Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-102).

Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-102). Also available in print.

The aim of this study is to contribute to a deeper understanding of the underrepresentation of women working as sports journalists at local newspapers in Sweden. This study also aims to investigate how the Swedish Union of Journalists works to improve gender equality for female sports journalists. A qualitative semi-structured interview method is used to fulfill the aims of the study. The theoretical framework used are Kanter's theory of tokenism and Altheide and Snow's theory of media logic. The results shows that sports journalism faces a number of challenges in the work for gender equality, such as an excluding masculine culture, harassments in the field, difficulty of finding women to recruit and a need to prioritize more women in sports media to make women a more natural part of sports. The Swedish Union of Journalists mainly educates, provides equality projects and support female sport journalists regarding unequal conditions.

Esta tese analisa a relação entre os jornalistas e o Sindicato dos jornalistas Profissionais no Estado de São Paulo, tendo como base empírica pesquisa realizada junto à categoria e os mais de trinta anos de experiência do autor no movimento sindical. O trabalho investiga as raízes do distanciamento entre os profissionais e a entidade, fenômeno que vem se agravando paulatinamente desde os anos 1980. Discute se tal distanciamento constitui declínio ou crise, conceitos abordados na obra de Leôncio Martins Rodrigues (1999) para analisar a realidade atual do movimento sindical global e brasileiro, marcado pela queda das taxas de sindicalização. Declínio como o caminhar rumo ao fim e crise como recuo, mas que contém em si a esperança e a possibilidade de superação a partir da capacidade crítica e da emergência de novas e criativas perspectivas, estratégias e apostas políticas, em contextos sociais complexos, mutantes e diversos. O autor dialoga com o pensamento de Henri Lefebvre (1981; 2006) e sua análise crítica da realidade e dos conflitos sociais e políticos que a marcam. Analisa as principais mudanças na imprensa e no jornalismo, no mundo e no Brasil. Entre essas, ressalta a questão da despolitização presente tanto no conteúdo da produção jornalística como nas gerações pós-anos 1970, que passaram a integrar a nova base social da categoria, marcada pela juvenilização combinada à crescente precarização das condições de trabalho. Em termos das relações de trabalho, a flexibilização e a reorganização produtiva que tomaram conta do mundo nas últimas décadas tiveram uma impacto particular entre os jornalistas, fenômeno que o autor analisa em especial no caso exemplar do Projeto Folha, e os reflexos desses processos sobre os jornalistas, assim como no seu relacionamento com o Sindicato. A tese apresenta em largos traços, de forma descritiva, o que é o Sindicato dos Jornalistas Profissionais no Estado de São Paulo e suas principais iniciativas e atividades. Com base nos dados e nos depoimentos recolhidos das respostas do questionário, esboça o perfil do jornalista profissional de São Paulo e realiza a análise de conteúdo dos depoimentos. Para esta análise foi feita uma adaptação da metodologia proposta por Laurence Bardin (2010). O desenvolvimento da tese aponta para novas questões a serem aprofundadas em futuras pesquisas acadêmicas e vem contribuir para problematizar a organização de uma categoria fundamental para o fortalecimento da democracia brasileira. / This thesis investigates the relationship between journalists and the Professional Union of Journalists in São Paulo State based on empirical data and research conducted by the author who has more than 30 years of experience in the union movement. This piece examines the roots of distancing between the professional and the entity, a phenomenon that has slowly worsened since the 1980\'s. It has been pondered over whether this distance constitutes a decline or crisis, in concepts touched on in the work of Leôncio Martins Rodrigues (1999) to analyze the current global and Brazilian reality of the union movement, marked by the fall of the union taxes. Decline as a walk towards the end and crisis as a retreat, containing in itself the hope and possibility of bypassing from a critical capacity and the emergence of new and creative perspectives, strategies and political evils, in complex social contexts, changing and diverse. The author sees through the thinking of Henri Lefebvre (1981; 2006) and his critical analysis of reality coupled with social and political conflicts. He analyses the main changes in press and journalism, in the world and in Brazil. Amid these, he underlines the question of the de-politicization present in the contents of journalistic production as well as in the generations after the 1970\'s which turned to integrating the new social base of the workers, marked by renovation allied to the increasing precariousness of working conditions. In terms of working relations, the flexibility and the productive reorganization that engulfed the world in the last decade had a particular impact among journalists, a phenomenon which the author particularly examines with the exemplar case of the Folha Project, and the consequences of these processes in relation to the journalists, as well as in their ties with the union. The thesis presents in a wide portrait, a descriptive way of what is the Professional Union of Journalists in São Paulo State and their main initiatives and activities. Based on data and on respondents\' contribution, it outlines the profile of the professional journalist in São Paulo State and analyses the contents from the questionnaires. For this analysis an adaptation of the methodology proposed by Laurence Bardin (2010) was made. The development of this thesis points out new questions to be deepened in future academic research and contributes to discussion on the organization of a fundamental category to the strengthening of Brazilian democracy.

Esta tese analisa a relação entre os jornalistas e o Sindicato dos jornalistas Profissionais no Estado de São Paulo, tendo como base empírica pesquisa realizada junto à categoria e os mais de trinta anos de experiência do autor no movimento sindical. O trabalho investiga as raízes do distanciamento entre os profissionais e a entidade, fenômeno que vem se agravando paulatinamente desde os anos 1980. Discute se tal distanciamento constitui declínio ou crise, conceitos abordados na obra de Leôncio Martins Rodrigues (1999) para analisar a realidade atual do movimento sindical global e brasileiro, marcado pela queda das taxas de sindicalização. Declínio como o caminhar rumo ao fim e crise como recuo, mas que contém em si a esperança e a possibilidade de superação a partir da capacidade crítica e da emergência de novas e criativas perspectivas, estratégias e apostas políticas, em contextos sociais complexos, mutantes e diversos. O autor dialoga com o pensamento de Henri Lefebvre (1981; 2006) e sua análise crítica da realidade e dos conflitos sociais e políticos que a marcam. Analisa as principais mudanças na imprensa e no jornalismo, no mundo e no Brasil. Entre essas, ressalta a questão da despolitização presente tanto no conteúdo da produção jornalística como nas gerações pós-anos 1970, que passaram a integrar a nova base social da categoria, marcada pela juvenilização combinada à crescente precarização das condições de trabalho. Em termos das relações de trabalho, a flexibilização e a reorganização produtiva que tomaram conta do mundo nas últimas décadas tiveram uma impacto particular entre os jornalistas, fenômeno que o autor analisa em especial no caso exemplar do Projeto Folha, e os reflexos desses processos sobre os jornalistas, assim como no seu relacionamento com o Sindicato. A tese apresenta em largos traços, de forma descritiva, o que é o Sindicato dos Jornalistas Profissionais no Estado de São Paulo e suas principais iniciativas e atividades. Com base nos dados e nos depoimentos recolhidos das respostas do questionário, esboça o perfil do jornalista profissional de São Paulo e realiza a análise de conteúdo dos depoimentos. Para esta análise foi feita uma adaptação da metodologia proposta por Laurence Bardin (2010). O desenvolvimento da tese aponta para novas questões a serem aprofundadas em futuras pesquisas acadêmicas e vem contribuir para problematizar a organização de uma categoria fundamental para o fortalecimento da democracia brasileira. / This thesis investigates the relationship between journalists and the Professional Union of Journalists in São Paulo State based on empirical data and research conducted by the author who has more than 30 years of experience in the union movement. This piece examines the roots of distancing between the professional and the entity, a phenomenon that has slowly worsened since the 1980\'s. It has been pondered over whether this distance constitutes a decline or crisis, in concepts touched on in the work of Leôncio Martins Rodrigues (1999) to analyze the current global and Brazilian reality of the union movement, marked by the fall of the union taxes. Decline as a walk towards the end and crisis as a retreat, containing in itself the hope and possibility of bypassing from a critical capacity and the emergence of new and creative perspectives, strategies and political evils, in complex social contexts, changing and diverse. The author sees through the thinking of Henri Lefebvre (1981; 2006) and his critical analysis of reality coupled with social and political conflicts. He analyses the main changes in press and journalism, in the world and in Brazil. Amid these, he underlines the question of the de-politicization present in the contents of journalistic production as well as in the generations after the 1970\'s which turned to integrating the new social base of the workers, marked by renovation allied to the increasing precariousness of working conditions. In terms of working relations, the flexibility and the productive reorganization that engulfed the world in the last decade had a particular impact among journalists, a phenomenon which the author particularly examines with the exemplar case of the Folha Project, and the consequences of these processes in relation to the journalists, as well as in their ties with the union. The thesis presents in a wide portrait, a descriptive way of what is the Professional Union of Journalists in São Paulo State and their main initiatives and activities. Based on data and on respondents\' contribution, it outlines the profile of the professional journalist in São Paulo State and analyses the contents from the questionnaires. For this analysis an adaptation of the methodology proposed by Laurence Bardin (2010) was made. The development of this thesis points out new questions to be deepened in future academic research and contributes to discussion on the organization of a fundamental category to the strengthening of Brazilian democracy.

The problem of this study was whether differences exist between opinions news media members have toward higher education and the prediction of those opinions by college and university public relations directors. The purposes were to determine if such differences exist and to assess certain demographic factors' roles in journalists' opinions.

香港主權移交中國以後，傳媒雖維持獨立自主和商業運作的模式，但過往的研究發現，政治力量對新聞的影響越來越大。例如新聞機構對新聞內容施行政治審查和媒體機構老闆及高層接受政治任命。這是否意味香港新聞界正衰失它的獨立性？本文研究香港新聞界的獨立性在1997 年後的政治融合中如何被構成。 / 政治經濟學派和美國組織研究著重新聞界如何抗衡外部對新聞獨立性的影響，但究竟新聞獨立性是什麼？新聞獨立性與專業性之間有何關係？這方面的討論十分缺乏。本文提出以布迪爾〈Pierre Bourdieu〉理論補充對新聞獨立性的理解，並以布迪爾理論為基礎，整理出一個場域理論框架以分析新聞界的獨立性。布迪爾的理論認為新聞獨立性是一個相對的理念，而且會隨著社會變遷而改變。場域理論框架幫助理解外界壓力如何影響新聞獨立性，和解答為何某些記者有較大新聞獨立性。本研究組合了布迪爾的慣習〈habitus〉慨念和根據布廸爾理論而建構的決意〈commitment〉概念來分析不同記者行使不同新聞獨立性的狀況。 / 本研究顯示，由於政治環境的變化，香港新聞界自八十年代起由政黨新聞範式轉換為客觀新聞範式。在1997 年前後，新聞界面臨需要融入新政體的壓力。本文以香港的中國新聞記者為分析個案，檢視政治融合壓力下的新聞報導工作和記者的獨立性有何轉變。本文的研究對象─中國新聞記者〈或稱中國組記者〉是指在香港媒體工作、專職報導中國新聞的香港記者。本研究選擇他們作研究個案是因為他們位處中港融合的前線。本研究共訪問了二十二名記者，另外亦從中國組記者的著作及演講中搜集研究材料。 / 研究發現，香港的中國新聞報導正在「去政治化」。雖然記者察覺到新聞的製作過程存在政治審查，但他們在採訪時選擇配合官方─包括參加由官方安排的採訪團、使用內地媒體的內容和以官方發言作平衡報導。當記者認為自己正在客觀地報導，他們不覺察在政治力量對新聞製作的影響。本文分析記者的工作流程和新聞內容，發現中國新聞的去政治化正侵蝕新聞獨立性。此外，根據記者個人的文化資本和對報導中國的決意程度，本研究將中國組記者分成三類：局外記者、局內記者及共融記者。局外記者抗拒融入中國內地，但不察覺客觀報導包括的政治性。局內記者受他們的文化資本限制，不察覺資料來源和工作流程中存在的政治影響。擁有高文化資本和對聞工作高度投入的共融記者，由於對新聞工作有所反思，建立了一套對抗政治限制的報導策略，亦令他們能維持較高獨立性。 / Studies show that there has been an increase in political influence on the news media in Hong Kong during national reintegration. Although Hong Kong media has appeared to retain much of its autonomy and seems to continue to exercise control over its commercial media system to a large extent, the Chinese State has been active in co-opting media owners and senior management, and there have been some instances of political censorship within media organizations. Does this imply the loss of professional autonomy in the Hong Kong journalistic field? This study sets out to examine the constitution of journalistic autonomy during the period of national reintegration in Hong Kong. / Theoretically, this study enriches the understandings on journalistic autonomy by bringing in Bourdieu’s theory of field. Political economists and American organizational studies both place stress on resisting the influences of political and economic forces on journalistic autonomy. But is autonomy only defined by resistance? Journalists commonly believe that journalistic professionalism can help them to retain autonomy. But professionalism does not necessarily bring autonomy. This study incorporates Bourdieu’s field theory to understand journalistic autonomy as it helps to understand autonomy as a relative concept. Also, Bourdieu’s concept of field and habitus can help us to understand not only the interaction between the journalistic field and other fields and how that constitutes the degree of autonomy, but also to consider autonomy on an individual level ─ the autonomy that individual journalists can achieve. Based on Bourdieu’s theory of field, a field-analytic model of journalistic autonomy is constructed. Especially, this study integrates Bourdieu’s concept of habitus and the concept of commitment developed from Bourdieu’ theory to understand the degree of autonomy that journalists can achieve in their work. With these ideas, a new entry point into the study of journalistic autonomy in social change is opened. / This study finds that since the 1980s, Hong Kong’s journalistic field has shifted from partisan journalism to objective journalism in order to resist the turbulent political environment. In recent years, research on the Hong Kong news media has documented the threat to journalistic autonomy from pro-China political power. The present study chooses to focus on the China-beat reporters as a case study to examine the constitution of journalistic autonomy through an analysis of journalistic practice. China-beat journalists are the journalists who report on China for the Hong Kong media. The reason for focusing on China-beat journalists in this study is that they are at the frontier of the battlefield between the journalistic field and the political field. For this research, I conducted in-depth interviews with twenty-two journalists, and examined books and public talks related to China reporting. / Findings of this study reveal the de-politicization of China reporting. Though journalists are aware of the censorship on reporting, they are co-opted into the institutionalization of the Chinese State by joining official press tours, sourcing from Mainland media outlets and official press conferences, and balancing their reports with interviews with government spokespersons. While journalists perceive these practices as exercising objective reporting, they are unconscious of the political power embedded in these interactions. The de-politicization of China reporting in recent years reflects the erosion of autonomy as many journalistic practices are aligned with political power, and this is reflected in the news content. This study finds that journalists’ cultural capital and commitment in the field constitute different form of journalistic autonomy. According to these two criteria, China-beat journalists are categorized into three types: Detached journalists, Attached journalists, and Synthesized journalists. The labels describe their cultural and emotional attachment in between Hong Kong and Mainland China. Detached journalists resist integration with China but neglect the blind spot of the political character of objective journalism. Attached journalists’ career paths are constrained by their cultural capital, and they fail to see the political forces embedded in news sourcing and journalistic practice. The high cultural capital and commitment of Synthesized journalists help them to be reflexive in journalistic work, which helps them to articulate their own autonomy and gain skills to resist the growing domination of political forces in the journalistic field. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Tsui, Yuen Sze. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-194). / Abstracts also in Chinese; includes Chinese.

A tecnologia desafia o direito, causando sério impacto na sociedade contemporânea. O seu desenvolvimento resulta, na maioria das vezes, na inadequação entre as relações de emprego vivenciadas na realidade e as legislações que as tutelam. Como não poderia ser diferente, a evolução tecnológica afetou também os profissionais radialistas e jornalistas. Em contrapartida, não há qualquer alteração legislativa neste setor, o que se torna ainda mais crítico, considerando que as leis que tutelam estas profissões estão próximas de 30 anos de publicação. O presente estudo pretende analisar estas legislações, sua aplicação prática e as dificuldades enfrentadas pelas empresas de radiodifusão e pelas empresas jornalísticas, no que diz respeito aos contratos de trabalho firmados com empregados que fazem parte de referidas profissões regulamentadas, à jornada de trabalho especial, à questão salarial x direitos autorais, ao enquadramento dos profissionais em atividades descritas de forma minuciosa na legislação específica e, ainda, à questão do registro profissional. Verifica-se que há um descompasso entre a legislação vigente e a realidade tecnológica presente nas empresas de comunicação, o que leva à necessidade de mudança e busca pela ideal normatização, em consonância com a modernidade dos dias atuais. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-13T16:50:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Poliana Debiasi.pdf: 968186 bytes, checksum: 575fb8f91ce62148f3aede84a0ba340c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-13T16:50:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Poliana Debiasi.pdf: 968186 bytes, checksum: 575fb8f91ce62148f3aede84a0ba340c (MD5) / The technology defies the law, causing serious impact upon the contemporaneous society. Its development, most of the time, results in the lack of adequacy between work relationships experienced in real life and the legislations that rule them. The technological evolution has likewise affected the radio broadcast workers and journalists. On the other hand, there is not any legislative change in this sector, what makes this issue even more critical, considering the laws that rule these professions are coming close to their 30 years of publication. In the present study, it is intended to review these legislations, their practical use and the difficulties faced by the radio broadcasting companies and the newspaper companies, regarding the work agreements signed with employees that are part of the referred regulated professions, with the special work shift, with the issue salary versus copyright, with the placement of professionals within the activities described in-depth by the specific legislation and, yet, with the issue of the professional register. A lack of unison is verified between the current legislation and the technological reality present in the communication enterprises, which leads to the necessity of both change and pursuit for the ideal regulation, consonant with the contemporary modernity.

This work titled Union of Journalists in 1945-1948 is trying to capture the period of reconstruction and building of journalistic community life since the end of Nazi occupation till the communist coup in February 1948. Although it captures only a very short period of time from the rich history of the Czech journalist associations, we believe that this is a crucial period. The work is divided into nine chapters. The introductory chapter focuses on the preparation of the establishment of a new journalistic organization. The second chapter deals with the process of "cleansing" in which journalists organization examined journalists and punish their activities during the Nazi occupation. The third chapter describes the process of creating of post-war media legislation, particularly the role that a journalistic organization played in this process. The fourth chapter focuses on the most important moments of internal community life. The fifth chapter is devoted to the Association of imprisoned journalists. The sixth chapter deals with the renewed activity of journalistic organizations in the international forum. It focuses in particular on the International Organization of Journalists (IOJ) in Prague in 1947. The seventh chapter examines the financial situation, and especially union activities in acquiring real...

A tecnologia desafia o direito, causando sério impacto na sociedade contemporânea. O seu desenvolvimento resulta, na maioria das vezes, na inadequação entre as relações de emprego vivenciadas na realidade e as legislações que as tutelam. Como não poderia ser diferente, a evolução tecnológica afetou também os profissionais radialistas e jornalistas. Em contrapartida, não há qualquer alteração legislativa neste setor, o que se torna ainda mais crítico, considerando que as leis que tutelam estas profissões estão próximas de 30 anos de publicação. O presente estudo pretende analisar estas legislações, sua aplicação prática e as dificuldades enfrentadas pelas empresas de radiodifusão e pelas empresas jornalísticas, no que diz respeito aos contratos de trabalho firmados com empregados que fazem parte de referidas profissões regulamentadas, à jornada de trabalho especial, à questão salarial x direitos autorais, ao enquadramento dos profissionais em atividades descritas de forma minuciosa na legislação específica e, ainda, à questão do registro profissional. Verifica-se que há um descompasso entre a legislação vigente e a realidade tecnológica presente nas empresas de comunicação, o que leva à necessidade de mudança e busca pela ideal normatização, em consonância com a modernidade dos dias atuais. / The technology defies the law, causing serious impact upon the contemporaneous society. Its development, most of the time, results in the lack of adequacy between work relationships experienced in real life and the legislations that rule them. The technological evolution has likewise affected the radio broadcast workers and journalists. On the other hand, there is not any legislative change in this sector, what makes this issue even more critical, considering the laws that rule these professions are coming close to their 30 years of publication. In the present study, it is intended to review these legislations, their practical use and the difficulties faced by the radio broadcasting companies and the newspaper companies, regarding the work agreements signed with employees that are part of the referred regulated professions, with the special work shift, with the issue salary versus copyright, with the placement of professionals within the activities described in-depth by the specific legislation and, yet, with the issue of the professional register. A lack of unison is verified between the current legislation and the technological reality present in the communication enterprises, which leads to the necessity of both change and pursuit for the ideal regulation, consonant with the contemporary modernity.