This master thesis is about tax quota and its change in the states of European Union. The practical part starts with display of the tax quota in the states of EU and its changes after 20 years, there is a comparison of the tax quota in 1995 and 2015. In these years, there is also performed the cluster analysis in the programme STATISTICA 12. The cluster analysis consists of four variables (partial tax quota): indirect taxes, personal income taxes, corporate income taxes, social contributions. The aim of this analysis is to find groups of states with a similar development of the tax quota. Then follows the convergence analysis, which says that tax systems of the states in EU are gradually approaching each other. The last topic in this thesis is a comparison of the average values EU of the development tax quota with development of the total tax revenues and the GDP. The very similar and unstable development of the two last mentioned indicators are ensuring a relatively stable value of the tax quota over time.

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This thesis deals with mutual socio-economic relations core and hinterland on the example of Prague and Central Bohemia. In the introduction relevant theoretical approaches which deal with this topic are presented. Furthermore most important relations between Prague and Central Bohemia are identified and analyzed. These are migration of population from core to hinterland known as suburbanization, commercial suburbanization, commuting to work and changes in land use. The last chapter is a comparative analysis of relation between core and periphery on examples of Vienna and Budapest. In all three regions there are similarities consisting of faster growth of hinterland in terms of population and the spatial differentiation of suburbanization, which depends on the attractiveness of location and traffic accessibility.

Creating a stabile economic environment that is able to resist the competitive pressure at the European market was one of the main conditions for candidate countries in the integration process. In present all new member countries of the European Union are getting ready to enter the European Area, which will represent the round-off of their integration efforts. The countries of the Visegrad group, that are former centrally planned economies of the Soviet block, form quite homogeneous unit and their positions in the integration process were very similar. The main objective of my work is to provide a complex illustration of the progress made in economies of V4 group both during the integration process and over last few years after their accession to the European Union.

The diploma thesis is focused on evaluating the state of convergence process of the Czech Republic to the European Union with major accent on areas governed by the Czech National Bank. In the theoretical part a brief description of past and present monetary cooperation in Europe is presented, as well as a description of the Czech National Bank. Next part deals with the achieved level of convergence, from the perspective of both the Maastricht criteria and real convergence. The main contribution of the thesis is an evaluation of the prospects of adopting euro under conditions of the expected economic development.

This thesis deals with the convergence process in the European Union. It focuses primarily on processes associated with the member states from Central and Eastern Europe which joined the EU in 2004 and 2007. The work is divided into two main parts which are dealing with real and nominal convergence.

This thesis focuses on two integration blocks in Latin America -- the Pacific Alliance and MERCOSUR. The analysis should confirm the hypothesis that the integrated countries converge faster than non-integrated. With use of beta-convergence and sigma-convergence approaches, this hypothesis was rejected for the two Latin American integration groups. It is also supposed that market-led policies should diverge from the protectionist countries in terms of per capita income. However, this hypothesis was not neither confirmed, nor rejected for the observed region and time period. The income growth analysis showed that the Pacific Alliance countries are less dependent on their initial incomes than MERCOSUR members. However, the macroeconomic data exhibit multicollinearity, autocorrelation and unit root generated process. The explanatory coefficients likely lose their statistical significance, when this is controlled for. Therefore, the lower growth dependence in the Pacific Alliance integration on initial income cannot be fully confirmed.

The main aim of this dissertation is to investigate whether the price convergence between new and old EU member countries occurred. According to development of price level index it is shown that new member countries converge towards the EU27 and that old member countries more or less hover around their initial levels. Germany is chosen to be a benchmark country and thus the development towards Germany is also examined. The results reveal that new member states converge towards the benchmark country. However, in the case of old member states both convergence and divergence occurs. Furthermore, factors that may have an influence on such a development are investigated. The empirical research shows that GDP, hiring regulations and minimum wage and business regulation were of significance during the examined period, from 2000 to 2009 respectively.

Development in VoIP technology is connected with the rapid growth of quality and data rate of the Internet connection. The application of the VoIP technology has become one of the key areas in telecommunication and networking. The main task of this thesis was to explore the questions of IP telephony and voice transmission over data networks according to H.323, SIP and Cisco architectures. Next focus was on designing and implementing experimental workplaces of mentioned architectures and their converged solutions. The purpose of the first chapter is to introduce the theory background of architectures required for implementation of real-time services in data networks and their comparison. The key objectives of the second and third part are to design and implement experimental workplaces containing signaling and proxy servers and hardware or software IP phones of several architectures. Illustration examples of different network topologies are included to demonstrate designed and realized VoIP solutions. Several tests of established communication are done using a packet analyzer. These tests examine duplex data transmission over IP. This article also contains two laboratory exercises designed according to gained practical experiences. The laboratory exercises provide an overview of theory and clearly indicate the possibilities of IP telephony.

The presented thesis is focused on the GMRES convergence analysis. The basic principles of CG, MINRES and GMRES are briefly explained. The thesis summarizes some known convergence results of these methods. The known characterizations of the matrices and the right hand sides gen- erating the same Krylov residual spaces are summarized. Connections and the differences between the different points of view on GMRES convergence analysis are shown. We expect that if the convergence curve of GMRES applied to the nonnormal matrix and the right hand side seems to be de- termined by the eigenvalues of the matrix then exists a matrix that is close to normal and has the same spectrum as the matrix and for the right hand side has the same GMRES convergence curve (We assume that the initial approximation 0 = 0). Several numerical experiments are done to examine this assumption. This thesis describes an unpublished result of Gérard Meu- rant which is the formula for the norm of the -th error of GMRES applied to the matrix and right hand side and its derivation. The upper estimate of the -th GMRES error is derived. This estimate is minimized via spectrum.