Zvolil jsem si téma etiky ve filmu Slib (1996) tvůrců Jeana-Pierra Dardennea a Luca Dardennea jakožto příkladovou studii užití filozofie, v tomto případě filozofie francouzského filozofa Emmanuela Levinase (1906–1995), a jak jeho filozofie ovlivňuje všechny aspekty vyprávění. Ačkoliv se nejedná o jedinou možnou interpretaci jejich díla, myšlenky Levinase jsou nejvíce relevantní jak pro příběh, tak i pro vyšší intelektuální cíle filmu. Zde je jeho pojem etiky jádrem postav a vyprávění až do bodu, kde se film sám o sobě stává testem pro přijatelnost Levinasovy filozofie, jako myšlenkového experimentu ve filmové podobě. Přijatelnost Levinasovy filozofie zůstává na konci filmu neprokázána. I přes filozofické a vyprávěcí nedostatky je Slib dobrým příkladem užití filozofie ve filmu, v jehož lepších částech se ukazuje síla tohoto přístupu, nicméně v horších částech můžeme vidět nebezpečí, které z tohoto přístupu vychází. V následujících filmech je zřejmé, že se bratři Dardenneové poučili ze svých chyb.

ARAÚJO, Iago Cavalcante. Peter Schmid e a Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa: uma aproximação à alteridade radical. 2015. 116f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-06-05T15:29:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_icaraujo.pdf: 1035970 bytes, checksum: 7a2baf5b3ee9043c0608ba563346d681 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-06-05T17:19:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_icaraujo.pdf: 1035970 bytes, checksum: 7a2baf5b3ee9043c0608ba563346d681 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-05T17:19:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_icaraujo.pdf: 1035970 bytes, checksum: 7a2baf5b3ee9043c0608ba563346d681 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The Person Centred Approach (PCA), founded by Carl Rogers, can only be justified from a set of values and ethics and not only as an application of skills and knowledge. Furthermore, from studies of Figueiredo (1996), it is established the importance of ethos as a search for a place to the Other in the constitution of psychologies. In what refers to the place of the Other in the constitution of subjectivity, Freire (2002) investigates the place to alterity in several modern psychologies and states that in PCA, the place for Levinas’ radical alterity is vacant, as in other psychologies. The Other, as postulated by Levinas (2008 [1961]), is precedent and transcendent to the I; not being possible to totalize and understand it fully; it shows the dimension of the strange in the psychological experience. This Other is not so dear figure to psychologies as it appears to be. On the other hand, Peter Schmid (1999) conceives that ethics is the first issue to be considered when it comes to PCA, either its theory or its practice. Hence, the present paper aims to present the work of Peter Schmid to the Brazilian community of Rogerian approach. The perspective of this author is grounded in an important dialogue with the philosophies of dialogue and a vision of the human as radically a person, which offers another way to face the alterity in Rogerian theory and practice. Such change presents a fruitful approach to ethical philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas. A methodology for the study, we used an almost-in-method inspired by the philosophies of Levinas (2008 [1961]) and Derrida (2007), in which we seek, among other things, to put on display the polysemy of the studied speeches. We conclude that, despite the divergences among the prospect formulated by Schmid with Levinasian ethics, doing readings of the main concepts of the PCA, it shows a closer relationship with that one and a new way of dealing with the alterity within the framework of the Rogerian approach. With this work, we hope to foment a greater dialogue and production on the clinical and psychotherapeutic care of the person and the place offered to otherness in Rogerian psychology. / A Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa (ACP), fundada por Carl Rogers, só pode ser justificada a partir de um conjunto de valores e de uma ética e não somente como uma aplicação de técnicas e conhecimentos. Além disto, a partir dos estudos de Figueiredo (1996) fica estabelecida a importância do éthos como busca de um lugar para o Outro na constituição das psicologias. Naquilo que se refere ao Lugar do Outro na constituição da subjetividade, Freire (2002) investiga o lugar para a alteridade nas diversas psicologias modernas e afirma que, na ACP, o lugar para a alteridade radical levinasiana está vacante, assim como nas demais psicologias. O Outro, conforme postulado por Lévinas (2008 [1961]), é precedente e transcendente ao Eu; não sendo possível totalizá-lo e compreendê-lo inteiramente, ele apresenta a dimensão do estranho na experiência psicológica. Este Outro não é figura tão cara para as psicologias como aparenta ser. Por outro lado, Peter Schmid (1999) concebe que a ética é a primeira questão a ser pensada quando se trata da ACP, quer de sua teoria, quer de sua prática. Daí que este trabalho objetivou apresentar a obra de Peter Schmid à comunidade brasileira da abordagem rogeriana. A perspectiva deste autor está alicerçada em um diálogo importante com as filosofias do diálogo e uma visão do humano como radicalmente pessoa, o que oferece outra forma de encarar a alteridade na teoria e prática rogerianas. Tal mudança apresenta uma profícua aproximação com a filosofia ética de Emmanuel Lévinas. Como metodologia para o estudo, utilizou-se um quase-método inspirado nas filosofias de Lévinas (2008 [1961]) e Derrida (2008), em que buscamos, entre outras coisas, pôr à mostra a polissemia dos discursos estudados. Concluiu-se que, apesar da perspectiva formulada por Schmid apresentar divergências com a ética levinasiana, ao fazer releituras dos principais conceitos da ACP, ela apresenta uma maior aproximação com aquela e uma nova forma de lidar com a alteridade dentro do arcabouço da abordagem rogeriana. Espera-se, com este trabalho, fomentar um maior diálogo e produção acerca do cuidado clínico e psicoterapêutico com a pessoa e o lugar oferecido para a alteridade na psicologia rogeriana.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magister en Axiología y Filosofía Política / No autorizada su publicación a texto completo, según petición de su autor / En el siguiente trabajo, fueron examinados el infinitos de Marx y Levinas, en tanto críticas del infinito verdadero hegeliano, para demostrar que la noción de Infinito es crucial desde el punto de vista metodológico, ya que tiene consecuencias sobre las exigencias que sufren los conceptos y categorías para adquirir el estatus de realidad en la filosofía política. Para fundamentar lo anterior, en primer lugar se realizó un análisis del infinito verdadero de Hegel y así adquirir la batería conceptual necesaria para determinar, en un segundo capítulo, el infinito político de Marx y finalmente (capítulo III) el infinito sensible de Levinas.

Cette thèse a pour objet l’énigme d’autrui. À cet égard, elle interroge l’opposition entre deux conceptions de l’altérité, celle de Husserl et celle de Levinas. Pour Husserl, autrui est envisagé du point de vue de la connaissance, connaissance d’autrui qui se fait à partir de moi. Autrui est pensé comme alter ego. Levinas, lui, fait éclater cette conception de l’autre : pour lui, autrui ne peut pas être pensé comme l’autre du même. Plutôt, c’est autrui qui, pensé à partir de sa vulnérabilité, oblige le soi à la responsabilité. La relation ne part plus du même mais de l’autre, de l’autre dont l’appel enjoint le soi à ne pas rester indifférent. L’énigme d’autrui semble donc se tenir dans la tension entre le lointain et le proche. Trop proche, son altérité est annihilée. Trop lointain, il devient presque inaccessible. Or, entre familiarité et étrangeté se situe le lieu propre de l’herméneutique, un lieu que tant Ricœur que Gadamer n’ont cessé d’explorer. Quelle(s) réponse(s) les herméneutiques de ces deux penseurs apportent-elles à l’énigme d’autrui ? De quel ordre relève d’abord la relation entre soi et autrui : épistémologique (Husserl) ou éthique (Levinas) ? Nous soutiendrons que c’est principalement la dimension éthique qui est en jeu. C’est par le biais d’un dialogue avec Levinas que nous chercherons à faire ressortir la dimension éthique de l’herméneutique. Ce faisant, nous nous trouverons face à une autre question, celle d’une conception commune de l’herméneutique. Nous serons par conséquent amenée à dégager les aspects sur lesquels les pensées de Ricœur et de Gadamer se rejoignent et ceux sur lesquels elles se différencient, construisant ainsi des ponts entre leurs herméneutiques et inscrivant par là même notre thèse dans la veine des travaux qui les mettent en dialogue.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis, 'shadow' is investigated as an object of thought and (analogically connected to this) of perception. This dialectical process is structured through means of a series of experiments and Plato's allegory of the cave, which is interpreted as a process directed towards selfconciousness. This process is further explained through thinkers such as, Blumenberg, Heidegger, Levinas en Voegelin. The purpose of this study is to break with the self-evident way in which 'shadow' is 'normally' treated and to bring back about a sense of astonishment for it. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die 'skaduwee' as waarnemingsobjek en (analogies verwant daaraan) as denkobjek ondersoek. Hierdie dialektiese proses word gestruktureerd met behulp van 'n aantal eksperimente en Plato se grotgelykenis, wat geinterpreteer word as programmaties van die proses van selfbewuswording. Hierdie proses word verder toegelig aan die hand van denkers soos Blumenberg, Heidegger, Levinas en Voegelin. Die doel van die ondersoek is om die vanselfsprekendheid waarmee daar met die fenomeen van die skaduwee omgegaan word te deurbreek en weer verwondering daarvoor op te roep. / NEDERLANDSTALIGE SAMENVATTING: In deze thesis wordt de 'schaduw' als waarnemingsobject en (analogisch verwant daaraan) als denkobject onderzocht. Dit dialectische proces wordt gestructureerd met behulp van een aantal experimenten en Plato's grotvergelijking, die geïnterpreteerd worden als een proces gericht op zeltbewustwording. Dit proces wordt verder toegelicht aan de hand van denkers zoals, Blumenberg, Heidegger, Levinas en Voegelin. Het doel van het onderzoek is om de vanzelfsprekendheid waarmee met het fenomeen van de 'schaduw' omgegaan wordt, te doorbreken en er opnieuw verwondering voor op te roepen.

This dissertation examines the scope and limitations of the re-appropriation of the term barbarism by modern Jewish intellectuals in conversation with Third World social movements. Emmanuel Lévinas is my paradigmatic example of this re-appropriation, as his Talmudic interpretations illuminate this process, and his work is located on the axis of the encounter between Jewish and decolonial thinking. I contend that Lévinas follows a classic line of modern European interpreters who expressed their discomfort with the description of the Jewish people as barbaric. While this discomfort can be traced within this orthodox interpretation of Lévinas, I argue that his particular solution for the problem can only be explained by a more heterodox exploration. Lévinas’ positive re-appropriation of the term is part of contextual conversations that he sustained with other peoples characterized as barbarians (i.e. Third World decolonial theorists). While this re-appropriation was originally conceived in order to establish an East-East revolutionary conversation between Eastern European rabbinical interpreters and other radical Eastern projects (i.e. Maghrebi Marxism) it became an East-South decolonial conversation between Jewish and Afro-Caribbean/Latino-American intellectuals. This conversation, however, ultimately challenges the apologetic Jewish re-appropriation of exteriority in the concert of multiple barbarians. I explore the limitations of Jewish thought to engage with this community and cross from an apologetic to a critical barbarism. This dissertation, in conclusion, seeks to make an original contribution in the interrelation between Jewish and post-colonial studies. I aim to do so by first, demonstrating that the Jewish return to classical sources is historically and conceptually a decolonial counter-narrative that was influenced by (and in turn influenced) Third World discourses; second, explaining the reasons and consequences of the persistence of Jewish imagery and influences in Third World decolonial theory; third, exploring the limits of Jewish thinking and the benefits of the expansion of Jewish apologetical dialogues into barbaric critical conversations. And finally, challenging most contemporary scholarship in modern Jewish philosophy, which holds that Jewish thought and the modern re-reading of its sources can only be understood in the context of Western consciousness.

This dissertation examines the scope and limitations of the re-appropriation of the term barbarism by modern Jewish intellectuals in conversation with Third World social movements. Emmanuel Lévinas is my paradigmatic example of this re-appropriation, as his Talmudic interpretations illuminate this process, and his work is located on the axis of the encounter between Jewish and decolonial thinking. I contend that Lévinas follows a classic line of modern European interpreters who expressed their discomfort with the description of the Jewish people as barbaric. While this discomfort can be traced within this orthodox interpretation of Lévinas, I argue that his particular solution for the problem can only be explained by a more heterodox exploration. Lévinas’ positive re-appropriation of the term is part of contextual conversations that he sustained with other peoples characterized as barbarians (i.e. Third World decolonial theorists). While this re-appropriation was originally conceived in order to establish an East-East revolutionary conversation between Eastern European rabbinical interpreters and other radical Eastern projects (i.e. Maghrebi Marxism) it became an East-South decolonial conversation between Jewish and Afro-Caribbean/Latino-American intellectuals. This conversation, however, ultimately challenges the apologetic Jewish re-appropriation of exteriority in the concert of multiple barbarians. I explore the limitations of Jewish thought to engage with this community and cross from an apologetic to a critical barbarism. This dissertation, in conclusion, seeks to make an original contribution in the interrelation between Jewish and post-colonial studies. I aim to do so by first, demonstrating that the Jewish return to classical sources is historically and conceptually a decolonial counter-narrative that was influenced by (and in turn influenced) Third World discourses; second, explaining the reasons and consequences of the persistence of Jewish imagery and influences in Third World decolonial theory; third, exploring the limits of Jewish thinking and the benefits of the expansion of Jewish apologetical dialogues into barbaric critical conversations. And finally, challenging most contemporary scholarship in modern Jewish philosophy, which holds that Jewish thought and the modern re-reading of its sources can only be understood in the context of Western consciousness.

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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / Nuestra memoria intenta mostrar que es posible pensar un más allá del derecho positivo en la conexión que creemos necesaria con la moral y que el ideal de justicia es posible si se parte desde esta perspectiva. Para llegar hasta allí comenzaremos por esbozar lo que entenderemos por Positivismo Jurídico, mostrando sus cimientos y analizando a sus principales exponentes para posteriormente explicar la existencia de una moral interna en el derecho y como puede ser ésta el camino para conectarse con la justicia apreciando la relación de alteridad que debe haber entre ambos conceptos si se quiere hacer frente a la urgente amenaza que significa la irrupción del estado de excepción.

No description available.