Este trabalho de pesquisa teve por objetivos: primeiro, descrever em termos cineantropométricos atletas de voleibol masculino de nível estadual, de acordo com as diferentes categorias competitivas - de mirim a principal - e verificar as relações existentes entre aspectos morfológicos e de desempenho motor; segundo, verificar o comportamento das variáveis cineantropométricas entre atletas pertencentes a diferentes categorias competitivas procurando determinar, na amostra estudada, quais variáveis devem ser consideradas como mais importantes no período compreendido entre uma categoria inferior e outra imediatamente superior; e terceiro, comparar quatro possibilidades de métodos que possam ser utilizados na classificação dos atletas nas diferentes categorias competitivas, respectivamente: a) classificação subjetiva do treinador; b) classificação através da utilização do escore padrão Z; c) classificação através do coeficiente de classificação por médias; d) classificação através de análise dos componentes principais, os quais possam auxiliar mais efetivamente o processo de seleção e promoção de talentos esportivos para o voleibol. Para isso, uma amostra de 75 atletas de voleibol masculino, na faixa etária de 13 a 28 anos, distribuídos entre as diversas categorias competitivas, foi avaliada em termos cineantropométricos conforme variáveis consideradas relevantes para a prática do voleibol de alto nível. Foi possível concluir que: 1) os atletas avaliados apresentaram valores cineantropométricos próximos e/ou superiores aos esperados para atletas de voleibol de nível competitivo nas medidas realizadas, indicando o bom nível dos atletas envolvidos no estudo; 2) existem importâncias diferentes para as variáveis na passagem de uma categoria inferior para outra imediatamente superior; 3) o coeficiente de classificação por médias, neste estudo, parece indicar que análises multivariadas podem adequar-se mais fielmente à resolução da complexidade que envolve os processos de promoção de talentos / This work of has several arms: first, to describe in kinanthropometrics terms top level male volleyball athletes at São Paulo State in different competitive categories - from minor to major and verify the existence of relationships among morphological aspects and motor performances; second, to verify the behavior of kinanthropometrics variables among athletes belonging to different competitive categories. The goal here is trying to determine how variables should be ranked in importance to define performance and how this ranking changes as we go from one stage to the next one; third, to compare four possibilities of procedures that may be used on the athletes ranking in different competitive stages namely: a) coachs subjective classification; b) classification using the standard Z score; c) classification using the coefficient derived by means; d) classification using the analysis of principal components. One tries to point out the ones which more effectively may cooperate in the process of selection and promotion of talent to volleyball. In order to make the comparison, a sample of 75 male volleyball athletes between the ages of 13 and 28 years old, divided among all the different competitive categories were evaluated in kinanthropometric terms by using the variables considered important to the practice of high level volleyball. It was possible to conclude that, 1) the evaluated athletes presented kinanthropometrics values close and/or superior to the expected for high competitive level male volleyball athletes in the variables measured, showing the good level of the athletes involved in the study; 2) there are differences in the importance of the variables in the passage from a lower stage to the following next ; 3) the coefficient of classification by means in this study seems to indicate that the multivariate analysis is more adequate to give better understanding of the complexity that involves the process of talent promotion

Este trabalho de pesquisa teve por objetivos: primeiro, descrever em termos cineantropométricos atletas de voleibol masculino de nível estadual, de acordo com as diferentes categorias competitivas - de mirim a principal - e verificar as relações existentes entre aspectos morfológicos e de desempenho motor; segundo, verificar o comportamento das variáveis cineantropométricas entre atletas pertencentes a diferentes categorias competitivas procurando determinar, na amostra estudada, quais variáveis devem ser consideradas como mais importantes no período compreendido entre uma categoria inferior e outra imediatamente superior; e terceiro, comparar quatro possibilidades de métodos que possam ser utilizados na classificação dos atletas nas diferentes categorias competitivas, respectivamente: a) classificação subjetiva do treinador; b) classificação através da utilização do escore padrão Z; c) classificação através do coeficiente de classificação por médias; d) classificação através de análise dos componentes principais, os quais possam auxiliar mais efetivamente o processo de seleção e promoção de talentos esportivos para o voleibol. Para isso, uma amostra de 75 atletas de voleibol masculino, na faixa etária de 13 a 28 anos, distribuídos entre as diversas categorias competitivas, foi avaliada em termos cineantropométricos conforme variáveis consideradas relevantes para a prática do voleibol de alto nível. Foi possível concluir que: 1) os atletas avaliados apresentaram valores cineantropométricos próximos e/ou superiores aos esperados para atletas de voleibol de nível competitivo nas medidas realizadas, indicando o bom nível dos atletas envolvidos no estudo; 2) existem importâncias diferentes para as variáveis na passagem de uma categoria inferior para outra imediatamente superior; 3) o coeficiente de classificação por médias, neste estudo, parece indicar que análises multivariadas podem adequar-se mais fielmente à resolução da complexidade que envolve os processos de promoção de talentos / This work of has several arms: first, to describe in kinanthropometrics terms top level male volleyball athletes at São Paulo State in different competitive categories - from minor to major and verify the existence of relationships among morphological aspects and motor performances; second, to verify the behavior of kinanthropometrics variables among athletes belonging to different competitive categories. The goal here is trying to determine how variables should be ranked in importance to define performance and how this ranking changes as we go from one stage to the next one; third, to compare four possibilities of procedures that may be used on the athletes ranking in different competitive stages namely: a) coachs subjective classification; b) classification using the standard Z score; c) classification using the coefficient derived by means; d) classification using the analysis of principal components. One tries to point out the ones which more effectively may cooperate in the process of selection and promotion of talent to volleyball. In order to make the comparison, a sample of 75 male volleyball athletes between the ages of 13 and 28 years old, divided among all the different competitive categories were evaluated in kinanthropometric terms by using the variables considered important to the practice of high level volleyball. It was possible to conclude that, 1) the evaluated athletes presented kinanthropometrics values close and/or superior to the expected for high competitive level male volleyball athletes in the variables measured, showing the good level of the athletes involved in the study; 2) there are differences in the importance of the variables in the passage from a lower stage to the following next ; 3) the coefficient of classification by means in this study seems to indicate that the multivariate analysis is more adequate to give better understanding of the complexity that involves the process of talent promotion

As early as 1994, and with transformation in mind, the African National Congress (ANC) identified the development of the previously disadvantaged communities in South Africa as a national priority. In so doing, sport, among others, was used in this strategy as a medium to improve and change the circumstances of people in disadvantaged communities. Sports development in disadvantaged communities is essential, if taken into consideration that without such further support of the sport talent of some of these children, the needs of these talented children cannot be met and their potential will remain undeveloped. Talent identification (TID), which is based on scientific principles and forms the first step in sports development, still is relatively new in South Africa. Historically, coaches used their own knowledge and experience of the characteristics, which should lead to success in sport as well as participation in competitions in order to do TID. To date, very little research has been done on talent identification and development in sprints and long-jump, especially pertaining to young boy and girl athletes, and in particular concerning athletes from disadvantaged communities. The first and second objectives of this study were to implement sport specific athletics development programmes aimed at improving sprinting and long-jump ability and to determine its effect on the abilities and skills of talented 10 to 15 year-old girls and boys with talent for sprints and long-jump. The third and fourth objectives of this study were to establish which kinanthropometric, physical and motor components will play such a role in 10 to 15 year-olds that it can predict performance ability in sprints and long-jump in girls and boys at this age. The "Australian Talent Search" protocol was used to identify general sport talent in the children (66 girls and 62 boys) who were identified for the study. The talented children (19 girls and 21 boys) from the initial group of were then subjected to a sport specific test battery for sprints and long-jump. The maturation level of the boys was determined by means of a maturity questionnaire, based on the 5 Tanner stages. By using the Statistica and SAS computer programmes, independent t-testing, covariance analyses, correlation coefficients, effect sizes, descriptive statistics as well as a stepwise multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data with regard to the above-mentioned objectives. A p-value smaller than or equal to 0.05 was accepted as significant. From the results of the study it is evident that the development programmes contributed to the improvement of physical and motor abilities and skills important for performance in both sprints and long-jump in girls (n=19) and boys (n=21) respectively. Among the girls, flexibility, explosive power, muscle endurance, reaction time, speed, speed endurance, acceleration and long-jump showed statistically significant improvement, while abdominal muscle strength and stride length showed no improvement. Secondly, it was established that the development programme contributed statistically significantly to an improvement in flexibility, muscle endurance, 0-40 metres speed and long-jump ability in boys. However, some components did not show improvement, among them explosive power, reaction time, speed endurance, acceleration and stride length. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the third and fourth objectives. It indicated that, in respect to the 100 metres sprint, 7 variables, namely long-jump, push-ups to the point of exhaustion, 7-level abdominal strength, 0-5 metres speed, ankle dorsiflexion, body length and age contributed 84.0% to the total variance in girls. As for long-jump, 7 variables, namely 0-100 metres speed, body length, 7-level abdominal strength, push-ups, ankle dorsiflexion, standing long-jump and body mass proved to be the most important contributors to performance in these items with a total contribution of 79% to the total variance. The fourth objective indicated that average anaerobic power output, acceleration and body mass contributed statistically significantly to performance in the 100 metres sprint in boys with a contribution of 86.5% to the total variance. Horizontal jump, age and acceleration contributed statistically significantly to long-jump performance with a contribution of 81 5% to the total variance. It is evident from this study that sport specific development programmes can successfully be implemented on girls and boys at ages 10-15 in order to improve sprinting and long-jump ability, regardless of poverty-stricken circumstances and poor infrastructure. Furthermore, the study brought to light that specific kinanthropometric, physical and motor abilities exist which can be used to predict performance in sprints and long-jump in girls and boys separately at ages 10 to 15. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007

Thesis (Ph.D. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

As early as 1994, and with transformation in mind, the African National Congress (ANC) identified the development of the previously disadvantaged communities in South Africa as a national priority. In so doing, sport, among others, was used in this strategy as a medium to improve and change the circumstances of people in disadvantaged communities. Sports development in disadvantaged communities is essential, if taken into consideration that without such further support of the sport talent of some of these children, the needs of these talented children cannot be met and their potential will remain undeveloped. Talent identification (TID), which is based on scientific principles and forms the first step in sports development, still is relatively new in South Africa. Historically, coaches used their own knowledge and experience of the characteristics, which should lead to success in sport as well as participation in competitions in order to do TID. To date, very little research has been done on talent identification and development in sprints and long-jump, especially pertaining to young boy and girl athletes, and in particular concerning athletes from disadvantaged communities. The first and second objectives of this study were to implement sport specific athletics development programmes aimed at improving sprinting and long-jump ability and to determine its effect on the abilities and skills of talented 10 to 15 year-old girls and boys with talent for sprints and long-jump. The third and fourth objectives of this study were to establish which kinanthropometric, physical and motor components will play such a role in 10 to 15 year-olds that it can predict performance ability in sprints and long-jump in girls and boys at this age. The "Australian Talent Search" protocol was used to identify general sport talent in the children (66 girls and 62 boys) who were identified for the study. The talented children (19 girls and 21 boys) from the initial group of were then subjected to a sport specific test battery for sprints and long-jump. The maturation level of the boys was determined by means of a maturity questionnaire, based on the 5 Tanner stages. By using the Statistica and SAS computer programmes, independent t-testing, covariance analyses, correlation coefficients, effect sizes, descriptive statistics as well as a stepwise multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data with regard to the above-mentioned objectives. A p-value smaller than or equal to 0.05 was accepted as significant. From the results of the study it is evident that the development programmes contributed to the improvement of physical and motor abilities and skills important for performance in both sprints and long-jump in girls (n=19) and boys (n=21) respectively. Among the girls, flexibility, explosive power, muscle endurance, reaction time, speed, speed endurance, acceleration and long-jump showed statistically significant improvement, while abdominal muscle strength and stride length showed no improvement. Secondly, it was established that the development programme contributed statistically significantly to an improvement in flexibility, muscle endurance, 0-40 metres speed and long-jump ability in boys. However, some components did not show improvement, among them explosive power, reaction time, speed endurance, acceleration and stride length. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the third and fourth objectives. It indicated that, in respect to the 100 metres sprint, 7 variables, namely long-jump, push-ups to the point of exhaustion, 7-level abdominal strength, 0-5 metres speed, ankle dorsiflexion, body length and age contributed 84.0% to the total variance in girls. As for long-jump, 7 variables, namely 0-100 metres speed, body length, 7-level abdominal strength, push-ups, ankle dorsiflexion, standing long-jump and body mass proved to be the most important contributors to performance in these items with a total contribution of 79% to the total variance. The fourth objective indicated that average anaerobic power output, acceleration and body mass contributed statistically significantly to performance in the 100 metres sprint in boys with a contribution of 86.5% to the total variance. Horizontal jump, age and acceleration contributed statistically significantly to long-jump performance with a contribution of 81 5% to the total variance. It is evident from this study that sport specific development programmes can successfully be implemented on girls and boys at ages 10-15 in order to improve sprinting and long-jump ability, regardless of poverty-stricken circumstances and poor infrastructure. Furthermore, the study brought to light that specific kinanthropometric, physical and motor abilities exist which can be used to predict performance in sprints and long-jump in girls and boys separately at ages 10 to 15. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007

Thesis (PhD (Sport Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The aims of this study were (1) to determine the effect of concurrent respiratory muscle training (RMT) on respiratory muscle (RM) function and aerobic exercise performance in women competitive field hockey players, (2) to determine the effect and time duration of RM detraining on RM function in those who underwent RMT, and (3) to determine the predictors of RM strength and endurance in an athletic population. Twenty two women hockey players underwent a series of kinanthropometric and respiratory muscle function measurements, and were then randomly assigned to an experimental group (EXP, n = 15) who underwent concurrent RMT, and a control group (CON, n = 7) who underwent sham training. Twenty subjects took part in the RM detraining study. Significant improvements in pulmonary function and RM endurance (5 – 9%) were found in both groups after the HT-RMT and HT-ST interventions, while EXP also showed a significant improvement in RM strength variables (13% in MIP, 9% in MEP). MEF50% was the only variable that showed a significant difference in the changes over time after 20 weeks of DT between EXP and CON. RM strength in both groups remained relatively unchanged over the DT period. RM endurance in both groups remained unchanged after 9 weeks of DT, but decreased significantly after 20 weeks of DT in EXP. It was concluded that the intensity and duration of both the HT-RMT and HT-ST programmes were adequate to elicit training adaptations in the RM. In both groups there was a complete reversal in lung volumes after 9 weeks and a tendency of a reversal in RM endurance after 20 weeks of DT. It is suggested that a RMT programme should be incorporated every 9 weeks in the training schedule of field hockey players, to maintain improved RM function.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GustavoL.pdf: 3954243 bytes, checksum: f0ec49226348afb2051543fed2f9bb14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Bullying is a collection of aggressive, intentional and repetitive attitudes that occur with no clear motivation, adopted by one or more students against one or more others, causing the victim pain, distress and suffering, and consequently leading to psychological problems. The objective of this study was to examine the kinanthropometric variables, body self-image and social status of students characterised as victims, aggressors/victims and aggressors with regard to bullying, based on the opinion of classmates, a questionnaire and researcher observation. The work was carried out with 337 students in the 6th. year of primary education in a public sector school in Greater Florianópolis, SC (Brazil). Assessment took place at three time points, first with application of silhouette and body image perception scales, secondly with kinanthropometric examination, and thirdly with the application of diagnostic techniques for bullying, by means of the questionnaire on violence among peers (Freire et al., 2006), a sociometric scale created by the author of the present study, and researcher observation. Statistical analysis involved Analysis of Variance with post-hoc Tukey, Chi-squared and Kruskal-Wallis tests to identify differences between those students involved in bullying and correlations with Pearson and Spearman coefficients, p= 0.05 being accepted as significant. The incidence of students involved in bullying was 28.3%, with 14.1, 4.3 and 9.8 % of these victims, aggressors/victims and aggressors, respectively. Those involved were found to be significantly different in morphological and motor terms and in their status position within the school group. There was no difference among those involved in relation to perceived and ideal self-image, although it emerged that both the victims and the aggressors/victims would like to be physically larger, and that on average the aggressors were more satisfied with their body image. A correlation (r= 0.354; p= 0.010) was found between being involved in bullying and attitudes of bad behaviour and poor school performance. In some subjects in the school curriculum the grades measuring academic performance were more satisfactory for the victims (F= 4.645; p= 0.014). Finally, the profile of the victims presented lower values and levels for total body mass, lean mass, height, posture, physical aptitude especially in the tests that assessed physical strength, and the relationships that measure social status, in relation to the aggressors. We conclude that significant differences exist in kinanthropometric aspects and social status between victims and aggressors involved in bullying in the school environment. / O bullying é um conjunto de atitudes agressivas, intencionais e repetitivas, que ocorrem sem motivação evidente, adotado por um ou mais alunos contra um ou outros, causando dor, angústia e sofrimento a vítima, gerando como conseqüência, problemas psicológicos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo averiguar se as variáveis cineantropométricas, auto-imagem corporal e status social dos alunos com característica de vítimas, agressores/vítimas e agressores de bullying, a partir da indicação dos colegas de classe, questionário e observação do pesquisador. A pesquisa foi realizada com 337 alunos da 6° série do ensino fundamental de uma escola da rede pública da Grande Florianópolis- SC (Brasil). A avaliação foi realizada em três momentos, no primeiro com a aplicação das escalas de silhueta e percepção da imagem corporal. Em segundo, avaliação cineantropométrica, e em terceiro, aplicação das técnicas para diagnóstico do fenômeno bullying, através do questionário da violência entre pares de Freire et. al (2006), a escala sócio- métrica criada pelo autor deste estudo, e a observação do pesquisador. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando os testes de Análise de Variância com Post-Hoc de Tukey, Qui-quadrado, Kruskal-Wallis para indicar a diferença entre os alunos com envolvimento bullying e correlações com coeficiente Pearson e Spearman sempre adotando um p= 0,05. A incidência foi de 28,3% de alunos envolvidos neste fenômeno, sendo que 14,1; 4,3 e 9,8 por cento destes eram vítimas, agressores/vítimas e agressores respectivamente. Constatou-se que os envolvidos diferenciaram-se estatisticamente em termos morfológicos, motores e na posição de status no grupo escolar. Não houve diferença entre os envolvidos em relação à autoimagem percebida e a ideal, mas encontramos que tanto as vítimas quanto os agressores/vítimas, gostariam de serem maiores fisicamente, e que em média os agressores estão mais satisfeitos com sua imagem corporal. Encontrou-se uma correlação (r= 0,354; p= 0,010) entre estar envolvido em bullying e atitudes de mau comportamento e baixo desempenho escolar. Em algumas disciplinas do currículo escolar as notas que medem o desempenho acadêmico indicaram valores mais satisfatórios para as vítimas (F= 4,645; p= 0,014). Por fim o perfil das vítimas apresentou uma massa corporal total, massa corporal magra, estatura, envergadura, aptidão física principalmente nos testes que avaliam a força física e nas relações que medem o status no meio social com valores e níveis inferiores em relação aos agressores. Conclui-se que existem diferenças significativas entre vítimas e agressores envolvidos com bullying no ambiente escolar nos aspectos cineantropométricos e status social.

Globally, sport plays a significant role and forms part of every modern person’s life, irrespective of race, age, gender or ethnic group. Researchers on this topic increasingly focus on the early identification of talent and the development of the talent to ensure optimal performance. One of the most critical trademarks of human development is die correlation between age and physical ability. The primary reason why people participate in sport is to improve their level of participation and performance. Therefore every effort should be made to obtain a more scientific approach towards optimal sports performance, seeing that it is scientifically proven that it improves the effectiveness of a specific sport with regards to the selection and preparation of individuals and teams. In present time South African sport is still facing the challenge to successfully integrate previously disadvantaged communities and to select teams purely on merit. The use of scientific evaluation criteria in the selection process of teams can make a definite contribution to help solidify the selection principle of merit only. This is due to the fact that scientifically, assessed physical performance can not merely be ignored or overruled in the selection of teams. The primary objective of this study was first of all to establish whether different norms will be needed for different playing positions in netball and if the assessments that are currently used are able to accurately predict the highest level that players will be able to play at. In the second instance, the objective of this study was to try and determine which components should be part of a set of netball specific evaluation criteria. To accomplish this objective research was done to find many different test protocol and to find literature that would verify the protocol. A third objective was to identify the positional qualities that netball players have to comply to, based on the selected evaluation criteria, and to select the best tests to be used for talent identification. In other words what the minimum test requirements would be to accomplish maximum data gathering. The developed protocol consisted of three (3) motor tests, four (4) physical tests and three (3) kinanthropometrical tests. The research group used in this study consisted of 304 senior netball players i.e. players older than 19 years of age. These players were categorized into three groups, namely players competing at club, national and international level. With the presentation of the statistical analysis, percentile ranks were developed and a 100 research candidates per positional group was used; i.e. 300 netball players in total. Furthermore an ANOVA was used to determine whether there were significant differences between the three positional groups. An analysis was done to determine if the evaluation criteria could discriminate between players from different positional groups. The analysis was merely used as a classification method and did not serve to evaluate die significance of differences. The results delivered position-specific norms. A function for predicting the identification of talented and less talented players was also developed. Although the study showed certain limitations, the research can be utilized to further develop scientific talent identification criteria for netball and this will be to the advantage of sports scientists and coaches involved with netball. / Thesis (DPhil (Human Movement Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / DPhil / unrestricted