<p>Democracy has been a part of the Swedish society for a long period of time and it is also a part of the Swedish elementary school curriculum, in which you can find a number of statements that expresses that the Swedish elementary school should socialize the children into becoming role model citizens. This also conjures with the available research that describes schools in general as socializing. This led me to a question that hasn’t been answered: How much of the curriculums reasons for socialization the pupils are based on democratic values and how much of it can be dated back to events prior to the curriculum?</p><p>The methodological approach is an analysis of ideologies as described by Sven-Eric Liedman and Ingemar Nilsson in Ideologi och ideologianalys. The text is focusing on the fact that a text has two layers; one is the manifest which is roughly the same as explicit or present in the text. The other layer is the latent, which is a part of the texts meaning that is indeed present but it doesn’t show until you analyse the text in the company of a valid context, in my case the context is going to a text about political socialization and a brief review of curriculums different contexts. The essay, then, is consisting of 6 different cases consisting of a brief context and an analysis of a curriculum. The chosen curriculums are from 1919, 1955, 1962, 1969, 1980 and 1994.</p><p>The study showed that a part of the curriculums reasons for socializing the pupils are based on democratic values which can be found in every curriculum that I’ve studied. The study also showed that the curriculums that I’ve studied are also partly consisting of opinions that can be dated back to events that occurred years prior to the curriculum.</p>

In this essay I have tried to present the ideas and thoughts of the Swedish author Rolf Edberg (1912-1997), journalist, ambassador and county governor. By many regarded as an environment philosopher and the introducer of deep ecology into Sweden. The essay emphasizes Edberg as a modern renaissance man of important knowledge with a rhetorical force to present and generalize the problems the planet Earth is meeting. The paper compares him with Henry Thoreau but also finds a close but perhaps unintended relationship with the German philosopher Ernst Haeckel although Edberg himself claimed to be a Darwinist at heart. The essay stresses on four characteristic features in his authorship namely 1) a holistic view of nature and man, rejecting dualism for monism; 2) a cosmic relationship within the whole universe and also between organic and inorganic matter; 3) the planet Earth is in a crisis due to an uneven and unjust distribution of the resources of the Earth, the nuclear weapon threat and the overpopulation; 4) the evolution and not the religion has the answer to our existential questions.

Abstract The ideas of adulthood, adolescence and childhood in Swedish law have a tendency to not be expressed or discussed. This thesis has focused on the preparatory work of the sexual offence-law to see whether it defines adulthood. This has been achieved by analyzing the documents related to this preparatory work. The thesis focused on two central questions: 1) Was the idea of adulthood an integral part of the discussions in the preparatory work 2) If so, then how was it defined and are there any contradictions in the definition. In addition, this work also evaluated the impact of this law and investigated whether the absolute protection intended by the government and the committee of sexual crime seek actually exists. The study shows that the concept of adulthood was not defined specifically in the preparatory work. However, through the attempts of defining childhood, an inference of adulthood can be made indirectly. The different documents could not create a tenable definition which resulted in this process confusing rather than clarifying the definitions. These ambiguous definitions affect not only the victim of a sexual crime, but also the perpetrator and the judges’ interpretation of the law. The absolute protection also does not exist and instead of making the law stronger and firmer, the revision of the law made it weaker and reduced the judicial security.

The aim with this paper is to study Karl Popper’s view on realism and relativism. Further aim is to see whether those ideas have been consistent over the years. The paper argues that Popper since his first interest in philosophy has taken a realistic and antirelativistic attitude. Only his arguments for this position have been developed to meet his critics. Common sense speaks for realism but can neither be proven nor refuted. However, arguments for realism are among others all the chemical and biological theories that presuppose realism. Popper also expand his view on the real world to include, besides the material world, also a world of experiences which he calls “world 2” and a “world 3” comprising intellectual products. He also rejects relativism and for him knowledge is a system of statements or theories put forward for discussion. In a conflict between two opposing hypotheses, one of them could be right or both could be wrong but both could not be right. The conclusions in this study are based on Popper’s most important works from 1934 to 1990.

Democracy has been a part of the Swedish society for a long period of time and it is also a part of the Swedish elementary school curriculum, in which you can find a number of statements that expresses that the Swedish elementary school should socialize the children into becoming role model citizens. This also conjures with the available research that describes schools in general as socializing. This led me to a question that hasn’t been answered: How much of the curriculums reasons for socialization the pupils are based on democratic values and how much of it can be dated back to events prior to the curriculum? The methodological approach is an analysis of ideologies as described by Sven-Eric Liedman and Ingemar Nilsson in Ideologi och ideologianalys. The text is focusing on the fact that a text has two layers; one is the manifest which is roughly the same as explicit or present in the text. The other layer is the latent, which is a part of the texts meaning that is indeed present but it doesn’t show until you analyse the text in the company of a valid context, in my case the context is going to a text about political socialization and a brief review of curriculums different contexts. The essay, then, is consisting of 6 different cases consisting of a brief context and an analysis of a curriculum. The chosen curriculums are from 1919, 1955, 1962, 1969, 1980 and 1994. The study showed that a part of the curriculums reasons for socializing the pupils are based on democratic values which can be found in every curriculum that I’ve studied. The study also showed that the curriculums that I’ve studied are also partly consisting of opinions that can be dated back to events that occurred years prior to the curriculum.

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This paper deals with the development of the trade surgery in Sweden, mainly in Stockholm, from the 16th century until training for surgeons was incorporated in the university education for physicians in 1861. Surgeons long claimed to be able to continue their practice, not only with injuries and external illness, but also with internal illness. Surgeons were organized in guilds as craftsmen. For many years, when Sweden was a Great Power, there was a great demand for surgeons for active service in the wars, often going on for long periods. But soon surgeons lost the rights to deal with internal illness after struggle with the organization of university educated physicians. Physicians considered surgeons to be uncultured and ill-bred. However, at the end of the 18th century these two groups came together in the same organization, the one of the university educated. Until 1861 the surgeons kept much of their old education. In the first half of the 19th century the discovery of narcosis and antiseptic revolutionized surgery. Now it became possible for surgeons to treat both external and internal illness. Their social position increased radically. The 19th century has been called “the century of surgery”. In addition, the paper also deals with the causes of this transformation based on the documents used, however without being able to establish one cause as the inevitable one.

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My ambition in the midst of the myriad of conflicting views in Smith scholarship has been to examine Smith’s perspective on wage labour, as formulated in The Wealth of Nations, in light of previous research, the historical context, his moral psychology described in The Theory of Moral Sentiments, and his presentation of rights developed in Lectures on Jurisprudence. Therefore, the central question has been, “How did Adam Smith perceive wage labour?” Since The Wealth of Nations was formulated in a specific historical context - which has come to be known as the Scottish Enlightenment -, it is necessary to approach the text with an understanding of these historical conditions in order to grasp Smith's economic theory. Thus, it has been crucial to situate him within the political, philosophical, cultural, and linguistic contexts in which he operated. In order to assess Smith's views on wage labour, I have not only familiarised myself with the historical contexts but also examined Smith's positions on issues that constitute his perspective on the matter. A crucial assumption for the fruitful application of the aforementioned method is that the political, philosophical, cultural, and linguistic contexts fluctuate depending on time and place, thus constructing a framework for what is practically possible to investigate, problematise, debate, etc. This characteristic is referred to as paradigm (Kuhn) or episteme (Foucault). The study has applied a synthesis of both concepts. Throughout The Wealth of Nations, Smith assumes the existence of wage labour. However, beyond this fundamental assumption, his perspective on the issue is more complex. He indeed believed that an industrialised capitalist society based on private property rights, production for profit, and wage labour was better suited than any other economic-political system to generate growth and effectively address problems of poverty and inequality. The merits that Smith saw in wage labour were, in many respects, indirect, insofar as wage labour is a logical consequence of the free market and, to a lesser extent, division of labour. For Smith, the free market and division of labour were ultimate. Rather, any problems that might arise from them were expected to be resolved within the framework of these two immutable cornerstones. However, the purpose of Smith's economic and political program was both economic and ethical in character. His analysis of the labour market and its actors was that "the labouring poor" - whose interests intersected greatly with those of society - were at risk of exploitation by employers - whose interests always differed from the general public's - but this could be prevented through full employment, as companies would then need to compete for workers instead of vice versa. However, this is only the lesser of the two problems that wage labour, combined with division of labour, gives rise to, according to Smith. The other being what is somewhat anachronistically referred to as alienation in Smith research. In particular, Smith placed his trust in education to free workers' minds from the monotony of work and prevent them from being dulled, allowing them to think about something other than their jobs and helping them form a realistic understanding of where their own interests lay - and how they harmonised with society's. How then did Smith view wage labour? The short answer is that he saw it as something inevitable, inherent in the free market. However, he did highlight two serious risks associated with the free market and division of labour, namely the exploitation of the working class and alienation. While the former can be mitigated through full employment, the latter can be addressed through the education of the labouring poor.

This thesis studies how the early nineteenth century periodical Iduna, published by the influential Geatish Society from 1811 until 1844, portrayed and shaped their idea of Sweden’s past. Of particular interest to this thesis is how this past was narrated through the use of emotions and how these emotions functioned. The emotional analysis of the recreated memory centres around the poems published in Iduna which aims to show the intricate interrelation between authors and their contemporary cultural climate. It is no secret, as will be evident in the thesis, that the Geats have been rather influential in the common, or at least popular conception of the ancient Nordic. It is thus rather interesting to look at the very fabric of the Geatish past and pose the question of what this may have meant. Why did it matter to Erik Gustaf Geijer that it had once existed a free yeoman beyond set aristocratic influence, and, why did Geijer and his fellows believe that he had ever existed?  This thesis’ emotional analysis uses grief, melancholia, and pride and joy as analytical tools to unpack the Geatish past. The recreated memory itself is further structured in the pressing past and the continuous present, which distinguishes the Geats’ idea that the ancient past of Sweden is simultaneously lost and active. The analysis of these segments concludes, in broad terms, that the Geats partly used emotions as a way to gather an emotionally coherent group, all striving towards the archetypical character – the Swede – shaped by the virtues portrayed in the Geatish narrated past. The Geatish narration further challenges the older Geaticism held by Olaus Rudbeck among others in the seventeenth century. The Geatish society claimed that Sweden had an ancient pride for themselves to be proud of, rather than claiming that Sweden, in fact, was the cradle of civilisation. Summarily, this thesis is centred around how the Geats managed to portray and narrate the past to the extent that they did and further, how they managed to gather a coherent group of readers following the Geatish matter of thought.   Keywords: Geaticism, Geatish Society, Gothic Society, Götiska förbundet, Göthiska förbundet, Iduna, History of emotions, Collective memory, Nationalism, Vikings, Narrated nostalgia, Erik Gustaf Geijer, Esaias Tegnér.