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Objective Establish normative values for knee valgus angle during drop jump and step landings. Design Observational. Setting University biomechanics laboratory. Participants 100 physically active asymptomatic individuals (50 male, 50 female) aged 18–28 years old. Main outcome measures Knee valgus angle during drop jump and step landings. Results There were no differences between genders during the step landing task (p < 0.12) but there were differences during the drop jump landing task (p < 0.048). Both males and females showed no significant differences between sides for either of the tasks (p > 0.05) or between the valgus angle generated for either of the tasks (p > 0.05). Conclusion It would appear in order to be regarded as an average “normal” performance during a drop jump landing task knee valgus angle should be symmetrical and in the range of 7–13° for females and 3–8° for males. For a unilateral step landing task knee valgus angle should be symmetrical and in the range of 5–12° for females and 1–9° for males.

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have become commonplace among female athletes in today’s society. With more than 70% of injuries resulting from noncontact mechanisms such as jump landing, the relationship between fatigue and altered movements patterns has become an important topic of research. Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of residual fatigue on lower extremity kinematics and vertical leg stiffness at landing as experienced by female athletes. Method: The participants in this study were 12 NCAA female intercollegiate soccer players. Participants completed five single-leg drop jumps on their dominant leg every day for 4 days. The first day was completed without intervention to obtain pre-fatigue data and drop jumps on days two through four were completed after a fatigue protocol. Results: A repeated measures MANOVA did not reveal significant differences in post-fatigue peak knee flexion angle, vertical ground reaction forces, or vertical leg stiffness. Despite lack of statistical significance, vertical leg stiffness was increased during post-fatigue testing when compared to pre-fatigue values. Implications: The increased vertical leg stiffness may indicate altered landing techniques in post-fatigue states. If fatigue results in compromised movement patterns, it may explain the increased number of ACL injuries during the end of soccer matches. Suggestions for Future Research: Future research with a larger sample size should include post-fatigue dominant and nondominant leg comparison due to previous conflicting findings regarding which limb is most often injured. Future researchers should also quantify the magnitude of fatigue induced by the fatiguing protocol to document the strength of the independent variable. / text

Aim: The intention of this study was to examine whether different brands and models of skating boots differently affect the kinetic and kinematic properties of a landing impact from a jump. The differences were tested between new figure skating boots Graf Edmonton, new Edea Concerto and old used Graf Edmonton. Method: Subjects simulated a figure skating jump landing by landing from a counter movement jump off boxes of two different heights onto artificial ice in the Biomechanics and Motor Control (BMC) laboratory. During these jumps the subjects wore figure skating boots of different age and types. Landing impacts were examined by Qualisys motion capture system, Kistler force plate and Pedar-X in-shoe force and pressure measuring system. Each subject acted as his own control for comparison of kinetic and kinematic variables between the skates. Statistical comparison was carried out in SPSS. Results: The research results indicate that the kinetic and kinematic properties of a landing impact significantly (P≤0.05) differed depending on the tested skates. Significant differences were found between new Graf Edmonton and old used Graf Edmonton, between new Graf Edmonton and new Edea Concerto as well as between old used Graf Edmonton and new Edea Concerto. Conclusions: The first research hypothesis was accepted, indicating that reduced vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) acted in new Edea Concerto compared to new and old, used Graf Edmonton boots. The second research hypothesis was rejected since the VGRF acting during the landing impact in old, used Graf Edmonton was greater compared to new Edea Concerto and there was no significant difference compared to new Graf Edmonton boots. The differences between the figure skating boots found in this research are suggested to be caused by different construction designs and materials used in the skates. / <p>Kursen Projektarbete.</p>

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No / Modification of high-risk movement strategies such as dynamic knee valgus is key to the reduction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and patellofemoral joint (PFJ) injuries. Augmented feedback, which includes video and verbal feedback, could offer a quick, simple and effective alternative to training programs for altering high-risk movement patterns. It is not clear whether feedback can reduce dynamic knee valgus measured using frontal plane projection angle (FPPA). Methods Vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), two-dimensional FPPA of the knee, contact time and jump height of 20 recreationally active university students were measured during a drop jump task pre- and post- an augmented feedback intervention. A control group of eight recreationally active university students were also studied at baseline and repeat test. Results There was a significant reduction in vGRF (p = 0.033), FPPA (p < 0.001) and jump height (p < 0.001) and an increase in contact time (p < 0.001) post feedback in the intervention group. No changes were evident in the control group. Conclusion Augmented feedback leads to significant decreases in vGRF, FPPA and contact time which may help to reduce ACL and PFJ injury risk. However, these changes may result in decreased performance. Clinical relevance Augmented feedback reduces dynamic knee valgus, as measured via FPPA, and forces experienced during the drop jump task and therefore could be used as a tool for helping decrease ACL and PFJ injury risk prior to, or as part of, the implementation of injury prevention training programs.

L’instabilité chronique de la cheville (CAI) est un fardeau socioéconomique important qui entraine des répercussions néfastes chez la population atteinte, comme des récidives d’entorses de la cheville (ELC), qui peuvent notamment s’expliquer par des déficits biomécaniques aux membres inférieurs. Ces déficits sont notamment observés lors d’activités quotidiennes comme la marche, mais aussi lors de tâches plus difficiles comme l’atterrissage d’un saut. Par contre, les impacts biomécaniques réels d’une CAI lors de la locomotion ne sont pas encore clairement décrits. Les orthèses plantaires sont couramment utilisées dans le traitement de pathologies musculosquelettiques pour modifier les variables biomécaniques des membres inférieurs (cinématique, cinétique et électromyographie) responsables de ces pathologies. Bien que leurs effets sur la biomécanique du membre inférieur d’individus atteints d’une CAI soient encore méconnus, les orthèses plantaires pourraient permettre de les traiter plus efficacement. Les objectifs principaux de cette thèse étaient de déterminer les déficits biomécaniques associés à la CAI lors de la locomotion et lesquels de ces déficits peuvent être atténués avec le port d’orthèses plantaires. L’Étude 1 consistait à réaliser une revue systématique de la littérature sur les impacts biomécaniques d’une CAI lors d’une tâche de marche et de course. L’Étude 2 consistait à identifier les différences biomécaniques entre des individus avec et sans CAI à la marche. L’Étude 3 consistait à déterminer les différences biomécaniques entre des individus avec et sans CAI lors de l’atterrissage d’un saut unipodal sur une surface plane (DROP), inclinée (WEDGE) et instable (FOAM) ainsi qu’à l’atterrissage d’un saut latéral maximal unipodal (SIDE). Finalement, l’Étude 4 consistait à déterminer les effets des orthèses plantaires sur la biomécanique du membre inférieur d’individus atteints d’une CAI lors des tâches de marche et d’atterrissage d’un saut unipodal. À la marche, les individus atteints d’une CAI présentent de nombreux déficits biomécaniques qui pourraient les prédisposer à subir d’autres ELC, notamment une augmentation de l’inversion et de la flexion plantaire de la cheville. Ces augmentations de mouvement à la cheville contribuent à augmenter les forces verticales latérales au pied, à modifier la cinématique et la cinétique du genou ainsi que l’activité des muscles moyen fessier et long fibulaire. Lors de l’atterrissage d’un saut unipodal, les individus atteints d’une CAI présentent une augmentation de la dorsiflexion de la cheville afin de stabiliser l’articulation. Lors de la tâche WEDGE, la diminution de la préactivation musculaire du long fibulaire pourrait mettre ces individus plus à risque de subir d’autres ELC. De plus, le port d’orthèses plantaires diminue l’activité musculaire du tibial antérieur lors de la tâche DROP et du biceps fémoral à la marche chez des individus atteints d’une CAI. Elles semblent n’avoir aucun effet significatif sur la cinématique et cinétique du membre inférieur lors de la marche et l’atterrissage d’un saut unipodal. Finalement, cette thèse permet de mieux identifier les déficits biomécaniques à adresser lors de l’élaboration de plan de traitement pour les individus atteints d’une CAI et de mieux comprendre les effets des orthèses plantaires pour atténuer ces déficits. / Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a major socioeconomic burden and has adverse repercussions for the affected population, such as recurrence of lateral ankle sprains (LAS), which could be explained by lower limb biomechanical deficits. These deficits are observed during daily activities such as walking but also during more difficult tasks such as jump landing. However, the real impact of CAI during locomotion has not yet been clearly described. Foot orthoses are commonly used to treat musculoskeletal pathologies because they modify lower limb biomechanics (kinematics, kinetics and electromyography). However, their effects on lower limb’s biomechanics of individuals with CAI are still unknown. Foot orthoses may help to treat the individuals with CAI more effectively. The main objectives of this thesis were to determine the biomechanical deficits associated with CAI during locomotion and which of these deficits can be attenuated with foot orthoses. Study 1 consisted of systematically reviewing the literature on the biomechanical deficits associated with CAI during walking and running. Study 2 consisted of identifying the biomechanical differences between individuals with and without CAI during walking. Study 3 consisted of determining the biomechanical differences between individuals with and without CAI during unilateral jump landing on even (DROP), inclined (WEDGE) and unstable (FOAM) surfaces and during a unilateral maximal side jump landing (SIDE). Study 4 consisted of determining the effects of foot orthoses on lower limb’s biomechanics of individuals with CAI during walking and unilateral jump landing. During walking, individuals with CAI present many biomechanical deficits that may predispose them to sustain recurrent LAS, including increased ankle inversion and plantarflexion. These contribute to increase the lateral vertical forces under the foot, to modify knee kinematics and kinetics as well as the activity of the gluteus medius and peroneus longus muscles. During unilateral jump landing, individuals with CAI present increased ankle dorsiflexion in order to stabilize the joint. During the WEDGE task, the decreased peroneus longus muscle preactivation could put these individuals at greater risk of sustaining recurrent LAS. In addition, wearing foot orthoses decreases the muscular activity of the tibialis anterior during the DROP task and the biceps femoris during walking in individuals with CAI. FOs have no significant effect on the kinematics and kinetics of the lower limb during walking and unilateral jump landing. Finally, the results of this thesis will help to better identify the biomechanical deficits to be addressed during rehabilitation for individuals with CAI and to better understand the effects of foot orthoses to attenuate these deficits.