Esta tese se propõe a pensar sobre o lugar da infância no cinema curdo de Bahman Ghobadi e tem como objeto de estudo os filmes Life in fog (Zendegi da Meh, 1999), A Time for Drunken Horses (Zamani barayé masti asbha, 2000), Turtles can Fly (Lakposhtha parvaz mikonand, 2004), Life on the Border (2015) e A Flag Without a Country (2015). Minha hipótese é que em seus filmes o lugar que a criança ocupa é de agência, pois as crianças deixam de ser seres passivos, para se tornarem agentes sociais. Isso transparece tanto nos personagens construídos quanto em suas funções durante a realização dos filmes, quando atuam também enquanto coautoras, pois o método de direção de Bahman Ghobadi dialoga com as etnoficções criadas por Jean Rouch, que conta com a colaboração dos sujeitos filmados. A opção de Ghobadi por fugir das normas convencionais de se fazer cinema, além de ser uma opção estética, é também política, e efetiva-se como um cinema de resistência, que se assume enquanto um cinema curdo. Para entender quais infâncias Ghobadi aborda e o que significa para essas crianças serem curdas, procuro descobrir os contextos nos quais elas estão inseridas. Realizo isso através de um panorama do cinema curdo e seu diálogo com a sociedade, que investiga os temas que esse cinema utiliza, as guerras que essas crianças enfrentam, o uso do idioma, a censura e a relação com os países hospedeiros. / My hypothesis is that in Ghobadis movies children are invested with agency, for they are not passive beings, but social agents. This surfaces in the constructed characters as well as in their engagement as coauthors of the films, because Bahman Ghobadis directing method dialogues with Jean Rouchs ethnofictions, both relying upon the collaboration of the subjects on screen. Ghobadis choice to skip the conventional movie making rules is more than an aesthetical one, it is also a political one, accomplishing a cinema of resistance, claiming itself to be a Kurdish Cinema. To understand witch childhoods are approached by Ghobadi and what does it means to those children to be Kurdish, I investigate the context they dwell. This investigation is carried out by presenting a Kurdish Cinema panorama and its dialogue with the society, investigating the themes presented by this cinema, the wars those children face, the uses of language, the censorship and the relation with the host countries.

This study explored the influence of four features of collocations- frequency of occurrence, syntactic structure, semantic transparency, and congruency with L1- on the collocational knowledge and development of 252 Kurdish high school learners of English as a foreign language. The importance of collocations in learning English as a second or foreign language and the difficulties that challenge learners at different levels of language proficiency have been well established. However, few studies have adopted a longitudinal research design or a hybrid definition of collocations, incorporating both frequency-based and phraseological views. The present study took this approach to explore learners’ collocational knowledge and development and the influence of features of collocations on their collocational knowledge and development at the high school level of learning English as a foreign language. The study employed two tests: an appropriateness judgement test to measure learners’ receptive knowledge and a gap-filling test to measure their productive knowledge of collocations. The data were collected in two waves, one at the beginning of their school year and the other at the end. Data analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between features of collocations and learners’ collocational knowledge and development. The results revealed frequency of occurrence as the most influential factor affecting learners’ knowledge and development. Influence of the syntactic structure of collocations on the learners’ knowledge and development came second whereas congruency with L1 occupied the third position. Semantic transparency seemed to have the least influence on their collocational knowledge and development. Gender appeared as an influential factor in the individual tests. However, its influence was not significant in terms of overall knowledge development. In general, the results indicated that learners’ productive collocational knowledge lagged behind their receptive. However, receptive and productive collocational knowledge did not increase at the same rate over the study period. While learners’ receptive collocational knowledge did not show an increase in knowledge, their productive knowledge increased significantly over the school year. The results also revealed that grammatical collocations were less challenging than lexical collocations at this level of language learning. Finally, according to the study results, some pedagogical implications and suggestions for further studies are presented.

Esta tese se propõe a pensar sobre o lugar da infância no cinema curdo de Bahman Ghobadi e tem como objeto de estudo os filmes Life in fog (Zendegi da Meh, 1999), A Time for Drunken Horses (Zamani barayé masti asbha, 2000), Turtles can Fly (Lakposhtha parvaz mikonand, 2004), Life on the Border (2015) e A Flag Without a Country (2015). Minha hipótese é que em seus filmes o lugar que a criança ocupa é de agência, pois as crianças deixam de ser seres passivos, para se tornarem agentes sociais. Isso transparece tanto nos personagens construídos quanto em suas funções durante a realização dos filmes, quando atuam também enquanto coautoras, pois o método de direção de Bahman Ghobadi dialoga com as etnoficções criadas por Jean Rouch, que conta com a colaboração dos sujeitos filmados. A opção de Ghobadi por fugir das normas convencionais de se fazer cinema, além de ser uma opção estética, é também política, e efetiva-se como um cinema de resistência, que se assume enquanto um cinema curdo. Para entender quais infâncias Ghobadi aborda e o que significa para essas crianças serem curdas, procuro descobrir os contextos nos quais elas estão inseridas. Realizo isso através de um panorama do cinema curdo e seu diálogo com a sociedade, que investiga os temas que esse cinema utiliza, as guerras que essas crianças enfrentam, o uso do idioma, a censura e a relação com os países hospedeiros. / My hypothesis is that in Ghobadis movies children are invested with agency, for they are not passive beings, but social agents. This surfaces in the constructed characters as well as in their engagement as coauthors of the films, because Bahman Ghobadis directing method dialogues with Jean Rouchs ethnofictions, both relying upon the collaboration of the subjects on screen. Ghobadis choice to skip the conventional movie making rules is more than an aesthetical one, it is also a political one, accomplishing a cinema of resistance, claiming itself to be a Kurdish Cinema. To understand witch childhoods are approached by Ghobadi and what does it means to those children to be Kurdish, I investigate the context they dwell. This investigation is carried out by presenting a Kurdish Cinema panorama and its dialogue with the society, investigating the themes presented by this cinema, the wars those children face, the uses of language, the censorship and the relation with the host countries.

This study examines the distribution and the status of the izāfa particle in Sorani Kurdish (Central Kurdish). It uses a corpus-based analysis to investigate the forms and the pattern of distribution of the izāfa particle in Sorani, a dominant dialect of Kurdish among the Western Iranian languages. The study details an investigation of the appearance of izāfa in various NPs using a variety of data mostly from the corpus but supplemented by the grammaticality judgments of native speakers. I show that next to parallel properties seen in other Western Iranian languages, Sorani Kurdish izāfa shows a form alternation. I examine the morphological status of the izāfa and other nominal morphological features in Kurdish as well as the sensitivity of izāfa form variation to specificity in Kurdish NPs. I argue that the differences and distributional incoherence of the izāfa within Sorani and across Western Iranian languages calls for a morphomic approach, which can be formally described using a constructional approach to grammar. The study focuses on the following questions: What type of head does the izāfa mark? What is the function of this marker? What are the constraints on its distribution? What are the syntactic and morphological rules governing its distribution?

<p>The objective of this thesis is to find factors that can be helpful for Swedish companies that are thinking about entering the Kurdish market. The Kurdish market is a new and growing market in a region that is in its development phase. The Kurdish region has an area of 88 000 km2 and is located in northern Iraq and the languages spoken in the region are mainly Kurdish and Arabic. Since the fall of the Saddam Hussein regime in 2003 the region has made an effort to attract foreign investors to the region. The efforts include laws designed to make it easier for investors to establish themselves on the Kurdish market. We thought it would be interesting to examine the Kurdish market to find out important factors that might be of interest for Swedish firms. In a globalized economy it is important to internationalize in order to meet the competition that comes from a globalized economy. So what factors could constitute an obstacle for a successful internationalization to the Kurdish market?</p><p>Through contact with representatives from Kurdistan regional government (KRG) we have managed to interview four Swedish firms that already have established themselves on the market. We have used a semi-structured interview technique to conduct the interviews. To get a perspective on how the internationalization process progress, we have gathered information about the process. This information resulted in an interview guide that covered the aspects of internationalization and was a useful tool for us during the interviews.</p><p>As a result from our investigation we conclude that the Kurdish market is a promising market if your company is active in the right field of business, though there are some issues that one has to be aware of and it is important to handle these correctly for a successful business on the market. Through our analysis we have contributed with some new aspects that are specific for the Kurdish market and may also be of importance on other markets as well.</p>

The objective of this thesis is to find factors that can be helpful for Swedish companies that are thinking about entering the Kurdish market. The Kurdish market is a new and growing market in a region that is in its development phase. The Kurdish region has an area of 88 000 km2 and is located in northern Iraq and the languages spoken in the region are mainly Kurdish and Arabic. Since the fall of the Saddam Hussein regime in 2003 the region has made an effort to attract foreign investors to the region. The efforts include laws designed to make it easier for investors to establish themselves on the Kurdish market. We thought it would be interesting to examine the Kurdish market to find out important factors that might be of interest for Swedish firms. In a globalized economy it is important to internationalize in order to meet the competition that comes from a globalized economy. So what factors could constitute an obstacle for a successful internationalization to the Kurdish market? Through contact with representatives from Kurdistan regional government (KRG) we have managed to interview four Swedish firms that already have established themselves on the market. We have used a semi-structured interview technique to conduct the interviews. To get a perspective on how the internationalization process progress, we have gathered information about the process. This information resulted in an interview guide that covered the aspects of internationalization and was a useful tool for us during the interviews. As a result from our investigation we conclude that the Kurdish market is a promising market if your company is active in the right field of business, though there are some issues that one has to be aware of and it is important to handle these correctly for a successful business on the market. Through our analysis we have contributed with some new aspects that are specific for the Kurdish market and may also be of importance on other markets as well.

The aim of this study is to analyze the transformation of the official discourse and perception of the Kurdish issue and Kurds through its representations in Turkish media since 1990. Ottoman period and the Republican period till 1990s are studied in the first phase, in order to provide the historical backgroud of the Kurdish question and state&rsquo / s perception of the issue. In the second phase, representations of state&rsquo / s perception of the Kurdish issue in H&uuml / rriyet and Cumhuriyet newspapers are analyzed by using Critical Discourse Analysis techniques. The transformation of the official discourse of the Kurdish issue is examined through eight cases: the Gulf War I in 1991, events occurred during the Parliamentary Oath Ceremony in 1991, Nevruz of 1992, HADEP congress in 1996, capture of Semdin Sakik in 1998 and Abdullah &Ouml / calan in 1999, the Gulf War II in 2003, Nevruz of 2005, Semdinli incident and debates on identity in 2005 and 2006. In this study, it is claimed that state&rsquo / s perception and discourse of the Kurdish issue has transformed since 1990s without a total detachment from its traditional perception and discourse of the issue.

This thesis mainly aims to understand the dynamics behind the way in which people who lost family members in the conflict in the Southeastern and Eastern parts of Turkey between the years 1993 and 2006 are positioned as oppositional to each others. It inquires whether their common grief of loosing someone in the family might enable them to act collectively and to ask for peace in Turkey. How are they represented as oppositional groups despite their common grief? Why do they consider each other as belonging to the &ldquo / other side&rdquo / ? How does this kind of representation prevent them from coming together and asking for a peaceful termination of conflict in Turkey? In discussing these questions, the concepts of peace, violence, security, inequalities, terrorism, religion, martyrdom, ideology, and hegemony are drawn upon. Galtung&rsquo / s approach to peace is taken as the general framework. Moreover, martyrdom is considered as key concept that interlinks the other concepts as interviewees conceptualize them.

The thesis analyzes the role of politicized music of Kurdish music groups (koms) that emerged in the 1990s in the construction of Kurdish identity. The relation between politics and music is analyzed in the framework of the relation between nationalism and music and political movements&#039 / relation to music. Through koms&#039 / politicized music, the movement communicated its cause, told the struggle of the movement and aimed to mobilize the masses. In addition to this, music has functioned as a field where the collective identity of the movement as well as the Kurdish identity is constructed. As the Kurdish movement did not possess the institutional and ideological apparatuses of the national state in its national identity construction process, music started to play an important role. Through modernization of Kurdish folk music, the identity is constructed as a modern and authentic one. In addition, with the political lyrics of the songs, the national elements such as common language, common history and the imagined territory are constructed, popularized, and canonized. Despite their counter-hegemonic position, koms have articulated elements of the hegemonic discourses as well.

In its most general form this study aims to understand and reveal the dynamics that shape AKP&rsquo / s Kurdish politics. In this way primarily, socio-political factors that constitute AKP and the political tradition out of which it has arose have been analyzed with in the theoretical framework of the center-periphery model. It seeks to determine the socio-political basis of AKPs emergence on a platform of change and EU centered vision. It understands this approach as an effort to legitimize itself against a Kemalist center. This study understands AKP&rsquo / s desire to align itself with the West in the course of its quest for legitimization and its desire for the candidacy for the process of ascension to the European Union as the only paths to take after the events of February the 28th has confirmed the judgment that Turkey cannot consolidate its own democracy within its own dynamics. This study contends that the most fundamental influence that has shaped AKP&rsquo / s Kurdish politics and obliged AKP to attend to the Kurdish problem, in addition to the political tradition out of which AKP arose, is full accession to EU and the target of consolidating democracy. The study also analyzes the evolutionary phases the Kurdish politics went through. The process of consolidation of democracy in Turkey in accordance with the requirements of ascension to the EU has been seen as the common fate of AKP and the Kurdish politics as well as the source of legitimization both domestically and internationally. This study understands AKP&rsquo / s Kurdish politics as one of a paradox for the ethnic and religious identities that has faced a systematic resistance since the conception of the republic: On the one hand is the union of these two identities against a sociopolitical system that excludes both, and on the other hand is their political competition on a platform that is perpetually overlapping. The study concludes that AKP&rsquo / s determination and ability to solve the Kurdish problem will give hints on whether the party would succeed or not in its mission of cerating a new political language and democratizing the country.