Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1982. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-76).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, August, 2002. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio University, 2004. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jan. 26, 2007). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-119).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nebraska at Omaha, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-89). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

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Orientador: Sergio Augusto Cunha / Resumo: Definir um padrão para um determinado movimento esportivo é de extrema importância para que os profissionais de Educação Física e Esportes possam interferir na prática do ensino ou treinamento deste fenômeno. A Cinemática é uma área da Biomecânica que possui ferramentas suficientes para quantificar qualquer movimento, por mais complexo que seja. Visando a maior compreensão do comportamento do membro inferior na execução do chute no futebol, este estudo definiu e comparou os padrões cinemáticos dos segmentos da coxa, perna e pé em indivíduos praticantes e não praticantes de futebol, descansados e induzidos à exaustão. Foram convidados 10 participantes praticantes regulares de futebol e 10 participantes que não possuem prática regular ou nunca praticaram o esporte. O limiar anaeróbio dos 20 participantes foi calculado através do teste de TEGTBUR e cada participante , em descanso, foi filmado por quatro câmeras de vídeo com freqüência de 120 Hz executando 5 séries de chutes ao gol simulando uma cobrança de falta e posteriormente foram induzidos à exaustão para a execução de outras 5 séries de chutes. Os padrões cinemáticos foram determinados pelas curvas das projeções estereográficas e comparados entre os grupos através da análise por cluster. Foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos dos praticantes e o grupo dos não praticantes nas duas situações (descanso e exaustão) para os segmentos da coxa perna e pé, sendo que as maiores diferenças surgiram no segmento do pé. Já na comparação intragrupos para as situações de descanso e exaustão não foram obtidas diferenças significativas. Com base nestes resultados é possível concluir que há diferença na execução do movimento entre indivíduos praticantes e não praticantes de futebol no que diz respeito ao comportamento dos segmentos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: Defining a sports movement patter is an important factor to help Physical Education and Sports professionals to understand and to intervene in the teaching and training of this phenomenon. The Kinematics is a Biomechanics' area that has enough tools to quantify a movement, does not matter his complexity. The purpose of this study was to have a great understanding of the lower limb behavior in the soccer kick, comparing the kinematic patterns of the thigh, shank and foot segments in soccer practitioners and non-practitioners in the rest and exhaustion situation. Ten soccer regular practitioners subjects and ten soccer non-practitioners subjects participated in this study. Anaerobic threshold was calculated through TEGTBUR test. In a rest situation, four video cameras (120 Hz) recorded each subject performing five free kicks to goal simulating a real situation of the game. After that they were induced to exhaustion condition from individual anaerobic threshold and performed more five free kicks. The images were transfer to computer and the kinematics patters were define through the stereographic projection curves of each segment and they were compared between the groups through the cluster analysis. Significant differences between the practitioners and non-practitioners groups in both situation (rest and exhaustion) of the thigh, shank and foot segments were found, with the greatest differences appearing in the foot segment. However, comparing the different situations inside the groups, no significant differences were found. According with this data we can conclude that there is a difference in the movement performance between soccer practitioners and non-practitioners subjects in the segments behavior analyzed, and these differences can be measured and compared. Furthermore it's possible to detect where these differences occur most. The results also oppose the hypothesis that this kind of fatigue can cause deficiency in the movement performance. / Mestre

In golf, a range of shot types are necessary for successful performance, with driving and iron-play constituting the long-game. It is possible to vary long-game shots through altered trajectory, for example, by utilising right-to-left or left-to-right ball flight curvature, providing course management advantages. However, how golfers vary their biomechanics to achieve different trajectories is not scientifically understood. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to biomechanically investigate different trajectories hit with the same club. To investigate shot trajectories, accurate measures of performance were necessary. Launch monitors (TrackMan Pro IIIe and Foresight GC2+HMT) are bespoke technologies capable of tracking the clubhead and ball through impact. However, their accuracy for scientific research has not been independently validated. Therefore, a novel purpose-designed tracking method was developed using a three-dimensional optical tracking system (GOM). The accuracy of this method was validated and the system used as the benchmark to which the two launch monitors were compared through limits of agreement. The results showed, in general, the launch monitors were in closer agreement to the benchmark for ball parameters than clubhead. High levels of agreement were found for ball velocity, ball path, total spin rate and backspin. However, poorer agreement was shown for ball sidespin and spin axis as well as clubhead velocity, clubhead path and clubhead orientation. Consequently, the launch monitors were deemed unsuitable for inclusion in scientific research across a range of impact parameters. Draw and fade trajectories with a driver and draw, fade and low trajectories with a 5-iron were investigated biomechanically. The clubhead and ball were tracked using the optical method developed in this thesis. Key biomechanical variables (address position and whole-swing) were defined based on coaching theory. Statistically, analysis of variance (address) and principal components analysis (whole-swing), were used to compare draw against fade and low against natural trajectories. Multivariate correlation was used to identify swing pattern similarities between golfers. The group-level comparison showed draw-fade address differences whereby for draw trajectories, the ball was positioned further away from the target, the lead hand further towards the target and the pelvis, thorax and stance openness closed relative to the target line. Over the whole-swing, the draw when compared to the fade demonstrated a pelvis rotation, more rotated away from the target with later rotation; lumbar forward flexion, with slower extending in the downswing; lumbar lateral flexion, with more flexion towards the trail throughout and prolonged trail flexing through ball contact; thorax lateral flexion, with greater, slower lead flexing in the backswing and greater, more prolonged trail flexing in the downswing; pelvis translation further towards the target throughout, with earlier forward translation and centre of pressure, with an earlier, quicker, greater forward shift. Cluster differences were evident, with both Clusters I (57% of golfers with the driver) and II (71% of golfers with the 5-iron) showing greater, earlier thorax rotation towards the target and a tendency for greater lumbar forward flexion over the whole-swing (Cluster II) and backswing (Cluster I). For the group-level low-natural comparison, golfers positioned the ball further away from the target and their lead hand further towards the target for low trajectories. Further, Cluster IV (45% of golfers), narrowed their stance width and laterally flexed their thorax towards the lead, for the same trajectories. Over the whole-swing, the low when compared to the natural showed the pelvis translated towards the target throughout, with later, lesser forward shift for the low trajectories. Furthermore, centre of pressure displayed a greater forward shift for the same shots. Finally, both clusters (Cluster III 36% of golfers and Cluster IV) differed in lumbar forward flexion when playing low trajectories; over the backswing, Cluster III extended, whereas Cluster IV flexed. Cluster IV also showed greater extending in the downswing. Finally, Cluster IV showed more lumbar lateral flexion towards the lead throughout. The results of this study have implications for scientific researchers as well as golf coaches, club-fitters and professionals. Commercially available launch monitors appear accurate enough for coaching applications, however caution is needed for scientific research when tracking a range of clubhead and ball parameters. Furthermore, changes in biomechanics when playing different trajectories has implications for future research and interpretation of published work, as well as for coaching theory. Future work following this thesis could utilise the optical tracking method to validate further commercial systems and for more detailed experimental investigation of clubhead-ball impacts. Furthermore, additional biomechanical investigation into a wider range of shot trajectories across more variables could be conducted, with a more in-depth understanding gained from principal components analysis and golfer clustering.

Considerando as similaridades entre o nado crawl e a remada executada por surfistas, além da preparação física executada pelos mesmos em piscina, este trabalho objetivou avaliar surfistas recreacionais por meio da comparação, concordância e correlação das variáveis fisiológicas e biomecânicas obtidas a partir de testes nadando crawl e remando com prancha. Foram avaliados 14 surfistas (idade de 37,7 ± 4,7 anos) em duas situações: (i) teste em nado crawl, máximo, de 300 m e (ii) teste de remada, nas mesmas condições de intensidade e duração do teste de nado crawl. Os testes foram realizados na mesma piscina e nas mesmas condições de temperaturas e horário. Foram avaliados: consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2pico) durante os testes, frequência cardíaca (Fcard), concentração sanguínea de lactato ([LA]), esforço percebido (EP) e cinemática em ambos os testes. Dentre os resultados: para teste de nado crawl e teste de remada respectivamente, destacam-se os resultados de VO2pico, Fcard, [LA], e EP: 38,5 ± 5,3 e 36,2 ± 5,3 ml.kg-1.min-1; 149,6 ± 17,4 e 162,2 ± 14,6 bpm; 10,4 ± 2,7 e 12,1 ± 2,7 mmol.l-1; e 16,1 ± 2,4 e 16,7 ± 1,4 pontos. As velocidades médias dos testes foram de, respectivamente, para teste de nado crawl e teste de remada: 0,91 ± 0,1 e 1,27 ± 0,1 m-s-1. De modo geral, os testes apresentaram resultados similares, com baixa concordância, alta correlação e de médios a grandes tamanhos de efeito entre nadar e remar. Considerando os resultados encontrados, o treinamento de surfistas, em piscina, não deveria ser apenas com natação. Conclui-se que os esforços e testes (nadar crawl e remar) não são plenamente intercambiáveis. / Considering the similarities between the front-crawl and the paddling movement, in addition to the physical preparation performed by surfers in swimming pool, this work aimed to compare, to test the agreement and to correlate surfers’ values of oxygen uptake obtained from swimming and paddling tests. A total of 14 surfers (age 37.7 ± 4.7 years) were evaluated in two situations: (i) a 300 m maximum front-crawl test (ii) a paddling test in the same conditions of intensity and duration of the swimming test. The tests were performed in the same pool and under the same conditions of temperatures and time of the day. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) during the tests, heart rate (Fcard), blood lactate concentration ([LA]), perceived exertion (PE) and kinematics in both tests were assessed. Among the results, VO2peak, Fcard, [LA], and EP were, respectively for front-crawl and paddling test:: 38.5 ± 5.3 and 36.2 ± 5.3 ml.kg-1.min-1; 149.6 ± 17.4 and 162.2 ± 14.6 bpm; 10.4 ± 2.7 and 12.1 ± 2.7 mmol.l-1; and 16.1 ± 2.4 and 16.7 ± 1.4 points. The mean velocities of the tests were, respectively, for front-crawl test and paddling test: 0.91 ± 0.1 and 1.27 ± 0.1 m.s-1. In general, the tests presented similar results, with low agreement, high correlation, and medium to large effect sizes between swimming and paddling. Considering the results, the training of surfers, in swimming pool, should not be just with swimming. It is concluded that the efforts and tests (front-crawl and the paddling movement) are not fully interchangeable.