Malaria is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Sudan. The annual malaria cases and deaths are estimated at 7.5 million and 35, 000 respectively. One of the possible factors that have led to this situation is the development of insecticide resistance in the main malaria vector in Sudan, Anopheles arabiensis. This study therefore, was initiated to identify the malaria vectors in Gezira and Sennar states of central Sudan, determine their susceptibility levels to the different classes of insecticides used for malaria vector control, identify mechanisms of resistance, and determine the sporozoite infection rate and the blood meal sources in these populations. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for species identification revealed that An. arabiensis was the only member of the An. gambiae complex present in the study area. The blood meal analysis using ELISA showed high anthropophily with 89.2% feeding on humans. The overall sporozoite infection rate was 2.3 %. WHO susceptibility tests showed complete susceptibility of An. arabiensis to bendiocarb (100% mortality) and multiple resistance to permethrin (54-78%), DDT (55-66%) and malathion (76-78%). The kdr mutation analysis revealed the presence of the West African kdr allele with the majority of specimens being heterozygous (RS). The kdr in DDT/permethrin susceptible specimens were: 15% homozygous for the kdr mutation (RR), 64.2% heterozygous (RS) and 20.8% homozygous for the susceptible allele (SS). Amongst the DDT/permethrin resistant specimens, 13% were SS, 48.7% RS and 38.3% RR. The apparent lack of correlation between kdr and resistant phenotype strongly suggests that other resistance mechanisms are playing a role.

Em condições patológicas como o câncer, a angiogênese, ou seja, o crescimento de novos vasos a partir de uma rede vascular pré-existente, resulta numa maior oxigenação e nutrição das células e, consequentemente, num rápido crescimento do tumor [1]. Uma variedade de fatores estimulam a angiogênese, entre eles o Fator de Crescimento Endotelial Vascular (VEGF) e seus receptores (VEGFR). O VEGF é uma proteína homodimérica cujas atividades biológicas são reguladas através da ligação com seu próprio receptor domínio quinase (kinase domain receptor KDR). Dos sete domínios extracelulares de Ig-like no KDR, apenas os domínios dois e três são necessários para uma ligação de alta afinidade com o VEGF. Yamazaki e colaboradores, em 2005, relataram que um componente protéico designado KDRbp (KDR-binding protein) da peçonha da serpente Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus liga-se ao domínio extracelular de KDR com alta afinidade, resultando no bloqueio subnanomolar de VEGF. Yamazaki et.al. demonstrou que KDRbp exibe a sequência de aminoácidos da região N-terminal e de fragmentos enzimaticamente digeridos da sequência peptídica de KDR-bp é idêntica a Lys-49-fosfolipase A2, um homólogo inativo da fosfolipase A2, no qual a Lys-49 substitui Asp-49. Diante disso, este trabalho teve por objetivo a síntese funcional de uma sequência de nucleotídeos correspondente aos domínios 2 e 3 do Receptor-2 do Fator do Crescimento Endotelial Vascular in vitro que, ao ser expressa em bactéria Escherichia coli (E.coli), permita aplicações otimizadas de seus códons. O cDNA (HUVEC) de KDR que serviu de molde para a amplificação pela reação em cadeia da polimerase para a obtenção do DNA de 675 pares de bases (pb) que codificam 225 aminoácidos correspondentes aos domínios 2 e 3 de KDR. Visando a otimização do uso de códons da construção do DNA que podem prontamente aperfeiçoar os códons para a expressão da proteína em todo o organismo do hospedeiro, no caso, a bactéria Escherichia coli (E.coli), foi desenhada e sintetizada uma sequência codificadora para os domínios 2 e 3 do KDR (constructo 2 e 3 do KDR). O constructo 2 e 3 do KDR obtido por PCR foi expresso em E.coli BL21 usando o vetor de expressão pET28a. A técnica de obtenção de uma sequência de nucleotídeos partindo do cDNA correspondente a sequência desejada é bastante utilizada por sua praticidade de manipulação e rapidez no resultado. A ORF (open reading frame) que codifica para a proteína de interesse foi clonada em vetor pET28a e a expressão foi induzida por IPTG. A análise da expressão foi monitorada e observado o sucesso devido a obtenção de proteína de 25 kDa expressos. / In pathologic conditions as cancer, angiogenesis can be stimulated with new blood-vessel formation, oxygenation, and nutrition, leading to a rapid growth of tumor. A variety of factors can stimulate angiogenesis. Among these factors, there is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFR). VEGF is homodimeric protein which biological activities are regulated by their kinase domain receptor KDR. From the seven KDR Ig-like domains, only domains 2 and 3 are necessary for a VEGF high-affinity binding. Yamazaki et.al. 2005, report that a protein component designated as KDR-binding protein (KDR-bp) from the venom of eastern cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus) binds to high affinity extracellular KDR resulting in subnanomolar block of VEGF. Yamazaki et.al. demonstrated that KDR-bp exhibits the N-terminal amino acid sequence region, and enzymatically digested fragments of KDR-bp peptide sequence, which is identical to Lys-49-fosfolipase A2, an inactive homologue of phospholipase A2 where Lys-49 replaces Asp-49. Herein, this work aimed the functional synthesis of a nucleotide sequence corresponding to domains 2 and 3 from Receptor-2 of vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro expressed in Escherichia coli (E.coli), it allows to applications optimized of its códons. The cDNA (HUVEC) of KDR was used as amplification model by polymerase chain reaction to obtain the DNA of 675 base pairs that codify 225 amino acids related to domains 2 and 3 of KDR. A codifying sequence for domains 2 and 3 of KDR (construct 2/3 KDR) was designed and synthesized for optimal use of DNA construction codons, which are readily able to improve the expression codons of the proteins thorough the host organism, in this case bacteria Escherichia coli (E.coli). The construct2/3 KDR obtained by PCR was expressed in E.coli BL21 with expression vector pET28a. The technique to obtain a nucleotide sequence from cDNA related to the desired sequence is largely used due to easy manipulation and rapid time to results. The codifying ORF (open reading frame) for the target protein was cloned in pET28a vector and expression was induced by IPTG. The expression analysis was monitored and success was observed due to 25 kDa of protein expressed.

Em condições patológicas como o câncer, a angiogênese, ou seja, o crescimento de novos vasos a partir de uma rede vascular pré-existente, resulta numa maior oxigenação e nutrição das células e, consequentemente, num rápido crescimento do tumor [1]. Uma variedade de fatores estimulam a angiogênese, entre eles o Fator de Crescimento Endotelial Vascular (VEGF) e seus receptores (VEGFR). O VEGF é uma proteína homodimérica cujas atividades biológicas são reguladas através da ligação com seu próprio receptor domínio quinase (kinase domain receptor KDR). Dos sete domínios extracelulares de Ig-like no KDR, apenas os domínios dois e três são necessários para uma ligação de alta afinidade com o VEGF. Yamazaki e colaboradores, em 2005, relataram que um componente protéico designado KDRbp (KDR-binding protein) da peçonha da serpente Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus liga-se ao domínio extracelular de KDR com alta afinidade, resultando no bloqueio subnanomolar de VEGF. Yamazaki et.al. demonstrou que KDRbp exibe a sequência de aminoácidos da região N-terminal e de fragmentos enzimaticamente digeridos da sequência peptídica de KDR-bp é idêntica a Lys-49-fosfolipase A2, um homólogo inativo da fosfolipase A2, no qual a Lys-49 substitui Asp-49. Diante disso, este trabalho teve por objetivo a síntese funcional de uma sequência de nucleotídeos correspondente aos domínios 2 e 3 do Receptor-2 do Fator do Crescimento Endotelial Vascular in vitro que, ao ser expressa em bactéria Escherichia coli (E.coli), permita aplicações otimizadas de seus códons. O cDNA (HUVEC) de KDR que serviu de molde para a amplificação pela reação em cadeia da polimerase para a obtenção do DNA de 675 pares de bases (pb) que codificam 225 aminoácidos correspondentes aos domínios 2 e 3 de KDR. Visando a otimização do uso de códons da construção do DNA que podem prontamente aperfeiçoar os códons para a expressão da proteína em todo o organismo do hospedeiro, no caso, a bactéria Escherichia coli (E.coli), foi desenhada e sintetizada uma sequência codificadora para os domínios 2 e 3 do KDR (constructo 2 e 3 do KDR). O constructo 2 e 3 do KDR obtido por PCR foi expresso em E.coli BL21 usando o vetor de expressão pET28a. A técnica de obtenção de uma sequência de nucleotídeos partindo do cDNA correspondente a sequência desejada é bastante utilizada por sua praticidade de manipulação e rapidez no resultado. A ORF (open reading frame) que codifica para a proteína de interesse foi clonada em vetor pET28a e a expressão foi induzida por IPTG. A análise da expressão foi monitorada e observado o sucesso devido a obtenção de proteína de 25 kDa expressos. / In pathologic conditions as cancer, angiogenesis can be stimulated with new blood-vessel formation, oxygenation, and nutrition, leading to a rapid growth of tumor. A variety of factors can stimulate angiogenesis. Among these factors, there is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFR). VEGF is homodimeric protein which biological activities are regulated by their kinase domain receptor KDR. From the seven KDR Ig-like domains, only domains 2 and 3 are necessary for a VEGF high-affinity binding. Yamazaki et.al. 2005, report that a protein component designated as KDR-binding protein (KDR-bp) from the venom of eastern cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus) binds to high affinity extracellular KDR resulting in subnanomolar block of VEGF. Yamazaki et.al. demonstrated that KDR-bp exhibits the N-terminal amino acid sequence region, and enzymatically digested fragments of KDR-bp peptide sequence, which is identical to Lys-49-fosfolipase A2, an inactive homologue of phospholipase A2 where Lys-49 replaces Asp-49. Herein, this work aimed the functional synthesis of a nucleotide sequence corresponding to domains 2 and 3 from Receptor-2 of vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro expressed in Escherichia coli (E.coli), it allows to applications optimized of its códons. The cDNA (HUVEC) of KDR was used as amplification model by polymerase chain reaction to obtain the DNA of 675 base pairs that codify 225 amino acids related to domains 2 and 3 of KDR. A codifying sequence for domains 2 and 3 of KDR (construct 2/3 KDR) was designed and synthesized for optimal use of DNA construction codons, which are readily able to improve the expression codons of the proteins thorough the host organism, in this case bacteria Escherichia coli (E.coli). The construct2/3 KDR obtained by PCR was expressed in E.coli BL21 with expression vector pET28a. The technique to obtain a nucleotide sequence from cDNA related to the desired sequence is largely used due to easy manipulation and rapid time to results. The codifying ORF (open reading frame) for the target protein was cloned in pET28a vector and expression was induced by IPTG. The expression analysis was monitored and success was observed due to 25 kDa of protein expressed.

La Guadeloupe fait partie des pays où la Dengue est endémique avec des épidémies tous les 2 à 3 ans. Depuis 3 ans, d'autres arboviroses sont apparues sur le continent américain avec le Chikungunya en 2013 puis le Zika en 2015, causant d'importantes épidémies notamment en Guadeloupe. Le seul vecteur reconnu de ces maladies en Guadeloupe est le moustique Aedes aegypti. Il n'y a pas de vaccin, ni de traitements spécifiques contre ces infections et les moyens de prévention contre ces maladies passent par la surveillance et le contrôle des populations de moustiques sur le terrain. Les méthodes de surveillance sont basées le plus souvent sur l'analyse d'indices larvaires, parfois controversés. De plus, les moyens de contrôle des vecteurs ont longtemps été basés sur l'utilisation massive d'insecticides chimiques entraînant la résistance des moustiques à ces produits. Ce travail de thèse s'est donc articulé autour de deux grands axes devant permettre d'améliorer la prévention et le contrôle de ces arboviroses: i) la recherche d'un nouvel outil de surveillance des populations vectrices, basé sur la physiologie des femelles adultes et ii) l'évaluation des niveaux et l'étude de certains mécanismes de résistance à trois insecticides chimiques, le Téméphos, le Malathion (utilisés dans le passé) et la Deltaméthrine (utilisée actuellement). Un modèle de surveillance des populations vectrices basé sur les taux de parité en lien avec l'espérance de vie des femelles, en fonction des températures a été développé, et des pistes sur les situations entomologiques les plus à risques se sont dessinées. Les épreuves de résistance effectuées sur des larves de moustiques de Guadeloupe ont globalement révélé de forts niveaux de résistance au Téméphos et de faibles niveaux de résistance au Malathion. Les tests adulticides ont mis en évidence une résistance modérée des femelles à la Deltaméthrine. Les investigations moléculaires ont démontré des fréquences alléliques très élevées pour les mutations Kdr V1016I et F1534C connues pour être liées à la résistance aux pyréthrinoïdes. De plus, l'évaluation des niveaux d'expression constitutifs de certains gènes de détoxification a révélé des surexpressions significatives des populations testées par rapport à la souche sensible Bora-Bora, pour la carboxy-choline-estérase CCEAE3A, quatre cytochromes P450 à mono-oxygénases (014614, CYP6M11, CYP6BB2 et CYP9J23) et la glutathione-S-transférase GSTE2. / Guadeloupe is an endemic country for Dengue with epidemics every 2 to 3 years. In the past 3 years, other arboviruses have reached the Americas with Chikungunya virus in 2013 and Zika virus in 2015, causing major epidemics including in Guadeloupe. The only known vector of these diseases in Guadeloupe is the mosquito Aedes aegypti. As there is no vaccine nor specific treatment against these infections, prevention against these diseases is achieved through the monitoring and control of mosquito populations. Monitoring methods are based mostly on larval indices, with sometimes controversial results. In addition, vector control methods are based since a very long time on the massive use of chemical insecticides, causing mosquito resistance to these products. This work has therefore focused on two main areas to improve the prevention and control of these arboviruses: i) the search of a new vector population monitoring tool, based on the physiology of adult females and ii) the assessment of the resistance levels and mechanisms regarding three chemical insecticides, Temephos, Malathion (used in the past) and Deltamethrin (currently used). A vector population monitoring model based on females life expectancy as a function of parity rates and according to temperatures has being developed, and tracks on the entomological situations most at risk have emerged. Insecticide resistance tests performed on mosquito larvae have generally found strong Temephos resistance levels and low resistance to Malathion. Adulticide tests showed a moderate resistance of females to Deltamethrin. Molecular investigations have shown very high allelic frequencies for kdr mutations V1016I and F1534C, known to be associated with pyrethroid resistance. Moreover, the evaluation of constitutive expression levels of some detoxification genes revealed significant overexpression in tested Aedes aegypti populations compared to the susceptible Bora-Bora strain, for the carboxy-choline-esterase CCEAE3A, four cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases (014614, CYP6M11, CYP6BB2 and CYP9J23) and the glutathione-S-transferase GSTE2.

Les parasites du genre Plasmodium responsables du paludisme sont transmis du moustique à l’homme et de l’homme au moustique pendant la prise du repas de sang. L’utilisation massive des moustiquaires imprégnées d’insecticide pyréthrinoïdes vise à limiter la prise du repas de sang et à réduire la survie des moustiques. Dans un contexte de lutte antivectorielle généralisée, des mécanismes d’adaptations physiologiques et comportementaux ont été sélectionnés chez les populations d’Anophèles vecteurs. Les mécanismes de résistances physiologiques font l’objet d’un large effort de recherche alors que nous ne disposons que de peu de connaissances sur le comportement de recherche et de piqûre d’un homme protégé par une moustiquaire. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était de contribuer à la compréhension des interactions entre un mécanisme de résistance physiologique aux insecticides, le comportement des moustiques et les outils de lutte antivectorielle. Pour réaliser cette étude, nous avons recherché si la réponse comportementale d’Anopheles gambiae en présence de matériaux imprégnés d’insecticides est modulée par la présence de la mutation kdr L1014F, qui confère une résistance aux pyréthrinoïdes utilisés sur les moustiquaires imprégnées. À travers l’étude de 3 séquences comportementales, nos résultats ont permis d’apporter des informations cruciales sur le comportement des anophèles vecteurs du paludisme face aux moustiquaires imprégnées et de montrer des interactions gène-environnement complexes / Malaria transmission between humans and mosquitoes takes place during the blood sucking behaviour. Therefore widespread use of insecticide treated bed nets has been scaled up in order to limit the contact between mosquitoes and humans and reduce mosquito survival. In a context of global vector control tools implementation, mosquitoes evolved physiological and behavioral adaptations to survive and/or reduce contact with insecticides. While deep investigations have been carried out on physiological resistance, few data exist on the host seeking behavior evolution. In this PhD thesis we aimed to better understand how insecticide-treated materials modulates host seeking behaviour of Anopheles gambiae in relation with insecticide resistance. To do so, we focused on behavior of An. gambiae mosquitoes bearing different genotype for the kdr 1014 locus. Through the study of 3 complementary behavioural sequences, our results brought new insights about the malaria vector behavior in front of pyrethroid-impregnated bed nets and highlighted complex gene-environment interactions.

Helicoverpa zea is one of the most costly insect pests of food and fiber crops throughout the Americas. Pyrethroid insecticides are widely applied for control as they are effective and relatively inexpensive; however, resistance threatens sustainability because alternative insecticides are often more expensive or less effective. Pyrethroid resistance has been identified since 1990 and monitoring has utilized cypermethrin in the adult vial test, but resistance mechanisms have not yet been elucidated at the molecular level. Here we examined field-collected H. zea males resistant to cypermethrin for target site and metabolic resistance mechanisms. We report the cDNA sequence of the H. zea sodium channel a-subunit homologous to the Drosophila para gene and identified known resistance-conferring mutations L1029H and V421M, along with two novel mutations at the V421 residue, V421A and V421G. An additional mutation, I951V, may be the first example of a pyrethroid resistance mutation caused by RNA-editing. We identified other specimens with significantly higher transcriptional expression levels of cytochrome P450 genes CYP6B8 and CYP6B9 compared to the susceptible, ranging from a factor of 3.7 to 34.9 and 5.6 to 39.6, respectively. In addition, we investigated if differences in insect growth stage and pyrethroid structure affect our ability to predict resistance in the adult vial test. Vial bioassays with cypermethrin, esfenvalerate, and bifenthrin were conducted on third instars and male moths from a susceptible laboratory colony and the F1 generation of a resistant field population. For the resistant population, vial assays using either growth stage gave similar resistance ratios for each of the three pyrethroids, respectively, proving the adult vial test accurately reflects larval resistance. However, resistance ratios varied considerably depending on the pyrethroid used, so values obtained with one pyrethroid may not be predictive of another. This dissertation is the first to identify molecular mechanisms associated with H. zea pyrethroid resistance. Our results suggest carefully chosen pyrethroid structures diagnostic for specific resistance mechanisms could improve regional monitoring programs and development of high throughput assays to detect the resistance mechanisms used in tandem with traditional monitoring may greatly improve our ability to identify and predict resistance and make better control recommendations.

Αξιοσημείωτη πρόοδος έχει σημειωθεί τα τελευταία χρόνια στην αποσαφήνιση των μορίων που πρωταγωνιστούν στην αγγειογένεση, με τον αγγειακό ενδοθηλιακό αυξητικό παράγοντα (VEGF) να παίζει πρωταγωνιστικό ρόλο. Ο VEGF προκαλεί αρκετές αγγειογενετικές λειτουργίες στα ενδοθηλιακά κύτταρα διαμέσου των υποδοχέων του VEGFR-1 και VEGFR-2 ή KDR. Η προκαλούμενη από τον VEGF μετανάστευση των ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων φαίνεται ότι μεσολαβείται από τον KDR, πιθανά μέσω δέσμευσης του με την ιντεγκρίνη αvβ3. Η πλειοτροπίνη (PTN) είναι ένας εκκρινόμενος αυξητικός παράγοντας με συγγένεια δέσμευσης ηπαρίνης και διαμέσου του υποδοχέα της με δράση φωσφατάσης τυροσίνης β/ζ (RPTPβ/ζ) και την ανβ3 ιντεγκρίνη προάγει τη μετανάστευση στα ανθρώπινα ενδοθηλιακά κύτταρα. Πρόσφατα δείξαμε ότι εξωγενώς χορηγούμενη PTN αναστέλλει την προκαλούμενη από τον VEGF μετανάστευση των ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήσαμε την επίδραση της ενδογενούς PTN και του υποδοχέα της RPTPβ/ζ στη προκαλούμενη από τον VEGF μετανάστευση των ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων. Βρήκαμε ότι η ενδογενής PTN δε συμμετέχει στη μετανάστευση που προκαλεί ο VEGF. Αντίθετα, μείωση της έκφρασης του ενδογενούς RPTPβ/ζ με siRNA είχε ως αποτέλεσμα πλήρη αναστολή της επαγόμενης από VEGF κυτταρικής μετανάστευσης. Η αποσιώπηση του γονιδίου του RPTPβ/ζ δεν επηρέασε την προκαλούμενη από τον VEGF ενεργοποίηση των ERK1/2, αλλά μείωσε την επαγόμενη από VEGF αλληλεπίδραση ανάμεσα στον VEGFR-2 και την ιντεγκρίνη ανβ3, αλληλεπίδραση σημαντική για την προκαλούμενη από τον VEGF κυτταρική μετανάστευση. Τέλος, βρέθηκε ότι ο VEGF αλληλεπιδρά άμεσα με τον RPTPβ/ζ, αφού τα δύο μόρια συγκατακρημνίζονται σε εκχυλίσματα κυττάρων που εκφράζουν τόσο VEGF όσο και RPTPβ/ζ. Συμπερασματικά, ο RPTPβ/ζ φαίνεται να δρα ως υποδοχέας του VEGF και να είναι απαραίτητος για την προκαλούμενη από τον VEGF μετανάστευση των ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων διαμέσου του VEGFR-2. / A considerable progress has been made during the past years in elucidating the molecular actors of angiogenesis, with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) representing the major inducer of angiogenesis up to date. VEGF induces several angiogenic functions of endothelial cells through its receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 or KDR. VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration seems to be mediated by KDR, possibly via engagement of integrin αvβ3. Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a secreted heparin-binding growth factor that through its receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β/ζ (RPTPβ/ζ) and ανβ3 integrin induces human endothelial cell migration. We have previously shown that exogenous PTN inhibits VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration. In the present work we studied the effect of endogenous PTN and its receptor RPTPβ/ζ in VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration. We found that endogenous PTN is not involved, while RPTPβ/ζ is required for VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration. Although VEGF may directly interact with RPTPβ/ζ, down-regulation of the latter by siRNA does not affect VEGF-induced ERK1/2 activation but seems to affect the interaction of KDR with ανβ3, which is important for VEGF-induced cell migration. Collectively, RPTPβ/ζ seems to be required for VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration through its receptor KDR.

Culex mosquitoes are known for carrying several harmful viruses in the United States. Culex tarsalis is found in rural as well as some residential areas in the Western United States, so they are under insecticide pressure from both agricultural spraying and vector control. In response to insecticide pressure, mosquitoes can evolve two primary resistance mechanisms: target site insensitivity, as a result of DNA mutation, and elevated levels of detoxifying enzymes (GST, alpha and beta esterases, and P450 oxidases). The two types of target site insensitivity studied here in Cx. tarsalis are kdr, which is a mutation in the para-type voltage gated sodium channel and ace-1, which is a mutation in acetylcholinesterase gene. This study focused on a population of Cx. tarsalis in Sutter County, where insecticide use shifted from sumithrin to Naled over the course of the summer. The goal of this study was to determine if there was resistance to insecticides and characterize the mechanisms of resistance. Mosquitoes were separated into resistance levels based on CDC bottle bioassay results using Naled, sumithrin, and permethrin insecticides. Mosquitoes were used to test for elevated levels of detoxifying enzymes and genetic qPCR testing for either kdr and ace-1 mutations. Bottle bioassay results suggest Cx. tarsalis populations from Sutter County are mostly resistant to pyrethroids while not being resistant to organophosphates. Enzymatic assays suggest high concentrations or activities of detoxifying enzymes are commonly seen in resistant individuals, occasionally elevated levels of multiple enzymes within an individual. The ace-1 mutation was seen in a single susceptible individual (0.036%). Either one or two kdr alleles were present in every single semi-resistant or resistant mosquito tested.

No description available.

Les protéines kinases représentent le groupe d'enzymes qui servent d'intermédiaire pour la phosphorylation de protéines - le transfert d'un groupe phosphate de l'adénosine triphosphate(ATP) sur des chaînes latérales correspondantes de tyrosine, de serine ou de thréonine des acides aminées. La phosphorylation de protéines est un des outils les plus importants pour la régulation de l'activité cellulaire. La « signalisation » cellulaire par le récepteur de tyrosine kinase VEGFR2 (KDR) appartient aux réactions biochimiques clés influençant la croissance de tumeurs. L'inhibition thérapeutique de cette réaction à l'aide des composés de faible poids moléculaire spécifiques est devenue une stratégie utile dans le cadre des thérapies anticancéreuses. Ce travail a amené à la découverte de 16 substances biologiquement actives sur la base N,5-diaryloxazol-2-amine (IC50, VEGFR2 TK). D'excellents résultats ont été atteints notamment dans le cas des substances 189, 191, 211, 214, 220, 221, 223 et 4 qui montrent une activité inhibitrice inférieure à 500 nM. / Protein kinases represent a group of enzymes responsible for phosphorylation - transfer of aphosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to tyrosine or serine/threonine residues. Protein phosphorylation is one of the most important tools regulating a cell activity. A cell "signalization" through an endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase VEGFR2 TK (KDR) is the important pathway influencing growth of a tumor. Small-molecule inhibitors of VEGFR2 TK (VEGFR2 TKls) have become an important tool for the treatment of various types of cancer. This dissertation thesis resulted in a discovery of 16 biologically active N,5-diaryloxazol-2-amines (IC50, VEGFR2 TK). Very good results were achieved especially with compounds 189, 191, 211, 214, 220, 221, 223 and 4 exhibiting the activity under 500 nM.