Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Manuscript. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 302-307). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / Chapter 一 --- 導言 / Chapter 二 --- 維也納學團之起源與發展簡史 / Chapter 1 --- 維也納學團的起源 / Chapter 2 --- 維也納學團的目的與方法 / Chapter 3 --- 維也納學團的理論淵源 / Chapter 4 --- 維也納學團的發展 / Chapter 三 --- 意義判準的提出 / Chapter 5 --- 形上學的消除 / Chapter 6 --- 述句的區分 / Chapter 四 --- 意義判準的早期陳構式 / Chapter 7 --- 意義判準最早期陳構式──完全檢証性原則 / Chapter 8 --- 完全否証性原則及其困難 / Chapter 五 --- 意義判準其他不同之陳構及其困難 / Chapter 9 --- 意義判準第三個樣式──部分檢証性原則 / Chapter 10 --- 可翻譯性原則 / Chapter 11 --- 以可隸屬性來代替可翻譯性 / Chapter 12 --- 「隸屬於人」的意義的釐清 / Chapter 六 --- 經驗論語言及傾向性概念與理論概念之引介 / Chapter 13 --- 語言系統人的建構 / Chapter 14 --- 傾向性概念與化約句子方法 / Chapter 15 --- 理論概念與關連規則 / Chapter 16 --- 語言結構的釐定 / Chapter 七 --- 部分印証性原則 / Chapter 17 --- 意義判準的第四個樣式----------部分印証性原則 / Chapter 八 --- 基礎問題論旨 / Chapter 18 --- 什麽是基礎問題 / Chapter 九 --- 基料述句之性質徵定 / Chapter 19 --- 維根斯坦與基本命題 / Chapter 20 --- 舒力克之基料述句理論 / Chapter 21 --- 奈拿夫之基料述句 / Chapter 22 --- 卡納晉之原始基料述句基料述句 / Chapter 十 --- 基料述句之物理化 / Chapter 23 --- 物理語言為一互為主觀的語言的証明 / Chapter 24 --- 物理語言的互為主觀性 / Chapter 十一 --- 基料述句之語法觀及其困難 / Chapter 25 --- 將「基料述句」視為一語法指謂辭的理論 / Chapter 26 --- 基料述句之語法觀的批評 / Chapter 27 --- 融貫真理論的批評 / Chapter 28 --- 命題與事實的關係 / Chapter 29 --- 「命題與事實比較」是什麽意義? / Chapter 十二 --- 語言結構的選取與基料述句 / Chapter 30 --- 語言結構與基料述句 / Chapter 31 --- 基本謂詞選取的兩個方法論上的決定 / Chapter 32 --- 基本謂詞內容的確定──物理謂詞或心理謂詞之選擇 / Chapter 十三 --- 真確知識基礎之重估

The study takes a qualitative approach to the study of lecturers’ practice in FE colleges. The meanings and ideas that individuals hold about their practice and their narratives about work experiences are captured through an exploratory methodology. The study is based in four FE colleges and offers a comparison of experienced lecturers, novice lecturers and managers to discuss dimensions of lecturers’ practice, namely their autonomy, responsibility and knowledge. Macro policies are introduced to FE colleges by external players and are driven top - down in FE colleges. Here, colleges are defined as the meso level of the Learning and Skills Sector. Within each college’s unique context lecturers have to negotiate their daily work routines and practices, that is, forming the micro arena. At the micro level, termed ‘the lecturer’s space’ the ongoing reconciliation by lecturers of the outside-in vectors (factors in the work environment that impinge on lecturers) with the insideout vectors (factors that emerge from their personal orientations and understandings) is examined to gain an understanding of practice. Degraded practice found in two of the three case-study colleges is compared with the third which emerged as having less degradation. Drawing on the evidence for nondegraded practice in this latter college, recommendations are made with regards to improving learning opportunities and the workplace, so that lecturers can realise their potential for flourishing in their teaching. In conclusion, the position of the colleges in the structured field of post compulsory education and training was explored in an attempt to explain the pattern of degraded practice amongst the case-study colleges. It was proposed that those colleges with weaker reserves of academic capital were more subject to the macro level discourses that advocated treating lecturers’ practice as a form of delivery. Moreover, the casestudy college with more extensive reserves of academic capital was less dependent on external stakeholders’ priorities and as a consequence was able to develop its own approach with regards to forming a community of practice.

This study aims to identify the quality of knowledge management practices and success factors of non-governmental organisations in Malawi, and their influence on the knowledge management process. A questionnaire-based survey is used to establish the knowledge management practices being implemented and the extent to which they are being followed through on. A statistical-based analysis enabled the researcher to determine the influence of these practices on knowledge management processes. Results suggest an unbalanced pursuit of knowledge management practices in Malawian non-governmental organisations, which are oriented towards the knowledge generation process but fall short in knowledge application activities. This study contributes to strategy formulation and decision making in respect of adopting and investing in knowledge management initiatives in the non-profit sector. More importantly, it joins the debate on identification of appropriate practices which effectively address organisational needs. Data is limited to non-governmental organisations in Malawi; therefore, findings may be tied to a specific geographical location / School of Computing / M.Sc. (Computing)

This study confined itself to an exploratory interpretive approach aimed at expanding the understanding of some elements that may affect virtual teams. It highlights the advantage of virtual teams over FTF teams.

Judgments of symmetry lay at the heart of the classical theory of probability. It was by direct appeal to the symmetries exhibited by the processes underlying simple games of chance that the earliest theorists of probability were able to justify the initial assumptions of equiprobability which allowed them to compute the probabilities of more complex events using combinatorial methods, i.e., by simply counting cases. Nevertheless, in spite of the role that symmetry played in the earliest writings on the subject, in light of the fact it is only in highly contrived settings that a direct appeal to symmetries can suffice to determine the probabilities of events, many philosophers have been led to conclude that the concept of symmetry itself has, at best, a limited role to play in a general theory of probability. In this essay, I argue that this view of the matter is mistaken, and that judgments of symmetry, in fact, have an indispensible role to play in all probabilistic reasoning. In chapter 1, I provide a detailed account of symmetry-based reasoning and argue against the view that the judgments of relevance on which such reasoning is based must be construed in subjective terms if symmetry-based reasoning is to be applied to deterministic processes. In chapter 2, I argue that the two most plausible proposals for how to avoid an appeal to symmetry in the assignment of probabilities (viz., those which are based on a priori principles of epistemic conservatism or the observed frequencies of events) must themselves rely on implicit assumptions of symmetry if they are to defend themselves against the charges of incoherency and arbitrariness. In chapter 3, I consider a decision-theoretic example of symmetry-based reasoning, in which the appeal to symmetry arises in the context of an agent's choice of a deliberative methodology. In this context, the principle of symmetry amounts to the requirement that the agent avoid adopting a biased deliberative methodology, i.e., one which treats two equally legitimate sources of information differently. In the specific context of the exchange paradox, I propose an account of how biased information is to be handled, which, despite suffering from some important defects, does, I believe, capture some of our general intuitions about how a rational agent ought to adjust his expectations to correct for the effects of bias.

This dissertation examines socioecological rhythms in the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea. Drawing on a year of ethnographic fieldwork in New Ireland Province between 2015 and 2016 and archival research conducted in 2017, I describe how the movement of bodies, spirits, and substances in and out of place engenders knowledge of distant pasts, social relations in the present, and the anticipation of diverse futures. I argue that it is possible—first through local ontologies and epistemologies, and second through an engaged environmental anthropology—to identify and negotiate the compositional forces which accelerate or delay such movements. In making this argument, I analyze a critical question asked by Mandak-speaking peoples of any new arrival (U pas mia?/From where have you come), and develop a second, supplemental question To whom do you owe the timing of your arrival? as a means of “sounding” spaces like the deep sea. In 2011, a multinational company known as Nautilus Minerals received permission from the Independent State of Papua New Guinea to commence the world’s first seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) mine in the deep Bismarck Sea. SMS deposits are rich in gold, copper, and other valuable metals, and have been identified in conjunction with deepwater hydrothermal vents along tectonic faults. In published literature and public fora, Nautilus has suggested the “offshore” location of the proposed site, along with its depth, darkness, pressure, and intermittent volcanism, afford it certain “natural” advantages over terrestrial mine sites. The Solwara 1 mine, they have argued, will cause “minimal environmental harm” and will be free of “landowner issues.” To this extent, Solwara 1 has been envisioned by the company, its consulting scientists, and the PNG government as a way of making development sustainable. Many people in New Ireland and its neighboring islands reject this assertion. Having experienced multiple waves of dispossession across successive generations, they are well aware that when foreign interests remove objects from their place, these objects often resist or refuse repatriation. Seabed mining not only poses a threat to sharks, tuna, and the endemic biodiversity present in the deep Bismarck Sea, but worse, it threatens the potential for social relations and self-determined futures that emerge out of such spaces. Through local meetings, legal channels, and social media, New Irelanders continue to resist the experimental nature of the mine. Considering this resistance, along with my own primary accountability to the people who have become my relatives in New Ireland and New Hanover (Lovongai), I offer in this dissertation a way of knowing Solwara 1 through Presence. As I describe it, Presence is both a spatiotemporal concept and a methodology. In the first sense, it serves as the logical ground for the critical questions asked of all new arrivals (mentioned above); it is the here and now from which the there and then can be imagined. As a research methodology, Presence makes possible a rhythmic political ecology—a way of experiencing and qualifying change within spaces that have been physically or discursively alienated from the peoples to whom we are (or should be) most accountable. Overall, Presence makes possible a critical redefinition of “environment”—one which accounts for the history of nurture by which potential relations are made to emerge at certain moments, or in other words, their nurtural history. This dissertation is divided into six chapters. In the first chapter, I describe the historical context of my arrival and fieldwork in the village of Tembin on New Ireland’s western shore. I include this for the reader as an answer to the question, From where have I come? In the second chapter, I draw on ethnographic evidence from a Mandak mortuary ceremony to describe the context and the work involved in producing a particular cultural object known as a mumu. While this particular mumu cannot be abstracted from the conditions of its own emergence without great consequence, my description of its production together with an appended timeline are intended to afford the reader a sense of the physical and conceptual grounds of what I am calling nurtural history. In the third chapter, I draw on theories of space, place, and knowledge from indigenous Pacific scholars and from philosopher Henri Lefebvre to formulate a rhythmic political ecology. The fourth and fifth chapters apply this approach to Deep Seabed Mining (DSM) and “Sharkcalling Culture,” respectively. Drawing on archival and ethnographic research, I consider in these chapters how distant places emerge into the present through both representation (by scientists, cultural tourists, and indigenous New Irelanders) and through “sounding,” or calling. In the final chapter, I consider how Solwara 1 has emerged as a social being in the Bismarck Archipelago, and how indigenous practices of sharkcalling and naming may be understood as assertions of continued sovereignty across local seas and in biksolwara—the big ocean.

Conceptual knowledge (or semantic knowledge) refers to our shared knowledge for words, objects, people and emotions. The anterior temporal lobes (ATLs) have been identified as a critical region for the representation of conceptual knowledge through convergent evidence from fMRI in healthy participants, cortical electrode implantation and damage-deficit correlations. With the involvement of the ATLs established, recent research has begun to focus on the functions of subregions of the ATLs - with particular interest surrounding the functions of the left and right ATLs. This thesis investigated three main research questions: (1) What are the functions of the left and right ATLs in semantic representation? (2) How does unilateral damage affect the semantic system and what mechanisms underlie the robustness of the system? (3) Do functional gradations exist within the ATLs? These questions were addressed using convergent methodologies including functional neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in healthy participants and behavioural and neuroimaging investigations in patients who have undergone unilateral ATL resection. To address the question of left vs. right ATL function, this thesis began by directly comparing the predictions of the different accounts of ATL function in a large-scale meta-analysis of the existing neuroimaging literature (Chapter 2) and in a large sample of patients who had undergone unilateral left or right ATL resection (Chapter 3). The overarching finding was that conceptual knowledge is underpinned by a primarily bilateral ATL system, whereby both the left and right ATLs are critical for normal semantic processing. Secondary to this bilateral representation, relative functional gradations were observed both between and within the ATLs. To address the second research question, Chapter 4 investigated the robustness of the semantic system to unilateral damage, specifically regions involved in the maintenance of conceptual knowledge were localised. Results showed that upregulation occurred within regions previously associated with semantic knowledge. The upregulation of activation after unilateral resection also mimicked the upregulation in control participants during more challenging semantic processing. Chapter 5 examined the behavioural relevance of upregulation in the contralateral ATL after unilateral perturbation using a novel TMS protocol in healthy participants. The findings observed here suggest that the bilateral ATL system is resistant to a degree of unilateral damage/perturbation because semantic representations are distributed between the hemispheres. Therefore, unilateral damage/disruption only results in a mild semantic impairment, as the undamaged/unperturbed hemisphere is available to compensate. Finally, Chapter 6 explored functional gradations within the ATLs by comparing responses in the ventral ATL to different conceptual categories, presented as visual and auditory inputs. The functional gradations observed here are proposed to emerge via differential structural and functional connectivity between the ATLs and sensory-motor and limbic cortices.

This thesis investigates changes in knowledge required to complete tasks within business processes that have implemented planned/radical change. The research is based on the synthesis of three scholarly domains: change management, knowledge management, and business processes. Organisations implement planned/radical change for various reasons: due to perturbations in the external environment, to achieve strategic goals, or to improve profitability. Radical changes affect business processes and the people carrying out tasks within those processes. Yet, many radical process change initiatives founder. The conceptual argument underpinning this thesis is that planned/radical change initiatives are rarely fully implemented because knowledge does not fully evolve from pre-change to post-change knowledge. People can hold onto knowledge they have, or are unable to grasp new knowledge required, or attempt to apply knowledge that is redundant. This thesis posits that knowledge which does not evolve is a barrier to change. Consequently, this study contributes by providing a deeper understanding of knowledge evolution in the context of processes that have undergone planned/radical change, and specifically the evolution of declarative, procedural and heuristic knowledge necessary to complete new or redesigned tasks within business processes, which form the bedrock to enhancing the implementation of planned/radical change. Drawing on the literature related to change, knowledge, process and dynamic capabilities, a conceptual model is developed to explain evolutionary stages from pre-change to post-change declarative, procedural and heuristic knowledge within business processes. The model is based upon empirical data, collected qualitatively from two higher educational institutes based in Kuwait. This thesis also investigates redundant knowledge: knowledge that is no longer of use in post-change processes. In addition, the factors affecting knowledge evolution that exist during the period of implementing planned/radical change in a business process are identified and defined. Understanding these factors enhances the progression of staff members through the evolution stages. The model suggests that greater recognition of the pace at which knowledge evolves is important for implementing planned/radical change. The implications for practice are highlighted. This study has a number of limitations and suggestions for future research, which are set out in more detail in the concluding chapter.

In this thesis I trace the relations between thinking about space and the spatiality of thought as it relates to epistemology in the eponymous authors. I argue that the verbal,visual, and mental tools used to negotiate the ideas and objects under consideration are not merely representative or rhetorical, but are part of the process of knowledge-making itself. I contend that the spatialities of language, visual presentation, and mental image facilitate new ways of seeing and the exploring of previously invisible relationships. I show how the dynamic spatiality of the imagination is used for testing hypothesis, considering multiple points of view, accommodating uncertainties, and thinking about expansive ideas that push at (or exist beyond) the boundaries of the known or possible. In this way I offer new readings of key texts that foreground the inherent relativity of human experience, which I contend is at the heart of a scientific uncertainty found even in the new science that strove for objectivity. In four case studies I explore the elationship between external and internal space in the thinking and perceiving subject, building on Steven Connor's assertion that ‘thinking about things is unavoidably a kind of thinking about the kind of thing that thinking is' (‘Thinking Things', 2010). In addition to this unidirectional relation between thinking and things, I demonstrate a complex dialogue between interior (thought) and exterior (thing) that occurs in the ways processes of thought and perception are externalized on the page and with instruments of viewing; in the way objects are brought into the mind; and in the way the mind creates infinities within by tracing expansive external spatialities.

Faculty of Health Science Master of Family Medicine / AIM: - To study the knowledge, attitudes and practices of first year students at UCC regarding parental and person alcohol use. OBJECTIVES: -To obtain demographic data on the students and to compare the children of alcoholics with the children of non-alcoholics to determine if any differences existed between the two groups. METHOD: - A questionnaire administered at the start of a lecture. RESULTS: -The students had a good knowledge of alcohol abuse and its causes. The majority was drinking within safe limits, had started drinking while still at school and obtained most of their knowledge about alcohol from their peers. The children of alcoholics felt more at risk of developing a drinking problem and chose careers in arts and food science in preference to others. RECOMMENDATIONS: - Education should take place at school with parental involvement. Special attention should be paid to the children of alcoholics, as they are high-risk.