Le Contra Iulianum, écrit entre 421 et 422, appartient à la seconde phase de la controverse pélagienne, qui opposa Augustin à Julien, évêque d’Eclane. Cette thèse comporte trois parties. Tout d’abord, dans une introduction à l’ensemble du Contra Iulianum, sont étudiés les différents aspects de l’œuvre, dont ses enjeux théologiques (le péché originel et le mariage), son genre littéraire, les modes d’argumentation, l’hérésiologie augustinienne, la postérité du traité et sa tradition manuscrite. Puis est proposée une édition critique du livre III, qui vient corriger la dernière édition en date (établie par les Mauristes au XVIIème siècle), ainsi qu’une traduction française annotée (la première depuis le XIXème siècle). Enfin, dans une dernière partie, le commentaire du livre III vise à expliciter les passages les plus difficiles et à montrer les divers intérêts, philologiques, historiques, littéraires ou philosophiques, du texte. / The Contra Iulianum, written between 421 and 422, belongs to the second phase of the pelagian controversy, which opposed Augustine and Julian, bishop of Aeclanum. This thesis is divided into three parts. First of all, in a general introduction to the whole Contra Iulianum, we study the main interests of this text : its theological stakes (the original sin and the marriage), his literary genre, the ways of argumentation, the augustinian heresiology, the posterity of the text and its manuscript tradition. Then, we give a new critical edition of the book III, which emends the Maurists’one (XVIIth), with a french translation with notes. In the last part, the commentary of the book III, we explain the most difficult passages and study the text’s different interests (philological, historical, literary or philosophical).

This study examines the intersection of painting and cinema through the oeuvre of American artist Julian Schnabel. A controversial painter who came to prominence in the contemporary art world of the eighties, the study begins by contextualizing Schnabel within the art critical debates of the period. Addressing and revising the perceived reputation of the artist, the first chapter re-positions Schnabel predominantly as an inheritor of various traits of post-war American painting, in particular the somatic, affective and existential treatment of the canvas characteristic of action painting. The body of the study proceeds to compare the ways in which Schnabel’s cinematic practice borrows, extends and thus affirms many of his painterly approaches. Examining his four major film works (Basquiat, Before Night Falls, The Diving Bell and the Butterfly and Miral) in tandem with his paintings, these chapters plot major confluences between the two media, in particular Schnabel’s overall use of a subjective, phenomenological method. Crucially, this aesthetic approach is shown to be in the service of an existential as opposed to epicurean aim, as it is most overtly expressed in his use of the objet trouvé and the dedication. The study ends by changing the vector of analysis to trace how Schnabel’s foray into the cinema may have influenced the aesthetic of his paintings, and subsequently how a reproductive medium such as film is able to push the boundaries of painting, not necessarily to announce its death. Ultimately, the goal of this study, beyond the monographic examination of a single artist, is to propose ways in which the medium of film has contributed to an evolving understanding of visual representation. For, unlike the modernist premise, the assumption is that it is precisely through the interaction and absorption of various formats that a medium can change, evolve and expand.

This study explores the relationship between internal-external locus of control and some characteristics of overweight subjects in a weight-control program in the summer and fall of 1973. Only white, female, over-weight, and obese subjects were used. From this study, it appears that Rotter's I-E concept applies to weight loss. This one significant finding lends support to research that internals control their impulses better than externals and that internals seem to learn and retain relevant information better than externals.

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This thesis deals with the international law institute of diplomatic asylum. Introduction analyzes early history of asylum law, focusing primarily on the period of ancient Greece and Rome, and later on the asylum practice of the Church, which as an influential institution of the medieval world greatly influenced development of asylum law. To be able to put diplomatic asylum in broader context of asylum law, thesis also deals with territorial asylum - classic form of asylum. There is also a marginal consideration on refugee issues. General discussion is followed by the analysis of diplomatic asylum itself. Diplomatic asylum as a Latin American legal particularism is a special form of asylum provided in the premises of diplomatic missions or in other suitable places. Thesis deals mainly with the interpretation of the necessary attributes that shaped diplomatic asylum and analyzes significant codification achievements in Latin America. A milestone in development of diplomatic asylum was the ruling of the International Court of Justice in Asylum case, put forward by Colombia and Peru, after a peruvian revolutionary, Mr. Haya de la Torre, was granted asylum in Colombian embassy in Lima, Peru in 1948. Negative attitude of the Court instigated legislative action of South American republics. During the...

Les océans Pacifique et Indien tropicaux se partagent la plus grande étendue d'eau chaude et de convection profonde de la planète. Cette région est le siège de la branche ascendante de la circulation de Walker, circulation atmosphérique d'échelle planétaire parfois décrite comme la " machine thermique " de la Terre. Cette région, dont les répercussions sur le climat sont importantes, est aussi source de variabilité océanique et atmosphérique aux échelles intrasaisonnières et interannuelles . En effet, la variabilité interannuelle associée à El Niño, dans l'océan Pacifique, et - dans une moindre mesure - au dipôle de l'Océan Indien (DOI) ont des conséquences climatiques marquées sur les pourtours de ces bassins et à l'échelle du globe. La variabilité intrasaisonnière liée à l'oscillation de Madden-Julian (OMJ) a également des conséquences climatiques marquées : modulations des moussons indiennes et australiennes et un rôle potentiellement important dans le déclenchement d'ENSO. Dans ce mémoire, je vais décrire mes travaux de recherche sur la variabilité océanique et atmosphérique aux échelles intrasaisonnière et interannuelle dans les Océans Indien et Pacifique. El Niño ou le DOI sont des modes couplés : c'est la rétroaction positive découlant des interactions océan-atmosphère qui est source de variabilité (le " Bjerknes feedback "). À l'échelle intrasaisonnière, le rôle du couplage océan-atmosphère semble moins primordial, et modifie seulement des modes de variabilité essentiellement atmosphériques ou océaniques. Par exemple, les ondes d'instabilité dans le Pacifique Est sont le résultat d'une instabilité interne océanique. Cependant, elles affectent la stabilité atmosphérique, les vents de surface, et cela tend à réduire légèrement leur activité. À l'inverse, l'OMJ est un phénomène dont la source est atmosphérique, naissant du couplage entre dynamique et convection dans les tropiques. Toutefois, nous verrons que ce phénomène a une réponse océanique forte dans l'Océan Indien, à la fois en termes de dynamique et de thermodynamique. Le degré d'influence du couplage dans les propriétés de l'OMJ reste toutefois une question largement ouverte. Nous nous intéresserons aussi à la question des interactions entre ces différents modes de variabilité. Nous verrons par exemple comment la variabilité intrasaisonnière atmosphérique peut déclencher un El Niño, comment El Niño peut supprimer l'activité des ondes tropicales d'instabilité et l'effet retour, comment le DOI module l'activité de l'OMJ et enfin, quelles sont les interactions entre DOI et El Niño. Je présenterai alors une région de l'Océan Indien assez emblématique de ces interactions d'échelle, et dans laquelle j'ai développé une activité d'observations (campagnes océanographiques Cirene de 2005 à 2008 et projet de campagne TRIO). La bande 5°S-10°S dans l'Océan Indien est une région très particulière. En raison de la structure des vents, la thermocline y est proche de la surface et la couche de mélange est peu profonde, ce qui induit une forte réactivité de la température de surface aux sollicitations de l'atmosphère. De plus, la température de surface en hiver boréal est proche du seuil de convection, impliquant une sensibilité accrue de l'atmosphère à de petites variations de température. Ces deux facteurs augmentent le couplage océan atmosphère dans cette région qui a une variabilité très marquée aux échelles synoptiques (cyclones), intrasaisonnières (OMJ) et interannuelle (réponse à El Niño, mais aussi au DOI). Cette région a enfin des conséquences climatiques marquées (sur l'intensité des pluies de la mousson suivante, sur le nombre de cyclones dans le secteur La Réunion-Madagascar, sur la convection au-dessus du continent maritime, et même sur l'Amérique du Nord). Pour conclure, je présenterai ma réflexion sur mes axes de recherches futurs, ainsi que mes projets en termes de campagnes et réseaux d'observations.

The effects of a non-zero background state on atmospheric dynamics is explored through simple models and observations. Firstly, we examine the effects of moisture gradients on the stability and propagation of Rossby waves in a mid-latitude -plane. We begin by a consistent derivation of the forced quasi-geostrophic equations on a -plane to understand the constraints placed by geostrophy on the time scale of condensation. We see that the presence of meridional gradients of moisture results in a slowdown of the waves. On the introduction of zonal gradients of moisture, the waves become unstable, and for certain parameters which are representative of the real atmosphere, they propagate eastward and mature on an intra-seasonal timescale. The mechanism of the in hence of moisture on waves is understood by thinking of condensation as providing an \equivalent" potential vorticity (PV) gradient which opposes the dynamical PV gradient. Secondly, we look at the effects of a mean background ow on the Matsuno-Gill response in the spherical shallow water system. The mean ow is prescribed to resemble the climatological upper tropospheric zonal wind structure in the atmosphere. As the strength of the ow increases, the equatorially trapped Matsuno-Gill response rst transforms into a poleward propagating Rossby wavetrain. As the strength of the mean ow reaches values similar to that observed in the atmosphere, the stationary wave response becomes a zonally oriented quadrupole structure. This structure bears a striking resemblance to the observed upper level structure of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO). The time evolution of this quadrupole structure is quick enough to be relevant on MJO timescales, and the structure is quite robust across a range of values for the drag coefficient. Finally, we look at the role played by low frequency variability in the Pacific in the recent expansion of the Hadley cell. We find that the dominant effect of the low frequency variability is a stationary dispersive Rossby wavetrain extending from the tropical Paci. We further find that most of the observed expansion of the Hadley cell can be accounted for by this low frequency variability. We nd that large scale changes such as the changes in the equator-pole temperature gradient or midlatitude static stability need not be invoked to understand the observed expansion.

Dutch composer Peter Schat’s (1935-2003) pursuit of a compositional system that could generate and preserve intervallic relationships, while allowing the composer as much flexibility as possible to manipulate musical material, led him to develop the tone-clock system. Fundamentally comprised of the twelve possible trichords, the tone clock permits each to generate a complete twelve-tone series through the “steering” principle, a concept traced to Boulez’s technique of pitch-class set multiplication. This study serves as an overview of Schat’s tone-clock system and focuses primarily on the effects of the steering function in “Genen” (2000). Furthermore, I expand on the tone-clock system by combining transformational theory with Julian Hook’s uniform triadic transformations and my proposed STEER and STEERS functions, which express the procedures of the steering principle as a mathematical formula. Using a series of transformational networks, I illustrate the unifying effect steering has on different structural levels in “Genen,” a post-tonal composition.

This MA thesis explores one of the few religious vocations available to medieval women, that of an anchoress. Anchoresses, or recluses, exchanged their life in the world for a cell adjacent to a church, in which they spent the rest of their lives, keeping a daily schedule of prayers and meditations. As an aid in their daily life, several "rules" or "guides" were produced - one of them is Ancrene Wisse. This guide contains practical advice on running the anchorhold, as well as passages concerning spirituality. As a normative text written by a male author, it was compared with another text concerning spirituality, this time written by an anchoress -Julian of Norwich. Julian likely became an anchoress after receiving a series of visions when laying seriously ill; she later recorded these visions for profit of her fellow Christians. Both texts were analysed in connection to anchoritic spirituality and revealed several similarities - for instance, both tend to use the basic metaphors of enclosure as body, Christ as a mother, or Christ as a king or a knight. The image of spirituality that emerges from the two texts is often paradoxical, due to the incommunicability of the Divine, which makes both the anonymous author of the Ancrene Wisse and Julian utilise images with opposite meanings and often shift...

Comme beaucoup d’autres romans historiques postmodernes, Une histoire du monde en 10 chapitres et ½ de Julian Barnes et Cartographie des nuages de David Mitchell misent en fiction une vision personnelle sur l’histoire et examinent la relation entre les narrations historiques et les fictions. Outre ces projets metahistoriques et metafictionnels, les deux romans proposent un récit historique original de la vie humaine sur la terre. Les narrations de Barnes et de Mitchell s’étendent sur des milliers d’années et sont caractérisées, à tour de role, par la continuité et par la discontinuité. Celle-ci est déterminées par une série de catastrophes, soit naturelles soit liées aux activités humaines, qui donnent aux diverses histoires constituant les romans une puissante note dystopique. Barnes et Mitchell ont une raison très pratique pour choisir le mode dystopique: un monde en crise, surtout un monde proche de sa fin ou de son commencement, est un phénomène qui peut être analysé plus facilement en même temps comme fragment de l’histoire et comme version à échelle réduite de l’ensemble de l’histoire. Une histopie est donc une fiction qui utilise de différents moments de crise, fictifs ou mis en fiction, en tant qu’épisodes d’une histoire fragmentaire du monde. / Like many other postmodernist historical novels, Julian Barnes’s A History of the World in 10 ½ Chapters and David Mitchell’s Cloud Atlas fictionalize a personal view of history and examine the relation between historical and fictional narratives. Apart from these metahistorical and metafictional projects, the two novels put forward an original historical account of human life on earth. Barnes’s and Mitchell’s narratives span millennia and are marked by the interplay of continuity and discontinuity. The latter is shaped by a series of natural and man-made catastrophes, which account for the dystopian character of the various stories that make up the two novels. Barnes and Mitchell have a very practical reason for choosing the dystopian mode: a world in crisis, and especially a world near its end or near its beginning, is a phenomenon that can be more readily analyzed as both a fragment of history and a small-scale version of history as a whole. A histopia is a piece of fiction that uses various moments of crisis, fictional or fictionalized, as episodes of a fragmentary history of the world.