Because maximizing the learning of new material is a relevant concern for most individuals, understanding the specific processes involved could be beneficial for people of all ages. Both encoding and monitoring occur during the learning acquisition phase, yet monitoring accuracy and subsequent neural activation have been relatively ignored in the literature. The current research adapts a common metacognitive paradigm using Judgments of Learning (JOLs) to explore the neural differences in monitoring between younger (18-25) and older (65+) adults. Participants were asked to remember natural scenes and predict encoding success by providing a JOL response for each item. Participants were told to respond “will remember” if they believed they would remember that item on a later recognition memory test or “will forget” if they thought they would forget that item on a later recognition memory test. Actual memory performance was compared to predicted memory performance to provide a measure of monitoring accuracy. Individuals reported a JOL response for 150 intact (Easy) and 150 scrambled (Difficult) scenes while in a 3.0T fMRI scanner. Despite minimal differences in behavioral performance, there were several age-related neuroimaging findings of note. When compared to younger adults, older adults had decreases in medial temporal lobe (MTL) activation, as well as contralateral recruitment of the anterior cingulate. Most importantly, the present study also disambiguated structures related to encoding success (the right parahippocampus) and monitoring accuracy (the anterior cingulate). A novel account of neural structures that mediate monitoring is provided both across items varying in difficulty (Easy and Difficult) and across different age groups (Young and Old). Encoding and monitoring are important for learning acquisition and the present research provides the first account that successfully disambiguates the two processes. Results are discussed in reference to their educational implications on resource allocation during the learning of new material.

This project introduces a judgment of source learning (JOSL), an evaluative judgment by which participants make predictions about their ability to remember the source or modality of stimuli in the future (at test). The JOSL is an open-ended judgment that encapsulates a) participants confidence in the information they are able to retrieve at the time of the judgment, b) participants confidence in the strategy that they are using for retrieval, and c) participants confidence in how effective their current retrieval and monitoring strategies will be in the future. Younger and older adults studied a paired associate list comprised of unrelated text-sound, or text-picture stimuli. They provided judgments of learning for paired-associate memory (JOLs), and some provided judgments of source learning for target source memory (JOSLs). Participants also provided strategy reports for study. JOSLs did not reliably predict source recall, and level of source recall varied as a function of target type rather than condition. Age differences were found in JOL resolution, where younger adults were more accurate in their prediction of future paired associate memory than older adults. Confidence gammas showed that both younger and older adults could reliably identify which items they answered correctly; however, the confidence gamma for source recall of sound targets was reliably negative, mostly likely a result of a PICTURE response bias and overconfidence in wrongly source attributed sound targets.

How do we discover a person’s true personality? How does personality appear from the inside (i.e., to the self)? How does that differ from how personality appears from the outside (i.e., to the observer)? Given that people often see themselves differently than they are seen by others, what are the conditions under which each perspective is accurate? These questions are central to understanding who a person really is and, in turn, how much people are aware of their own and others’ personalities. The goal of this dissertation is to examine these questions. I begin by providing a descriptive account of the differences between self- and other-perceptions in terms of positivity and accuracy. Specifically, in the first two studies, I compare how people see themselves to how they are seen by their friends, romantic partners, parents, and siblings (Chapter 2). Then, in the next two studies, I test the accuracy of self- and other-predictions of behavior by comparing them to actual naturalistic behavior recorded from people’s everyday lives (Chapter 3). Finally, in the fourth study, I examine the accuracy of self, friend, and stranger ratings of personality by comparing personality judgments to laboratory-based behavioral tests of personality (Chapter 4). The results show that self-perceptions are more negative than others’ perceptions of them, people are more aware of their own negative traits than their positive traits, and they fail to notice a substantial number of their own characteristics. Observers agree substantially about what a person is like, and their knowledge of a target’s observable personality is quite good. By comparing perceptions of the person from the inside and outside with objective behavioral criteria, we can come to understand the strengths and limitations of each perspective. In fact, the two perspectives often complement each other – one filling in the gaps left by the other. Furthermore, even when both perspectives are accurate, they are often accurate in different ways. Thus, although neither perspective alone can explain the whole puzzle of who a person really is, they both provide different pieces of the puzzle and together deepen our understanding of the person. / text

According to Joshua Greene’s dual-process theory, our moral judgments are processed in one of two systems in the brain referred to as the emotional (quick, unconscious) and rational (slow, conscious) system. The reason for why people tend to answer differently in the footbridge dilemma compared to the trolley dilemma is because the emotional system is dominating over the rational system. Research has demonstrated that patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage make more utilitarian judgments in moral dilemmas in relation to harmful situations. According to the dual-process theory, this is because the emotional system has been impaired which results in that the only working system is the rational system. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how the dual-process theory tries to explain why our moral judgments tend to differ in some moral dilemmas. This thesis will also look at how the dual-process theory tries to explain why patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage make utilitarian judgments in relation to harmful situations. This thesis will sustain that the dual-process theory have gained strong empirical support, especially from the research that has been made on patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage. This thesis will also argue that some modifications needs to be made on the dual-process theory in order to make it stronger.

This Master‘s paper is about problems, which arise out of jurisdiction regulation of cases with international element in national and international level. In the first part of this paper author gives a definition of international jurisdiction and discusses its significance to the recognition and enforcement of judgments. Later after having analyzed national laws of different states (Germany, France, U.K., Lithuania, etc.) and EU documents - Brussels convention (1968) and Regulation No. 44/2001, as well as some cases of Lithuanian Supreme Court, European Justice Court and USA courts and having done a sociological research of Lithuanian judges‘ opinion, detailed analysis of such problems as parallel litigation, exorbitant jurisdiction and forum shopping is given. Then author discusses how these problems can be solved and gives a way to solve each problem – respectively, lis alibi pendens, unification and forum non conveniens doctrine. Each way is seen through analysis of its advantages and disadvantages and how it can be applicable to Lithuanian civil procedure law. Research showed that national efforts to solve jurisdiction problems in the international civil procedure are not sufficient and (or) not effective. Thus first of all states must cooperate with each other and coordinate their positions.

No description available.

Thèse Droit, Fribourg (Suisse), 1970.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Passau, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Inaug.-diss.-Heidelberg. / Lebenslauf. Published in full in the Zeitschrift für deutschen civilprozess. "Literaturverzeichnis und abkurzungen": p. [8]-11.

Zugl.: Hagen, FernUniversiẗat, Diss., 2001.