Simplification of contour lines in flat areas The diploma thesis is focused on the cartographic generalization of contour lines derived from dense point clouds in flat territories, where the original contour lines tend to oscillate. The main aim is to propose, develop and test a new algorithm for the contour simplification preserving the given vertical error and reflecting the cartographic rules. Three methods designed for large scale maps (1 : 10 000 and larger) are presented: the weighted average, modified Douglas-Peucker and potential-based approach. The most promising method is based on the repeated simplification of contour line segments by calculating the generalization potential of its vertices. The algorithm is implemented in Python 2.7 with the use of Arcpy library was tested on DMR5G data, the simplified contour lines were compared with the result created by a professional cartographer. Achieved results are presented on attached topographic maps. Keywords: contours, cartographic generalization, digital cartography, vertical buffer, smoothing, GIS

The diploma thesis deals with teaching mapping skills and geographical fieldwork using maps and modern navigation technologies on the 2nd grade of the primary school. The main goal of the thesis is to make learning activities and worksheets for teaching Geography in the 6th grade. The theoretical part deals with setting the topic into the Framework Educational Programme for Primary Education and teaching of mapping skills and geographical fieldwork on the 2nd grade of the primary school. The practical part includes evaluation of textbooks of Geography with authorising clause of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports valid in 2019. Finally, the practical part offers learning activities dealing with teaching mapping skills and geographical fieldwork.

Der geschichtliche Prozess der Bodenbesetzung und – nutzung auf der Grundlage von Entwaldung und ungeordneter Bodenbewirtschaftung verursachte Konflikte zwischen der Zielsetzung der Umweltsanierung und der sozialwirtschaftlichen Reproduktion der auf Flächen mit hohen Umwelteinschränkungen siedelnden Landwirte. Diese Dichotomie zeigt sich derzeit in der Anwendung des Umweltrechts, insbesondere im neuen brasilianischen Waldschutzgesetz, das 1965 durch das Bundesgesetz Nr. 4.771 erlassen wurde, wenn es sich um Naturschutzgebiete (APPs) handelt, also um Landstriche entlang der Gewässer, die entsprechend geschützt und deren natürliche Vegetationsbedingungen erhalten werden müssen. Ausgehend von Elementen der Flussgeomorphologie gründet sich die von der vorliegenden Untersuchung verfolgte Diskussion auf die Hinterfragung der geometrischen Maβnahmen der Naturschutzbestimmungen durch die Vorlage einer Methodik zur Bestimmung dieser Flächen. Um zum Ergebnis zu gelangen, wird eine geschichtliche Rückbesinnung auf den Bodenbesetzungsprozess in Nordwest Rio Grande do Sul, zu der die Proben der Untersuchung gehören, sowie eine theoretische Interpretation des weltweiten Naturschutzes vorgenommen und werden die Naturschutzgebiete für Brasilien auf drei Untersuchungsebenen diskutiert: der gegebene gesetzliche Rahmen, die Verwendung dieser Flächen und der Zustand, in dem diese sich im Nordwesten von Rio Grande do Sul befinden. Die soziale Funktion des landwirtschaftlichen Betriebs wird als wichtiger Punkt dieser Diskussion betrachtet, denn von ihr ausgehend geschieht der ganze Prozess der Verantwortungsüberweisung für den Schutz oder Nichtschutz von Naturschutzgebieten. In diesem Sinne untersuchen wir auch, wie IBAMA, FEPAM und Staatsanwaltschaft sich positionieren und angesichts der gesetzten Thematik handeln. Für die vorgeschlagene Methodik bestimmten wir drei Bereiche des Flusses Santo Cristo zu Pilotflächen, für die wir die Längsdeiche und Auen als Parameter für die Bestimmungen der Naturschutzgebiete definierten. Ebenso beurteilten wir die Bodenstruktur der Region, um eine der Art der lokalen Betriebshöfe unmittelbar verbundene Deutung zu ermöglichen. Von diesen Vorzeichen ausgehend wurde eine kritische Lesart des Verhaltens dieser Flächen möglich, indem ihre derzeitige Verwendung derjenigen der gesetzlichen Anforderungen entgegengestellt wurde. Aus der vorliegenden Untersuchung ergeben sich als wesentliche Schlüsse: Eine vertiefte Untersuchung über die Naturschutzgebiete ist dringend und erforderlich, um einen neuen Gesetzesvorschlag zu erarbeiten, der effektive Fachparameter zur Bestimmung der Naturschutzgebiete festlegt und der gleichzeitig die Entwicklung von Untersuchungen anstrebt, die darauf zielen, alternative nachhaltige Nutzungsalternativen für diese Flächen vorzulegen; Beurteilung der Schutz- und Erhaltungskonzeptionen in der Absicht, dass letztere eine breite Palette von Vorteilen für die kleinen landwirtschaftlichen Betriebshöfe in dem Maβe mit sich bringen, wie die Bodenschutzmaβnahmen zum Ausgleich der Natur beitragen und in der Erzeugung dieser Betriebshöfe einen reellen Gewinn erbringen. Schlieβlich legen wir eine Reihe von Studien vor, die in der Absicht einer Vertiefung der von uns erforschten thematischen Diskussion verfolgt werden können. / O processo histórico de uso e ocupação da terra, baseado no desflorestamento e no manejo desordenado do solo, tem gerado conflitos entre os objetivos de recuperação ambiental e de reprodução socioeconômica dos agricultores assentados sobre áreas de elevadas restrições ambientais. Esta dicotomia reflete-se na atualidade através da aplicação mais efetiva da legislação ambiental, principalmente, do Código Florestal brasileiro, instituído pela Lei Federal n. 4.771 de 1965, que trata das Áreas de Preservação Permanente, APPs, que são as faixas marginais aos corpos hídricos que devem ser devidamente preservadas e mantidas com vegetação nativa. A discussão apresentada pelo presente estudo está pautada no questionamento das medidas geométricas contidas na definição das APPs nesse instrumento legal, buscando apresentar uma metodologia para a definição destas áreas a partir de elementos da geomorfologia fluvial, além daqueles relacionados com a cobertura vegetal de entorno. Para chegar aos resultados desse estudo se apresenta uma retomada histórica do processo de ocupação da Região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, na qual se inserem as áreas amostrais, faz-se uma leitura teórica sobre conservação da natureza em nível mundial e discute-se as APPs em três níveis de análise para o Brasil: a) o arcabouço jurídico que está posto; b) o uso destas áreas e c) o estado da arte em que elas se apresentam no noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. A discussão da função social da propriedade rural é vista como ponto importante desta discussão, por ser a partir dela que se dá todo o processo de responsabilização pela preservação ou não das APPs. Neste sentido, buscamos também compreender como o Ibama, a Fepam e o Ministério Público Estadual se posicionam e desenvolvem as suas atividades frente à temática colocada. Definimos como áreas piloto para a aplicação da metodologia proposta, três setores do Rio Santo Cristo, para os quais definimos os diques marginais e as planícies de inundação como parâmetros para a definição das APPs. Da mesma forma, avaliamos a estrutura fundiária da região para possibilitar uma leitura diretamente relacionada com o tipo de propriedade existente no local. A partir destas definições foi possível estabelecer uma leitura crítica das características dessas propriedades, comparando o seu uso atual com as exigências legais. Ficam como principais conclusões do presente estudo: a) que é urgente e necessário um estudo mais aprofundado sobre a questão das APPs para que seja possível apresentar uma proposta de alteração da legislação que busque parâmetros técnicos efetivos para a definição das APPs; b) que se busque igualmente o desenvolvimento de estudos que objetivem apresentar alternativas de uso sustentado para estas áreas; c) que se avaliem os conceitos de preservação e conservação com o intuito de compreender que o último traz uma grande gama de benefícios para as pequenas propriedades rurais, na medida em que as práticas conservacionistas auxiliam no equilíbrio da natureza e trazem um ganho real na produção destas propriedades. Por fim, apresentamos um conjunto de estudos que podem ser realizados com o intuito de aprofundar as discussões da temática por nós pesquisada. / The historic land grab and land usage process based on deforestation and disorderly land management caused conflicts between environmental cleanup and socioeconomic reproduction of the farmers settled on areas that underlie strict environment restrictions. This dichotomy at present gets evident in the application of the environmental legislation, particularly the new Brazilian Forest Code entitled by the federal Law No. 4.771 of 1965, when it involves permanent nature reserve (APPs), that is, marginal stripes along water corps that must be preserved with the associated original vegetation. The discussion herewith stated is based on the closer examination of the geometrical measures of the definition of the permanent nature reserves trying to present a method for the definition of theses areas out of the elements of the fluvial geomorphology. To reach the result, we make recourse to the historical land grab process in the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul, to which belong the areas herein studied. We make a theoretical interpretation of nature conservation at international level and discuss nature reserves at three study levels for Brazil: the given legal framework; the usage of these areas; and their conditions in northwest Rio Grande do Sul. The discussion of the social function of the farms is seen as an important aspect of this discussion because thereof happens the responsibleness for the conservation or not conservation of the preservation areas. We also study the positioning of Ibama, Fepam and prosecution in this question. We determinate three segments of the Santo Cristo river as pilot areas for the application of the proposed methodology, wherefore we defined natural levee and floodplains as patterns for the definition of nature preservation areas. We did also evaluate region’s estate to allow an understanding directly related to the kind of local property. These definitions allowed us establishing a critical understanding based on the behaviour of these areas comparing their current usage to the legal demands. The most important conclusions of this study are: 1) a deeper study of nature preservation areas urges and is necessary to allow the presentation of a new legal proposal that looks for effective technical patterns for the definition of nature reservation areas; 2) that one also tries to develop studies that try to show alternatives of sustainable usage of these areas; 3) that preservation and conservation concepts get evaluated with the intend to understand that this brings a wide scope of benefits to the small farms thus far as the conservation practices help to stabilize nature and to carry a real gain in the production of these farms. Finally we present a scope of studies that can be done with the aim of deepening the discussions of the question here studied.

The process of performing cartographic generalization in an automatic way applied on geographic information is of highly interest in the field of cartography, both in academia and industry. Many research e↵orts have been done to implement di↵erent automatic generalization approaches. Being able to answer the research question on automatic generalization, another interesting question opens up: ”Is it possible to retrieve and visualize geographic information in any arbitrary scale?” This is the question in the field of vario-scale geoinformation. Potential research works should answer this question with solutions which provide valid and efficient representation of geoinformation in any on-demand scale. More brilliant solutions will also provide smooth transitions between these on-demand arbitrary scales. Space-Scale-Cube (Meijers and Van Oosterom 2011) is a reactive tree (Van Oosterom 1991) data structure which shows positive potential for achieving smooth automatic vario-scale generalization of area features. The topic of this research work is investigation of adaptation of this approach on an interesting class of geographic information: road networks datasets. Firstly theoretical background will be introduced and discussed and afterwards, implementing the adaptation would be described. This research work includes development of a hierarchical data structure based on road network datasets and the potential use of this data structure in vario-scale geoinformation retrieval and visualization.

Der geschichtliche Prozess der Bodenbesetzung und – nutzung auf der Grundlage von Entwaldung und ungeordneter Bodenbewirtschaftung verursachte Konflikte zwischen der Zielsetzung der Umweltsanierung und der sozialwirtschaftlichen Reproduktion der auf Flächen mit hohen Umwelteinschränkungen siedelnden Landwirte. Diese Dichotomie zeigt sich derzeit in der Anwendung des Umweltrechts, insbesondere im neuen brasilianischen Waldschutzgesetz, das 1965 durch das Bundesgesetz Nr. 4.771 erlassen wurde, wenn es sich um Naturschutzgebiete (APPs) handelt, also um Landstriche entlang der Gewässer, die entsprechend geschützt und deren natürliche Vegetationsbedingungen erhalten werden müssen. Ausgehend von Elementen der Flussgeomorphologie gründet sich die von der vorliegenden Untersuchung verfolgte Diskussion auf die Hinterfragung der geometrischen Maβnahmen der Naturschutzbestimmungen durch die Vorlage einer Methodik zur Bestimmung dieser Flächen. Um zum Ergebnis zu gelangen, wird eine geschichtliche Rückbesinnung auf den Bodenbesetzungsprozess in Nordwest Rio Grande do Sul, zu der die Proben der Untersuchung gehören, sowie eine theoretische Interpretation des weltweiten Naturschutzes vorgenommen und werden die Naturschutzgebiete für Brasilien auf drei Untersuchungsebenen diskutiert: der gegebene gesetzliche Rahmen, die Verwendung dieser Flächen und der Zustand, in dem diese sich im Nordwesten von Rio Grande do Sul befinden. Die soziale Funktion des landwirtschaftlichen Betriebs wird als wichtiger Punkt dieser Diskussion betrachtet, denn von ihr ausgehend geschieht der ganze Prozess der Verantwortungsüberweisung für den Schutz oder Nichtschutz von Naturschutzgebieten. In diesem Sinne untersuchen wir auch, wie IBAMA, FEPAM und Staatsanwaltschaft sich positionieren und angesichts der gesetzten Thematik handeln. Für die vorgeschlagene Methodik bestimmten wir drei Bereiche des Flusses Santo Cristo zu Pilotflächen, für die wir die Längsdeiche und Auen als Parameter für die Bestimmungen der Naturschutzgebiete definierten. Ebenso beurteilten wir die Bodenstruktur der Region, um eine der Art der lokalen Betriebshöfe unmittelbar verbundene Deutung zu ermöglichen. Von diesen Vorzeichen ausgehend wurde eine kritische Lesart des Verhaltens dieser Flächen möglich, indem ihre derzeitige Verwendung derjenigen der gesetzlichen Anforderungen entgegengestellt wurde. Aus der vorliegenden Untersuchung ergeben sich als wesentliche Schlüsse: Eine vertiefte Untersuchung über die Naturschutzgebiete ist dringend und erforderlich, um einen neuen Gesetzesvorschlag zu erarbeiten, der effektive Fachparameter zur Bestimmung der Naturschutzgebiete festlegt und der gleichzeitig die Entwicklung von Untersuchungen anstrebt, die darauf zielen, alternative nachhaltige Nutzungsalternativen für diese Flächen vorzulegen; Beurteilung der Schutz- und Erhaltungskonzeptionen in der Absicht, dass letztere eine breite Palette von Vorteilen für die kleinen landwirtschaftlichen Betriebshöfe in dem Maβe mit sich bringen, wie die Bodenschutzmaβnahmen zum Ausgleich der Natur beitragen und in der Erzeugung dieser Betriebshöfe einen reellen Gewinn erbringen. Schlieβlich legen wir eine Reihe von Studien vor, die in der Absicht einer Vertiefung der von uns erforschten thematischen Diskussion verfolgt werden können. / O processo histórico de uso e ocupação da terra, baseado no desflorestamento e no manejo desordenado do solo, tem gerado conflitos entre os objetivos de recuperação ambiental e de reprodução socioeconômica dos agricultores assentados sobre áreas de elevadas restrições ambientais. Esta dicotomia reflete-se na atualidade através da aplicação mais efetiva da legislação ambiental, principalmente, do Código Florestal brasileiro, instituído pela Lei Federal n. 4.771 de 1965, que trata das Áreas de Preservação Permanente, APPs, que são as faixas marginais aos corpos hídricos que devem ser devidamente preservadas e mantidas com vegetação nativa. A discussão apresentada pelo presente estudo está pautada no questionamento das medidas geométricas contidas na definição das APPs nesse instrumento legal, buscando apresentar uma metodologia para a definição destas áreas a partir de elementos da geomorfologia fluvial, além daqueles relacionados com a cobertura vegetal de entorno. Para chegar aos resultados desse estudo se apresenta uma retomada histórica do processo de ocupação da Região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, na qual se inserem as áreas amostrais, faz-se uma leitura teórica sobre conservação da natureza em nível mundial e discute-se as APPs em três níveis de análise para o Brasil: a) o arcabouço jurídico que está posto; b) o uso destas áreas e c) o estado da arte em que elas se apresentam no noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. A discussão da função social da propriedade rural é vista como ponto importante desta discussão, por ser a partir dela que se dá todo o processo de responsabilização pela preservação ou não das APPs. Neste sentido, buscamos também compreender como o Ibama, a Fepam e o Ministério Público Estadual se posicionam e desenvolvem as suas atividades frente à temática colocada. Definimos como áreas piloto para a aplicação da metodologia proposta, três setores do Rio Santo Cristo, para os quais definimos os diques marginais e as planícies de inundação como parâmetros para a definição das APPs. Da mesma forma, avaliamos a estrutura fundiária da região para possibilitar uma leitura diretamente relacionada com o tipo de propriedade existente no local. A partir destas definições foi possível estabelecer uma leitura crítica das características dessas propriedades, comparando o seu uso atual com as exigências legais. Ficam como principais conclusões do presente estudo: a) que é urgente e necessário um estudo mais aprofundado sobre a questão das APPs para que seja possível apresentar uma proposta de alteração da legislação que busque parâmetros técnicos efetivos para a definição das APPs; b) que se busque igualmente o desenvolvimento de estudos que objetivem apresentar alternativas de uso sustentado para estas áreas; c) que se avaliem os conceitos de preservação e conservação com o intuito de compreender que o último traz uma grande gama de benefícios para as pequenas propriedades rurais, na medida em que as práticas conservacionistas auxiliam no equilíbrio da natureza e trazem um ganho real na produção destas propriedades. Por fim, apresentamos um conjunto de estudos que podem ser realizados com o intuito de aprofundar as discussões da temática por nós pesquisada. / The historic land grab and land usage process based on deforestation and disorderly land management caused conflicts between environmental cleanup and socioeconomic reproduction of the farmers settled on areas that underlie strict environment restrictions. This dichotomy at present gets evident in the application of the environmental legislation, particularly the new Brazilian Forest Code entitled by the federal Law No. 4.771 of 1965, when it involves permanent nature reserve (APPs), that is, marginal stripes along water corps that must be preserved with the associated original vegetation. The discussion herewith stated is based on the closer examination of the geometrical measures of the definition of the permanent nature reserves trying to present a method for the definition of theses areas out of the elements of the fluvial geomorphology. To reach the result, we make recourse to the historical land grab process in the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul, to which belong the areas herein studied. We make a theoretical interpretation of nature conservation at international level and discuss nature reserves at three study levels for Brazil: the given legal framework; the usage of these areas; and their conditions in northwest Rio Grande do Sul. The discussion of the social function of the farms is seen as an important aspect of this discussion because thereof happens the responsibleness for the conservation or not conservation of the preservation areas. We also study the positioning of Ibama, Fepam and prosecution in this question. We determinate three segments of the Santo Cristo river as pilot areas for the application of the proposed methodology, wherefore we defined natural levee and floodplains as patterns for the definition of nature preservation areas. We did also evaluate region’s estate to allow an understanding directly related to the kind of local property. These definitions allowed us establishing a critical understanding based on the behaviour of these areas comparing their current usage to the legal demands. The most important conclusions of this study are: 1) a deeper study of nature preservation areas urges and is necessary to allow the presentation of a new legal proposal that looks for effective technical patterns for the definition of nature reservation areas; 2) that one also tries to develop studies that try to show alternatives of sustainable usage of these areas; 3) that preservation and conservation concepts get evaluated with the intend to understand that this brings a wide scope of benefits to the small farms thus far as the conservation practices help to stabilize nature and to carry a real gain in the production of these farms. Finally we present a scope of studies that can be done with the aim of deepening the discussions of the question here studied.

Der geschichtliche Prozess der Bodenbesetzung und – nutzung auf der Grundlage von Entwaldung und ungeordneter Bodenbewirtschaftung verursachte Konflikte zwischen der Zielsetzung der Umweltsanierung und der sozialwirtschaftlichen Reproduktion der auf Flächen mit hohen Umwelteinschränkungen siedelnden Landwirte. Diese Dichotomie zeigt sich derzeit in der Anwendung des Umweltrechts, insbesondere im neuen brasilianischen Waldschutzgesetz, das 1965 durch das Bundesgesetz Nr. 4.771 erlassen wurde, wenn es sich um Naturschutzgebiete (APPs) handelt, also um Landstriche entlang der Gewässer, die entsprechend geschützt und deren natürliche Vegetationsbedingungen erhalten werden müssen. Ausgehend von Elementen der Flussgeomorphologie gründet sich die von der vorliegenden Untersuchung verfolgte Diskussion auf die Hinterfragung der geometrischen Maβnahmen der Naturschutzbestimmungen durch die Vorlage einer Methodik zur Bestimmung dieser Flächen. Um zum Ergebnis zu gelangen, wird eine geschichtliche Rückbesinnung auf den Bodenbesetzungsprozess in Nordwest Rio Grande do Sul, zu der die Proben der Untersuchung gehören, sowie eine theoretische Interpretation des weltweiten Naturschutzes vorgenommen und werden die Naturschutzgebiete für Brasilien auf drei Untersuchungsebenen diskutiert: der gegebene gesetzliche Rahmen, die Verwendung dieser Flächen und der Zustand, in dem diese sich im Nordwesten von Rio Grande do Sul befinden. Die soziale Funktion des landwirtschaftlichen Betriebs wird als wichtiger Punkt dieser Diskussion betrachtet, denn von ihr ausgehend geschieht der ganze Prozess der Verantwortungsüberweisung für den Schutz oder Nichtschutz von Naturschutzgebieten. In diesem Sinne untersuchen wir auch, wie IBAMA, FEPAM und Staatsanwaltschaft sich positionieren und angesichts der gesetzten Thematik handeln. Für die vorgeschlagene Methodik bestimmten wir drei Bereiche des Flusses Santo Cristo zu Pilotflächen, für die wir die Längsdeiche und Auen als Parameter für die Bestimmungen der Naturschutzgebiete definierten. Ebenso beurteilten wir die Bodenstruktur der Region, um eine der Art der lokalen Betriebshöfe unmittelbar verbundene Deutung zu ermöglichen. Von diesen Vorzeichen ausgehend wurde eine kritische Lesart des Verhaltens dieser Flächen möglich, indem ihre derzeitige Verwendung derjenigen der gesetzlichen Anforderungen entgegengestellt wurde. Aus der vorliegenden Untersuchung ergeben sich als wesentliche Schlüsse: Eine vertiefte Untersuchung über die Naturschutzgebiete ist dringend und erforderlich, um einen neuen Gesetzesvorschlag zu erarbeiten, der effektive Fachparameter zur Bestimmung der Naturschutzgebiete festlegt und der gleichzeitig die Entwicklung von Untersuchungen anstrebt, die darauf zielen, alternative nachhaltige Nutzungsalternativen für diese Flächen vorzulegen; Beurteilung der Schutz- und Erhaltungskonzeptionen in der Absicht, dass letztere eine breite Palette von Vorteilen für die kleinen landwirtschaftlichen Betriebshöfe in dem Maβe mit sich bringen, wie die Bodenschutzmaβnahmen zum Ausgleich der Natur beitragen und in der Erzeugung dieser Betriebshöfe einen reellen Gewinn erbringen. Schlieβlich legen wir eine Reihe von Studien vor, die in der Absicht einer Vertiefung der von uns erforschten thematischen Diskussion verfolgt werden können. / O processo histórico de uso e ocupação da terra, baseado no desflorestamento e no manejo desordenado do solo, tem gerado conflitos entre os objetivos de recuperação ambiental e de reprodução socioeconômica dos agricultores assentados sobre áreas de elevadas restrições ambientais. Esta dicotomia reflete-se na atualidade através da aplicação mais efetiva da legislação ambiental, principalmente, do Código Florestal brasileiro, instituído pela Lei Federal n. 4.771 de 1965, que trata das Áreas de Preservação Permanente, APPs, que são as faixas marginais aos corpos hídricos que devem ser devidamente preservadas e mantidas com vegetação nativa. A discussão apresentada pelo presente estudo está pautada no questionamento das medidas geométricas contidas na definição das APPs nesse instrumento legal, buscando apresentar uma metodologia para a definição destas áreas a partir de elementos da geomorfologia fluvial, além daqueles relacionados com a cobertura vegetal de entorno. Para chegar aos resultados desse estudo se apresenta uma retomada histórica do processo de ocupação da Região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, na qual se inserem as áreas amostrais, faz-se uma leitura teórica sobre conservação da natureza em nível mundial e discute-se as APPs em três níveis de análise para o Brasil: a) o arcabouço jurídico que está posto; b) o uso destas áreas e c) o estado da arte em que elas se apresentam no noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. A discussão da função social da propriedade rural é vista como ponto importante desta discussão, por ser a partir dela que se dá todo o processo de responsabilização pela preservação ou não das APPs. Neste sentido, buscamos também compreender como o Ibama, a Fepam e o Ministério Público Estadual se posicionam e desenvolvem as suas atividades frente à temática colocada. Definimos como áreas piloto para a aplicação da metodologia proposta, três setores do Rio Santo Cristo, para os quais definimos os diques marginais e as planícies de inundação como parâmetros para a definição das APPs. Da mesma forma, avaliamos a estrutura fundiária da região para possibilitar uma leitura diretamente relacionada com o tipo de propriedade existente no local. A partir destas definições foi possível estabelecer uma leitura crítica das características dessas propriedades, comparando o seu uso atual com as exigências legais. Ficam como principais conclusões do presente estudo: a) que é urgente e necessário um estudo mais aprofundado sobre a questão das APPs para que seja possível apresentar uma proposta de alteração da legislação que busque parâmetros técnicos efetivos para a definição das APPs; b) que se busque igualmente o desenvolvimento de estudos que objetivem apresentar alternativas de uso sustentado para estas áreas; c) que se avaliem os conceitos de preservação e conservação com o intuito de compreender que o último traz uma grande gama de benefícios para as pequenas propriedades rurais, na medida em que as práticas conservacionistas auxiliam no equilíbrio da natureza e trazem um ganho real na produção destas propriedades. Por fim, apresentamos um conjunto de estudos que podem ser realizados com o intuito de aprofundar as discussões da temática por nós pesquisada. / The historic land grab and land usage process based on deforestation and disorderly land management caused conflicts between environmental cleanup and socioeconomic reproduction of the farmers settled on areas that underlie strict environment restrictions. This dichotomy at present gets evident in the application of the environmental legislation, particularly the new Brazilian Forest Code entitled by the federal Law No. 4.771 of 1965, when it involves permanent nature reserve (APPs), that is, marginal stripes along water corps that must be preserved with the associated original vegetation. The discussion herewith stated is based on the closer examination of the geometrical measures of the definition of the permanent nature reserves trying to present a method for the definition of theses areas out of the elements of the fluvial geomorphology. To reach the result, we make recourse to the historical land grab process in the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul, to which belong the areas herein studied. We make a theoretical interpretation of nature conservation at international level and discuss nature reserves at three study levels for Brazil: the given legal framework; the usage of these areas; and their conditions in northwest Rio Grande do Sul. The discussion of the social function of the farms is seen as an important aspect of this discussion because thereof happens the responsibleness for the conservation or not conservation of the preservation areas. We also study the positioning of Ibama, Fepam and prosecution in this question. We determinate three segments of the Santo Cristo river as pilot areas for the application of the proposed methodology, wherefore we defined natural levee and floodplains as patterns for the definition of nature preservation areas. We did also evaluate region’s estate to allow an understanding directly related to the kind of local property. These definitions allowed us establishing a critical understanding based on the behaviour of these areas comparing their current usage to the legal demands. The most important conclusions of this study are: 1) a deeper study of nature preservation areas urges and is necessary to allow the presentation of a new legal proposal that looks for effective technical patterns for the definition of nature reservation areas; 2) that one also tries to develop studies that try to show alternatives of sustainable usage of these areas; 3) that preservation and conservation concepts get evaluated with the intend to understand that this brings a wide scope of benefits to the small farms thus far as the conservation practices help to stabilize nature and to carry a real gain in the production of these farms. Finally we present a scope of studies that can be done with the aim of deepening the discussions of the question here studied.

This diploma work is concerned in evaluation of map bases, superposition of different quality maps and preparation of basic materials for the project of land adjustment. The main attention was given to cadastral maps of Land Registr of Czech Republic. The part of the cadastral unit Staré Hodějovice was chosen as given locality, where was proclaimed the beginning of land consolidation in 2004.

Representation of the World in Early Maps Abstract The thesis deals with an analysis of the representation of the world in early small scale maps in the 16th - 18th centuries. The theoretical framework consists of the outline of the historical context of the given period with emphasis on the representation of the world in connection with the progress of the discoveries and the expansion of the geographical horizon. The development of navigation methods and technical means used to determine the latitude and longitude that had a direct impact on the positioning accuracy of topographic map elements are depicted, too. The practical part of the thesis is focused on the cartometric evaluation of selected map works of European cartographers of the period of 16th - 18th centuries, which consisted of the analysis of cartographic projection and the analysis of the positional accuracy of topographic content. The geometric accuracy of the maps is assessed mainly by the value of the positional deviations in the north-south and west-east directions. Based on the results of the cartometric evaluation, the evolution of the topographic content positioning is determined and the approximate time process of expanding the image of the known world on the contemporary maps is captured. The graphical outputs of the thesis are...

Die gegenständliche Veröffentlichung (Textteil als „Beiheft“, Karte als Farbdruck und als Digitalisat auf CD) widmet sich der Beschreibung des Komplexes der herrschaftsgeschichtlichen, geopolitischen und kartographiehistorischen Gemengelage, die das Kondensat für das Entstehen der topographisch-militärischen Karte des Bistums Hildesheim bereitstellte. Ein Fokus wird auf die relevanten biographischhistorischen Komponenten, die mit dem Kartenwerk verbunden sind, gelegt und bezieht sich auf die beiden herausgehobenen Akteure, den Hildesheimer Fürstbischof Franz-Egon von Fürstenberg (1737–1825, S. 25–45) und den Oberstleutnant beim kurhannoverschen Kontingent der preußischen Observationsarmee Gerhard Johann David Scharnhorst (1755–1813, S. 46–59).

Nowadays, information is increasingly presented in the form of various graphic materials. One of the key means of information visualisation is a map. Maps are complex representations and it is necessary to comprehend several cartographic concepts and to acquire skills and strategies for their efficient use. For this reason, it is important to give maps sufficient attention in the course of education. For the education to be of high quality, it is fundamental to understand the process of the map use and factors affecting this process and its successfulness. Therefore, the general purpose of the dissertation thesis is to develop this understanding. Specifically, the thesis has four main aims. One of them is to identify a map skill level of Czech students while using thematic maps since the popularity of thematic maps is increasing together with the number of cartographic insufficiencies they contain. These insufficiencies can inter alia cause a formation of misconceptions both about the maps and phenomena and regions they display. The second main aim is to identify and describe strategies that students choose to solve tasks which require the use of a thematic map. Additionally, the sub-aim is to understand the influence of chosen factors on the level of map skills as well as on choice and efficiency...