and complexity of institutions.

The word journalist, and the domain of producers and texts that inhabit its boundaries, often lacks a clear and agreed definition. The dominant body of literature looks at journalists in the United States through a remote lens, locates them within a cadre of journalists operating out of a newsroom, and overlooks the multiple roles they inhabit at once. This dissertation represents an attempt to build on and extend the depth of definitions afforded the American print journalist offered in literature that dominates journalism studies. This dissertation utilizes critical textual analysis for a case study of journalists' letters to editors of journalism trade magazines to identify the patterned ways journalists define journalists. Deuze's (2005, 2007b) theory of the ideological definitions of journalists provides a framework for the analysis. Journalism trade magazines perform a special role as watchdogs of the press. Journalists who write letters to editors of these magazines are watching the watchdogs. This dissertation looks to those journalists' words to craft a nuanced understanding of the factors that shape the forces defining these journalists, their labor, and their pursuit of democratic ideals. Drawing from the corpus of letters published in American Journalism Review, Columbia Journalism Review, and Editor and Publisher, critical textual analysis identifies how discourses in the letters reflect or reshape traditional print journalists' self definitions. The result is a catalog of information that shapes an understanding of the letters within the individual ideological framework of the community of people who volunteer their opinions for publication in these journals. The dissertation works to develop a more complete picture of the ideology of traditional print journalists as it is defined in their own words.

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This dissertation provides a better understanding of how journalists attain their personal and occupational identities. In particular, I examine the origins and meanings of journalistic objectivity as well as the professional autonomy that is specific to journalism. Journalists understand objectivity as a worldview, value, ideal, and impossibility. A central question that remains is why the term objectivity has become highly devalued in journalistic discourse in the past 30 years, a puzzling development considered in light of evidence that "objectivity" remains important in American journalism. I use Bourdieu's notion of field to explore anthropological ways of looking at objectivity, for instance, viewing it as a practice that distinguishes journalists from other professionals as knowledge workers. Applying notions of field to the journalistic field through anthropological methods and perspective permits the linkage of microlevel perspectives to macrolevel social phenomena. The dissertation demonstrates how qualitative research on individuals and newsroom organizations can be connected to the field of journalism in the United States. Additionally, it offers insight into why journalists continue to embrace objectivity, even as they acknowledge its deficiencies as a journalistic goal. / Anthropology

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M.A. / On-going traumatic events have become a tragic reality within South African society, with ubiquitous psychological consequences for those involved. The major political upheaval - specifically in the past five years - and the process of transition to a new South Africa has had an impact on all South Africans. Journalists have played a fundamental role in the process of transition, and many have been exposed to scenes of extreme unrest and accompanying violence. It is apparent that the need exists to study the effects of on-going stress in this group of individuals. This study regarding the effects of unabated exposure to violence and trauma in journalists (specifically crime reporters) had the following objectives: (I) A comprehensive literature survey which focuses on the theory and history of combat-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Theory that has developed in response to disaster psychology was included. (ii) An investigation of the effects of exposure to unremitting violence and trauma in a journalistic context. The initial part of the study focuses on a thorough theoretical investigation which provides a systemic framework for the conceptualization of PTSD. The literature reveals that not all individuals develop Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after a traumatic event; PTSD in individuals who have been exposed to on-going violence and trauma cannot be conceptualized on a linear level, whereby following exposure to a specific stressor/trauma, the inevitable outcome would be PTSD. It is clear that although the stressor is necessary, it is not sufficient to cause the disorder. On the contrary, there are other factors which play a fundamental role in whether or not the victim perceives the event as overwhelmingly stressful. These factors are termed - mediating factors" and include pre-existing biological factors, pre-existing psycho-social factors and events that occurred post-trauma (such as the availability of an adequate support system). The fact that insufficient psychological assistance subsequent to exposure to the trauma was available to the group of journalists that took part in the study, was apparent. The reasons for this may have been that due to the "macho-ethic" that pervades their functioning the individuals in question, deny themselves access to a structured and regular way of defusing their experiences. A criticism that could be levelled against this study is that the researcher elected to conduct a single interview with each journalist. The issues that arose as a result of the interviews were real, but were not able to be dealt with and followed up on. A further criticism is that there has been a relatively extended time factor between the heightened trauma and violence to which the journalists were subjected and the interview that provided the material for this study. Trauma has conventionally been defined as a linear occurrence, as an external event which impacts on people's lives in a random, haphazard manner. However, it is strongly felt that it should be seen within a bigger ecosystemic context as an event which has become so much a part of our society as we currently know it. Recommendations were made as a result of the study, and these are: that a follow-up study be conducted which would have as it's aim an in-depth investigation of individual long-term cases in journalists who are victims of violence; that journalists be afforded mandatory psychological intervention following their exposure to violence and trauma as it is clear that psychotherapy is strongly indicated for individuals with PTSD; that group programmes be devised with the objective of educating this group of individuals with regard to PTSD and other severe stress responses.

Chen Yun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-100). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendix in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Prologue --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2： --- "Internet, J-blog, and the Public Sphere..…" --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1. --- The Public Sphere： from West to East --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2. --- Internet and the Public Sphere --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3. --- A Brief History of blog and its Development in China --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4. --- Blogs and the Public Sphere --- p.14 / Chapter 2.5. --- Blogs and Journalism --- p.18 / Chapter 2.6. --- Media and Journalism in China --- p.22 / Chapter 2.7. --- Identity and Public Sphere --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 3： --- Research Question and Research Methods --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1. --- Research Scope and the Selected Sample --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2. --- A Single Case Study of Anti blog --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3. --- Research Questions: --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4. --- Qualitative methods： --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5. --- Quantitative method： --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 4： --- Findings --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1 --- Anti blog as alternative public sphere --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2 --- Identity and authority construction of Anti blog --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3. --- The Personalization of j-blog： empowerment and its discontent --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- "Discussion： Internet, public sphere and identity construction" --- p.78 / Appendix --- p.90 / Bibliography --- p.92